2. StructuralismStructuralism
Structuralism is like aStructuralism is like a
ruler: it can beruler: it can be
broken down intobroken down into
small components,small components,
like inches andlike inches and
centimeters.centimeters.
3. NaturalisticNaturalistic
ObservationObservation
Binoculars relate toBinoculars relate to
this term becausethis term because
the observer must bethe observer must be
hidden to be able tohidden to be able to
observe and recordobserve and record
naturally occurringnaturally occurring
situations.situations.
4. Double-BlindDouble-Blind
ProcedureProcedure
For me, the twoFor me, the two
blindfolds representblindfolds represent
how both thehow both the
participants and theparticipants and the
staff are “blind” tostaff are “blind” to
whether thewhether the
participant hasparticipant has
received thereceived the
treatment or thetreatment or the
placebo.placebo.
5. Case StudyCase Study
For a case study, IFor a case study, I
just think of thejust think of the
number 1. Thisnumber 1. This
helps me rememberhelps me remember
that a case study isthat a case study is
when only 1 personwhen only 1 person
is studied, and thatis studied, and that
they are studied inthey are studied in
depth.depth.
6. DendriteDendrite
A dendrite is like aA dendrite is like a
mailbox because itmailbox because it
receives messagesreceives messages
and sends them toand sends them to
where they need towhere they need to
go (the cell body orgo (the cell body or
the person who gotthe person who got
mail).mail).
7. Myelin SheathMyelin Sheath
Myelin sheath isMyelin sheath is
much like the coatingmuch like the coating
of an electrical wire:of an electrical wire:
it covers the wire andit covers the wire and
speeds up the actionspeeds up the action
happening beneathhappening beneath
it.it.
8. Autonomic NervousAutonomic Nervous
SystemSystem
The autonomicThe autonomic
nervous systemnervous system
works somewhatworks somewhat
similar to a car that issimilar to a car that is
automatic. You don’tautomatic. You don’t
have to constantlyhave to constantly
and physically shift toand physically shift to
different gears, thedifferent gears, the
car just does it.car just does it.
9. ParasympatheticParasympathetic
Nervous SystemNervous System
When I think of theWhen I think of the
parasympatheticparasympathetic
nervous system, I thinknervous system, I think
of a candle. Thisof a candle. This
connection helps meconnection helps me
remember that theremember that the
parasympatheticparasympathetic
nervous system helpsnervous system helps
calm your body down,calm your body down,
like a candle thatlike a candle that
represents relaxation.represents relaxation.
10. Reticular FormationReticular Formation
The reticularThe reticular
formation is like anformation is like an
alarm clock becausealarm clock because
it has to do withit has to do with
basic levels ofbasic levels of
alertness andalertness and
arousal.arousal.
11. CerebellumCerebellum
The cerebellum, alsoThe cerebellum, also
called the “little brain”, iscalled the “little brain”, is
in charge of balance andin charge of balance and
coordination. For acoordination. For a
ballerina, balance andballerina, balance and
coordination are twocoordination are two
very important things.very important things.
This is why I choseThis is why I chose
pointe shoes topointe shoes to
represent therepresent the
cerebellum.cerebellum.
12. Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe
Glasses canGlasses can
represent therepresent the
occipital lobeoccipital lobe
because the occipitalbecause the occipital
lobe controls vision.lobe controls vision.
13. Corpus CallosumCorpus Callosum
The corpus callosumThe corpus callosum
is like a bridgeis like a bridge
because it connectsbecause it connects
two things: the righttwo things: the right
and hemispheres ofand hemispheres of
the brain.the brain.
14. InattentionalInattentional
BlindnessBlindness
I chose a cell phoneI chose a cell phone
for this vocab termfor this vocab term
because manybecause many
people get distractedpeople get distracted
by texting or beingby texting or being
on their phones,on their phones,
which ccauses themwhich ccauses them
to fail to notice otherto fail to notice other
objects around them.objects around them.
15. Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms
a watch is a clock,a watch is a clock,
and circadianand circadian
rhythms is yourrhythms is your
biological clock. Itbiological clock. It
is your regularis your regular
bodily rhythmsbodily rhythms
that go through athat go through a
24-hr cycle.24-hr cycle.
16. Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea
I chose a pictureI chose a picture
of my grandfatherof my grandfather
because he hasbecause he has
sleep apnea. Hesleep apnea. He
has troublehas trouble
breathing when hebreathing when he
is sleeping, andis sleeping, and
now has to wear anow has to wear a
mask .mask .
17. Manifest DreamManifest Dream
ContentContent
This pictureThis picture
resemblesresembles
manifest dreammanifest dream
content because itcontent because it
shows a storylineshows a storyline
of a dream.of a dream.
18. TeratogensTeratogens
Teratogens areTeratogens are
agents that canagents that can
reach the fetus andreach the fetus and
cause harm to thecause harm to the
baby. However,baby. However,
Perry the Platypus,Perry the Platypus,
agent P, can stopagent P, can stop
those evil teratogens.those evil teratogens.
19. SchemaSchema
A schemaA schema
organizes andorganizes and
interpretsinterprets
information, jut likeinformation, jut like
a computer.a computer.
20. AttachmentAttachment
Children tend toChildren tend to
have greathave great
attachments toattachments to
their mothers; theytheir mothers; they
have an emotionalhave an emotional
tie with them.tie with them.
21. ImprintingImprinting
The Twilight saga, NewThe Twilight saga, New
Moon, is a goodMoon, is a good
example of imprinting.example of imprinting.
Imprinting is whenImprinting is when
animals formanimals form
attachments during aattachments during a
critical period early incritical period early in
their life. When Jacobtheir life. When Jacob
first turns into afirst turns into a
werewolf, he stays verywerewolf, he stays very
close to his pack, hisclose to his pack, his
new family.new family.
22. Bottom-Up ProcessingBottom-Up Processing
A Lego tower is likeA Lego tower is like
bottom-up processing.bottom-up processing.
In order to build theIn order to build the
tower, you start from thetower, you start from the
bottom and work yourbottom and work your
way up; just as bottom-way up; just as bottom-
up processing beginsup processing begins
with sensory receptorswith sensory receptors
and work up to the brain.and work up to the brain.
23. Absolute ThresholdAbsolute Threshold
Your absolute threshold is theYour absolute threshold is the
minimum stimulation needed tominimum stimulation needed to
detect something. It can changedetect something. It can change
depending on the currentdepending on the current
environment. For example, if youenvironment. For example, if you
are alone in your room youare alone in your room you
probably detect your ipod playingprobably detect your ipod playing
music on a low volume.music on a low volume.
However, if you’re at a party youHowever, if you’re at a party you
may not hear the music if it is at amay not hear the music if it is at a
low volume because of all thelow volume because of all the
noise around you. This wouldnoise around you. This would
cause your absolute threshold tocause your absolute threshold to
change.change.
24. Difference ThresholdDifference Threshold
Difference threshold isDifference threshold is
defined as the minimumdefined as the minimum
difference between 2 stimulidifference between 2 stimuli
required for detection 50% ofrequired for detection 50% of
the time. Weight is a goodthe time. Weight is a good
example: If a very thinexample: If a very thin
person puts on 5 lbs, they willperson puts on 5 lbs, they will
likely notice the differencelikely notice the difference
and detect the difference.and detect the difference.
However, a much heavierHowever, a much heavier
person may not detect the 5person may not detect the 5
lb weight gain until steppinglb weight gain until stepping
on the scale.on the scale.
25. Weber’s LawWeber’s Law
The name “Weber”The name “Weber”
reminds me ofreminds me of
“Charlotte’s Web.”“Charlotte’s Web.”
Weber’s Law states thatWeber’s Law states that
2 stimuli must differ by a2 stimuli must differ by a
constant minimumconstant minimum
percentage, andpercentage, and
“Charlotte’s Web” helps“Charlotte’s Web” helps
me remember thatme remember that
Weber was responsibleWeber was responsible
for this law.for this law.
