The document describes an experimental investigation on an automotive radiator using water and ZnO nanofluids. The objectives are to increase the heat transfer rate of the radiator using nanofluids and estimate parameters like Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and friction factor. Nanofluids are introduced as fluids containing nanometer-sized particles suspended in a base fluid like water or ethylene glycol. Various production methods and measurement techniques of nanoparticles are outlined. Potential applications of nanofluids discussed include automotive engine cooling, electronics cooling, solar thermal systems, and more. Prior literature on using nanofluids in radiators and their thermal properties are reviewed.

1. ST.ANN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH NO : 01
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON AUTOMOTIVE RADIATOR
USING WATER AND ZnO NANO FLUIDS
BY
P. Venkata siva sai (18F05A0323)
M. Venkateswarlu (18F05A0320)
Ch. Vinod Kumar (17F01A0314)
K. Srinivasa Rao (18F05A0317)
A. Naveen (17F01A0303)
Under the guidence of
Mr. N. V. Narasimharao , M.Tech

2. Contents:
1. Objectives
2. Introduction
2.1 Introduction to nano fluids
2.2 Types of nano fluids
2.3 Production methods of nanoparticles
2.4 Measurement techniques of nanoparticles
2.5 Applications of nano fluids
3. Literature reviews
4. References

3. Objectives :
• The main objective of this project is to
increase the heat transfer rate for the
Automotive radiator by using Nano fluid
(mixture of Nano particles and water) .
• The Nusselt number, Reynolds number and
friction factor will be estimated.

4. Introduction
• Now a days cooling has become one of the big
challenges facing by numerous industries.
• Heat transfer fluids like water, mineral oils,
ethylene glycol play an important role in many
industrial sectors.
• But, they have low thermal conductivity values
compared to metals.
• For example,thermal conductivity of copper(Cu)
is 700 times > water.
• So, If the nano powders of metals are mixed with
above fluids there will be significant
improvement in heat transfer rate.

5. Introduction to nano fluids:
• 1 Nano meter = 10^-9 meters
• Bulk materials > 100nm
• Nano materials < 100nm
• Nano fluid:
Base fluid + nano powder
Water Al2O3
Ethylene glycol SiC
Hydrocarbons CuO
fluorocarbons ZnO , etc.

6. Types of nano fluids:
Based on nanoparticles used:
1. oxide ceramics based nano fluids (Al2O3, CuO,
Cu2O,ZnO, ZrO2)
2. Nitride ceramics based nano fluids (AlN, SiN)
3. carbide ceramics based nano fluids (Sic, TiC)
4. Metals based nano fluids (Ag, Au, Cu, Fe)
5. Semiconductors based nano fluids (TiO2)
6. single, double or multi-walled carbon nano
tubes based nano fluids

7. Production methods of nanoparticles:
Physical methods:
1. Mechanical milling
2. Physical vapour deposition
3. Laser ablation
Chemical methods:
1. Chemical vapour deposition
2. Chemical precipitation
3. Laser pyrolysis
Other methods:
1. Two step process
2. One step process

8. Physical methods:
1. Mechanical milling 2. Physical vapour deposition

9. Physical methods:
3. Laser ablation

10. Chemical methods:
1. Chemical vapour deposition
2. Chemical precipitation

11. Measurement techniques of
nanoparticles:
Technique Measuring parameter sensitivity
Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM)
particle size down to 1nm
Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM)
particle size Down to 1nm
Atomic Force
Microscopy(AFM)
particle size 1nm-8µm
Photon Correlation
Spectroscopy(PCS)
average particle size and
size distribution
1nm - 10µm
Nanoparticle Surface Area
Monitor(NSAM)
surface area of
nanoparticles
down to 10nm
Condensation Particle
Counter (CPC)
number concentrations of
particles
2.5 to
>3,000nm
Differential Mobility
Analyzer(DMA)
particle size down to 3nm

12. Measurement techniques of
nanoparticles:
Technique Measuring parameter sensitivity
Scanning Mobility Particle
Sizer (SMPS)
particle size distribution 3 –1,000nm
Nanoparticle Tracking
Analysis (NTA)
particle size and size
distribution
10 –1,000nm
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) average particle size for a
bulk sample
down to 1nm
Aerosol Time of Flight
Mass Spectroscopy
particle size and
composition
100 –3,000nm
Aerosol Particle Mass
Analyzer (APM)
particle mass 30 - 580nm

