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媒介即操縱?馬克思主義與意識型態
廖凱弘
助理教授
基本概念
霍爾等馬克思主義者:反對廣大資
本主義體系,媒介為意識形態承包
者。
資義:財富屬資本階級,無產受剝
削,被異化。
馬:生產模式決定社會政治與精神
歷程
意識形態透過各種制度流通,支持
物質環境。
虛假意識:反轉勞動力受異化的本
質,讓資本主義的安排順理成章。
文化工業即大眾欺騙
法蘭克福學派:人被資本主義
物化,讓批判性、創造性與主
體性窒息。
阿多諾&霍克海默:人類創造
性已被納入資本主義邏輯,臣
服工具理性與理性化,藝術變
商品。不允許人有獨立想法。
馬庫色:商品引導虛假需求,
文化消費反使人納入資本主義
機器中。
虛假的個人主義
阿多諾:標準化商品被披上虛
幻的多樣性面紗,為求讓更多
人接受,「背後是集中與控制
。」需抗拒
法蘭克福認為人被文化文本蒙
蔽,成為無腦消費者,被視為
高傲者;但不可忽視其提出的
文化商品化現象。
法的方法上認為,人循著特定
的自主與想像運轉,但如馬庫
色怎知何種需求更真純?
法蘭克福學派的缺陷
對大眾文化的屏棄,過度概括
,貼上標準化,虛假的個人主
義。
但提醒:多量並非差異。但也
非完全缺乏特立獨行
未能提出大眾文化對閱聽人有
負面衝擊但缺證據。
被批菁英:以獨到批判力自居
,但大眾都是被文化工業吸納
者
意識形態的意義1
馬克思:想改變支配性觀念,須
改變經濟系統(社會的物質狀態
)
阿圖舍:文化有相對自主性;意
識形態的國家機器如媒介的支配
性會受到某種多樣性或歧見挑戰
。
葛蘭西的霸權:支配性團體為獲
霸權須主導觀念/文化領域,故知
識份子不但在意識形態中鬥爭。
意識形態的意義2
霍爾:媒介鬥爭的場所,讓意識
形態的再現看起來自然客觀,架
構分類皆再製社會上的意識形態
內容。
他的管制危機提出:媒介報導犯
罪、失控社會是霸權的重新整頓
,為政治權威的新形式鋪路。
羅蘭巴特:認為意識形態轉化歷
史為自然。神話流傳使特定假設
變固然。ex. 消費主義神話。
消費主義神話
商業廣告充斥內外環境。強化支配性假設。
Kellner: 商品文化讓人獲得地位成就,變成自然,因此鼓勵人工
作增進消費,鞏固資本家支配地位。提出商品的象徵價值,廣告
商將符號與人特質相連,買到身份,「他們將我們賣給我們」
羅蘭巴特認為,消費酒,象徵隸屬偉大國家,掩飾異化的生產關
係,使整個國家依賴於此關係。
商品拜物教:商品與生產的社會條件分離,掩飾它在開發中國家
中生產的剝削條件。消費者神話:典型敘事風格,透過消費轉變
個人身分與生活。(名人代言、個人失態示範有效消費的重要)
政治經濟學
探討媒介所有權及控制的商業結構。
重視經濟支配,觀念散播的所有權、控
制/影響力
Herman & Chomsky: 製造共識的媒介系
統五個過濾器
控制所有權及獲利導向
強制留住廣告商
介入錢/勢團體的影響
抨擊對立媒介的後果
阻礙反對主義的構成
文化帝國主義
文化全球化,以成本極小/
獲利極大化,銷售文化商
品
重視簡化/標準化,降低地
方的特殊/複雜性。
文化宰制:小國仰賴進口
Peet: 強權讓多樣性消失
政經與文化主義互批判
批羅蘭巴特/霍爾:高估觀
念/文化的自主性,低估物
質決定論。
批政經:對內容/意識形態
太簡略,
文化主義的觀點:強調分
析發生意義的鬥爭的各種
方式。
數位媒介趨勢
文化多樣性/流動多向性
各式管道與訊息不斷增加
但強勢組織依舊控制文化內
容;與霸權文化對立內容不
見得增加
法蘭克福的虛假個人主義
應對閱聽人能力重視,不應
假定其能力被操縱或同質化
討論:臉書打擊「假新聞」
是否會讓臉書的政經勢力更龐大,從
此喪失數位文化的多樣性?
http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtime
news/article/new/20161120/993223/
http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appleda
ily/article/headline/20161217/374888
96/
http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/p
aper/1086537

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媒介即操縱