26. ConesCones
Cones are the retinalCones are the retinal
receptors which allowreceptors which allow
you to see color.you to see color.
Thinking of crayonsThinking of crayons
helps me remember thishelps me remember this
because you usebecause you use
crayons to color.crayons to color.
There are thousands ofThere are thousands of
colors to chose from, yetcolors to chose from, yet
we only have 3 differentwe only have 3 different
color cones.color cones.
27. Blind SpotBlind Spot
There is a spot in yourThere is a spot in your
eye with no receptoreye with no receptor
cells are located therecells are located there
which is called your blindwhich is called your blind
spot. Therefore youspot. Therefore you
cannot see whatever iscannot see whatever is
in your blind spot. This isin your blind spot. This is
just like your blind spotjust like your blind spot
when you are driving.when you are driving.
28. Vestibular SenseVestibular Sense
To be able to doTo be able to do
lifts and stunts,lifts and stunts,
dancers must havedancers must have
an excellentan excellent
vestibular sense.vestibular sense.
Vestibular senseVestibular sense
monitors yourmonitors your
movement andmovement and
position.position.
29. Retinal DisparityRetinal Disparity
Retinal disparity is aRetinal disparity is a
binocular cue thatbinocular cue that
allows you toallows you to
compare the imagescompare the images
that both eyesthat both eyes
detect. The greaterdetect. The greater
the disparity betweenthe disparity between
these two trees, thethese two trees, the
closer they are tocloser they are to
you.you.
31. Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
Classical conditioning isClassical conditioning is
a type of learning wherea type of learning where
you learn to link two oryou learn to link two or
more different thingsmore different things
together to produce thetogether to produce the
same response. Thissame response. This
method usually usesmethod usually uses
some kind of tone orsome kind of tone or
sound as one of thesound as one of the
stimuli.stimuli.
32. Mirror NeuronsMirror Neurons
Mirror neurons fire whenMirror neurons fire when
you are observingyou are observing
someone do something,someone do something,
which enables imitation.which enables imitation.
I think of a mirror and theI think of a mirror and the
mirroring exercise wheremirroring exercise where
one person must faceone person must face
the other and copy theirthe other and copy their
movements. This worksmovements. This works
their mirror neurons.their mirror neurons.
33. ShapingShaping
Shaping is when reinforcersShaping is when reinforcers
guide behavior closer andguide behavior closer and
closer until the desiredcloser until the desired
behavior is reached. I chosebehavior is reached. I chose
a puzzle to remember thisa puzzle to remember this
term because whenever Iterm because whenever I
build a puzzle with mybuild a puzzle with my
brother, I always nod mybrother, I always nod my
head when he gets a piecehead when he gets a piece
closer and closer to the rightcloser and closer to the right
spot.spot.
34. Positive ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement
PositivePositive
reinforcement isreinforcement is
when you canwhen you can
increaseincrease
someone’ssomeone’s
behavior bybehavior by
presentingpresenting
positive, like food.positive, like food.
35. Fixed-Ratio ScheduleFixed-Ratio Schedule
When you go to Delia’s,When you go to Delia’s,
they punch a hole in thisthey punch a hole in this
rewards card every timerewards card every time
you spend a certainyou spend a certain
amount of money. When itamount of money. When it
is completely filled out, youis completely filled out, you
receive a gift card. This isreceive a gift card. This is
an example of fixed-ratioan example of fixed-ratio
schedules, whichschedules, which
reinforces behavior after areinforces behavior after a
set number of responses.set number of responses.
36. Variable-RatioVariable-Ratio
ScheduleSchedule
variable-ratio schedule isvariable-ratio schedule is
a reinforces a responsea reinforces a response
after an unpredictableafter an unpredictable
amount of responses.amount of responses.