13. Applications of nano fluids:
1. Automotive engine cooling
2. Electronic cooling applications
3. Nano fluid drug delivery
4. Solar thermal applications
5. Industrial cooling
6. Nano fluid in fuel
7. In nuclear reactor

14. Literature reviews:
• Ghanbarali Sheikhzadeh, Mohammadhadi Hajilou et al. (2014) - In
this study, thermal performance of a car radiator with employment
of Ethylene Glycol/copper nanofluid in disparate environmental
conditions has been investigated.[9]
• Golakiya Satyamkumar, Sarvaiya Brijrajsinh et al. (2015) – This
study focused on the improvement of efficiency of engine when
nanofluid cooling system is used. And told, By using nano fluids in
radiator instead of water, we can improve the thermal efficiency of
radiator.[8]
• Parashurama M, Dr. Dhananjaya D, Naveena Kumar R (2015)- This
paper gives the experimental investigation of use of CuO-water
nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator of army tanker diesel engine.[7]
• Nizar AhammedLazarus Godson AsirvathamSomchai Wongwises
(2015) – In this, The effect of temperature and volume
concentrations of nanosheets on viscosity and surface tension of
grapheme water nanofluid has been experimentally studied.[6]

15. Literature reviews:
• Ahmad Ghozatloo, MojtabaShariatyNiassarandAlimorad Rashidi
(2016) - In this study, The thermal conductivity of nano fluids was
found to significantly increase with increasing of nano partical
concentration.[5]
• Roy Jean Issa (2016) - In this, An experimental study was
conducted to investigate the use of water based aluminum oxide
nanofluids in enhancing the heat transfer performance of heat
exchangers.[4]
• Mohammed Saad Kamel, Raheem Abed Syeal, Ayad Abdulameer
Abdulhussein (2016) - The present papers gives a review about the
enhancement of heat transfer by using nanofluids and wall
friction.[3]
• Hugo Navas, Alexandre Desforges et al. (2017) – This study told
about the stability of grapheme nano powder in nanofluids.[2]
• R. Kamatchi, K. Gopi Kannan et al. (2018) – This study aims to
reduce the cost by using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) instead of
graphite powder. graphite powder is converted into reduced
graphene oxide (rGO) and used in nano fluid.[1]

16. References:
1. R. Kamatchi, K. Gopi Kannan, An Aqua Based Reduced Graphene Oxide
Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications: Synthesis, Characterization, Stability
Analysis, and Thermophysical Properties, International journal of renewable
energy research, Vol.8, No.1, March, 2018,313-317.
2. Hugo Navas, Alexandre Desforges, Jaafar Ghanbaja, Long-term Stability of
Graphene Based Nanofluids, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Robotics Research Vol. 6, No. 6, November 2017,529-539.
3. Mohammed Saad Kamel, Raheem Abed Syeal, Ayad Abdulameer
Abdulhussein,” Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nanofluids: A Review of the
Recent Literature”, American Journal of Nano Research and Applications,
2016; 4(1): 1-5.
4. Roy Jean Issa, “Heat Transfer Investigation Of Aluminum Oxide Nanofluids In
Heat Exchangers”, European Scientific Journal July 2016 /SPECIAL/ edition
ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431,2016,pp.128-137.
5. Ahmad Ghozatloo, Mojtaba Shariaty Niassar and Alimorad Rashidi, Effect of
Functionalization Process on Thermal Conductivity of Graphene Nanofluids,
Int. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., Vol. 13, No. 1, March. 2017, pp. 11-18.

17. References:
6. Nizar Ahammed, Lazarus Godson Asirvatham, Somchai Wongwises,
Effect of volume concentration and temperature on viscosity and surface
tension of graphene–water nanofluid for heat transfer applications, J
Therm Anal Calorim (2016) 123:1399–1409.
7. Parashurama M S1, Dr. Dhananjaya D A2, Naveena Kumar, Experimental
Study of Heat Transfer in a Radiator using Nanofluid, International
Journal of Engineering Development and Research, 2015, Volume 3,
Issue 2, 307-310.
8. Golakiya Satyamkumar, Sarvaiya Brijrajsinh, Makwana Sulay, Thumar
Ankur, Rathwa Manoj,” ANALYSIS OF RADIATOR WITH DIFFERENT TYPES
OF NANO FLUIDS”, Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, Vol. VI/
Issue I/Jan.-March, 2015/01-02.
9. Ghanbarali Sheikhzadeh, Mohammadhadi Hajilou, Hamed Jafarian,
Analysis of thermal performance of a car radiator employing nanofluid,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications ,2014;
2(4): 47-51.

18. Thank you
Any queries