An example of this wouldAn example of this would
be when you have 3be when you have 3
cups that get mixedcups that get mixed
around and you have toaround and you have to
guess which one has theguess which one has the
prize under it at the endprize under it at the end
to win the prize.to win the prize.
37. Fixed-IntervalFixed-Interval
ScheduleSchedule
Fixed-interval scheduleFixed-interval schedule
only reinforces aonly reinforces a
response after a certainresponse after a certain
amount of time passes.amount of time passes.
An example would beAn example would be
when you are bakingwhen you are baking
something and you keepsomething and you keep
checking the oven overchecking the oven over
and over close to theand over close to the
time that the food wouldtime that the food would
be done.be done.
39. Misinformation EffectMisinformation Effect
Misinformation effect is whenMisinformation effect is when
you have misleadingyou have misleading
information about an eventinformation about an event
that you remember (or thinkthat you remember (or think
you remember). Most peopleyou remember). Most people
think that by looking at oldthink that by looking at old
pictures, they will rememberpictures, they will remember
what happened when thatwhat happened when that
picture was taken. In reality,picture was taken. In reality,
the memories are probablythe memories are probably
not completely true.not completely true.
40. RecognitionRecognition
Recognition is when youRecognition is when you
only have to identifyonly have to identify
items that you haveitems that you have
previously learned. Anpreviously learned. An
example is that when Iexample is that when I
look at my oldlook at my old
yearbooks, I canyearbooks, I can
recognize everybody butrecognize everybody but
cannot recall who theycannot recall who they
are.are.
41. ChunkingChunking
A sandwich representsA sandwich represents
chunking for mechunking for me
because you makebecause you make
sandwich by “organizingsandwich by “organizing
items into familiar,items into familiar,
manageable units”,manageable units”,
which is the definition ofwhich is the definition of
chunking.chunking.
42. Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect
My brother told meMy brother told me
all the names of hisall the names of his
stuffed animals, but Istuffed animals, but I
could only recallcould only recall
those he told me inthose he told me in
the beginning andthe beginning and
the very endthe very end
because of serialbecause of serial
position effect.position effect.
43. ““g”g”
““g” stands for “generalg” stands for “general
intelligence”, which underliesintelligence”, which underlies
specific mental abilities and isspecific mental abilities and is
measured by all tasks on anmeasured by all tasks on an
intelligence test. Just likeintelligence test. Just like
this “g”, the “G” on cerealthis “g”, the “G” on cereal
boxes represents intelligenceboxes represents intelligence
to me because intelligentto me because intelligent
people understand thatpeople understand that
breakfast is important and thebreakfast is important and the
most important meal of themost important meal of the
day.day.
44. Savant SyndromeSavant Syndrome
My friend and classmate is anMy friend and classmate is an
example of someone withexample of someone with
savant syndrome. She is notsavant syndrome. She is not
academically strong or a goodacademically strong or a good
test taker; however, she is atest taker; however, she is a
very talented and giftedvery talented and gifted
dancer.dancer.
45. WAIS (Wechsler AdultWAIS (Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale)Intelligence Scale)
A suitcase helpsA suitcase helps
me remember theme remember the
WAIS intelligenceWAIS intelligence
test because alltest because all
the materials usedthe materials used
for the test werefor the test were
kept in a suitcase.kept in a suitcase.
46. GardnerGardner
The number 8The number 8
helps mehelps me
rememberremember
Gardner becauseGardner because
he viewedhe viewed
intelligence as 8intelligence as 8
abilities that comeabilities that come
in packages.in packages.
47. StandardizationStandardization
Standardization is definingStandardization is defining
meaningful scores bymeaningful scores by
comparison with thecomparison with the
performance of the pretestedperformance of the pretested
group. Overall awards givengroup. Overall awards given
out at dance competitions areout at dance competitions are
like standardization becauselike standardization because
they give the routine scoresthey give the routine scores
that were received morethat were received more
meaning by comparing themmeaning by comparing them
to each other.to each other.
48. ValidityValidity
Driving tests need toDriving tests need to
have validity, whichhave validity, which
means it shouldmeans it should
predict what it’spredict what it’s
supposed to. If itsupposed to. If it
does not, drivers whodoes not, drivers who
are not ready to beare not ready to be
on the road alone willon the road alone will
cause danger forcause danger for
other drivers.other drivers.
49. Content ValidityContent Validity
A textbookA textbook
represents thisrepresents this
term because interm because in
order for an examorder for an exam
to have contentto have content
validity, it mustvalidity, it must
cover the wholecover the whole
textbook.textbook.
50. Test-Retest ReliabilityTest-Retest Reliability
Test-retest reliability isTest-retest reliability is
when you take a test,when you take a test,
you should be able toyou should be able to
take it again and gettake it again and get
around the same results.around the same results.
An example is SATs. IAn example is SATs. I
took them 3 times andtook them 3 times and
my scored did notmy scored did not
change by much at allchange by much at all..
51. Drive-ReductionDrive-Reduction
TheoryTheory
I think of a water bottleI think of a water bottle
when I think of the drive-when I think of the drive-
reduction theory. Thisreduction theory. This
theory is defined as thetheory is defined as the
idea that a physiologicalidea that a physiological
need creates a drive thatneed creates a drive that
motivates an organismmotivates an organism
to satisfy the need atto satisfy the need at
hand. To satisfy thirst,hand. To satisfy thirst,
we drink water.we drink water.
52. FlowFlow
Flow is a state ofFlow is a state of
consciousness that resultsconsciousness that results
from optimal engagement in afrom optimal engagement in a
skill or task. Flow is usuallyskill or task. Flow is usually
associated with diminishedassociated with diminished
awareness of self and time.awareness of self and time.
When I dance, not only doesWhen I dance, not only does
my body “flow” from onemy body “flow” from one
movement to the next, but Imovement to the next, but I
also tend to lose awarenessalso tend to lose awareness
of self and time while dancingof self and time while dancing
because I am so “in thebecause I am so “in the
moment.”moment.”
53. Optimum ArousalOptimum Arousal
TheoryTheory
Optimum arousal isOptimum arousal is
different fordifferent for
everyone; it is theeveryone; it is the
right level ofright level of
stimulation neededstimulation needed
for an individual forfor an individual for
them not to be bored.them not to be bored.
For me, it would beFor me, it would be
reading a good book.reading a good book.
54. HomeostasisHomeostasis
Homeostasis is defined as aHomeostasis is defined as a
tendency to maintain atendency to maintain a
balanced/constant internalbalanced/constant internal
state.state. HomeHomeostasis is like aostasis is like a
homehome: you have to clean it: you have to clean it
and maintain it, and in orderand maintain it, and in order
to do so you must vaccuum,to do so you must vaccuum,
dust, etc. This is like how todust, etc. This is like how to
get to homeostasis youget to homeostasis you
sometimes have to put onsometimes have to put on
more clothes on when you’remore clothes on when you’re
cold, etc.cold, etc.
55. James-Lang TOEJames-Lang TOE
This theory of emotion saysThis theory of emotion says
that our physiological arousalthat our physiological arousal
comes first and our emotioncomes first and our emotion
follows. An example is when Ifollows. An example is when I
try to start my car and it wouldtry to start my car and it would
start the first couple tries, sostart the first couple tries, so
my heart begins racing.my heart begins racing.
Moments after my experienceMoments after my experience
of arousal, I decide I amof arousal, I decide I am
feeling the emotion of fear.feeling the emotion of fear.
But then I take my key outBut then I take my key out
and put it back again and theand put it back again and the
car starts.car starts.
56. Canon-Bard TOECanon-Bard TOE
This theory of emotion saysThis theory of emotion says
that your arousal and feelingthat your arousal and feeling
of emotion happens at theof emotion happens at the
same time. An examplesame time. An example
would be when I was almostwould be when I was almost
late for homeroom a few dayslate for homeroom a few days
ago. My backpack felt soago. My backpack felt so
much heavier when Imuch heavier when I
experienced an arousal of aexperienced an arousal of a
speeding heartbeat and anspeeding heartbeat and an
emotion of fearemotion of fear
simultaneously.simultaneously.
57. Schachter’s 2 FactorSchachter’s 2 Factor
TOETOE
This theory ofThis theory of
emotion has 2emotion has 2
factors: arousal andfactors: arousal and
a cognitive labela cognitive label
(picture). The(picture). The
emotion weemotion we
experience comesexperience comes
from the result offrom the result of
these 2 factors.these 2 factors.
58. Paul EkmanPaul Ekman
A globe helps meA globe helps me
remember Paul Ekmanremember Paul Ekman
because Ekman wasbecause Ekman was
the one who came upthe one who came up
with the 6 universalwith the 6 universal
emotions. Therefore,emotions. Therefore,
these emotions arethese emotions are
expressed the sameexpressed the same
all over the globe.all over the globe.
59. Adaptation-LevelAdaptation-Level
PhenominonPhenominon
To someone whoTo someone who
receives A’s and B’s, anreceives A’s and B’s, an
A may not be a greatA may not be a great
accomplishmentaccomplishment
because they havebecause they have
adapted to it. Although,adapted to it. Although,
some people find gettingsome people find getting
A’s a hugeA’s a huge
accomplishment. Thisaccomplishment. This
has to do with thehas to do with the
adaptation phenominon.adaptation phenominon.
60. Type AType A
I chose a pictureI chose a picture
of myself toof myself to
represent Type Arepresent Type A
personalitypersonality
because I am verybecause I am very
competitive andcompetitive and
impatient.impatient.
61. Type BType B
I chose a pictureI chose a picture
of my cousin,of my cousin,
Amanda, for thisAmanda, for this
term because sheterm because she
is always veryis always very
relaxed.relaxed.
62. BiofeedbackBiofeedback
Biofeedback is definedBiofeedback is defined
as a system foras a system for
electronically recording,electronically recording,
amplifying, and feedingamplifying, and feeding
back informationback information
regarding a physiologicalregarding a physiological
state. An examplestate. An example
would be a bloodwould be a blood
pressure cuff.pressure cuff.
63. IdId
My brother is a great exampleMy brother is a great example
of the id. He whines andof the id. He whines and
pleads for whatever he wantspleads for whatever he wants
until he gets it, and he alwaysuntil he gets it, and he always
wants things immediately. Inwants things immediately. In
this way, he is like the id. Asthis way, he is like the id. As
the definition states, the idthe definition states, the id
operates on the pleasureoperates on the pleasure
principle, which demandsprinciple, which demands
immediate gratification.immediate gratification.
64. EgoEgo
My sister is a greatMy sister is a great
example of ego becauseexample of ego because
she is the compromisershe is the compromiser
in the family. The ego isin the family. The ego is
also a compromiser byalso a compromiser by
operating the realityoperating the reality
principle and mediatingprinciple and mediating
among the demands ofamong the demands of
the id, superego, andthe id, superego, and
realityreality..
65. Internal Locus ofInternal Locus of
ControlControl
Internal locus of controlInternal locus of control
is defined as ais defined as a
perception that youperception that you
control your own fate.control your own fate.
An example is my friend,An example is my friend,
Becky. She trulyBecky. She truly
believes that the harderbelieves that the harder
you work at somethingyou work at something
and the more you putand the more you put
into it, the more you willinto it, the more you will
get and achieve.get and achieve.
66. Spotlight EffectSpotlight Effect
Practicing my solo forPracticing my solo for
dance competitions, Idance competitions, I
always overestimatingalways overestimating
how my otherhow my other
teammates evaluate me,teammates evaluate me,
and it would get meand it would get me
nervous. I experiencenervous. I experience
the spotlight effect whenthe spotlight effect when
I practice my solo in frontI practice my solo in front
of my teammates.of my teammates.
