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Distrofia musculară
Duchenne
Capraru Paul-Cristian, MG 2 , Seria 1 ,Grupa 6
1. Definiție
 Distrofia musculară Duchenne (DMD) este o boală conditionată genetic,
transmisă X linkat recesiv, caracterizată prin degenerescenţa fibrei
musculare striate care determină o atrofie musculara progresivă a
celor mai multe grupe musculare, insotita de hiperplazia tesutului
conjunctiv si adipos
2. EPIDEMIOLOGIE
 1:3.500 nou-nӑscuți de sex masculin.
 Cea mai frecventă formă de distrofie musculară
3. ETIOLOGIE
 Mutatii ce duc la pierderea
cantitativa a functiei genei
distrofinei localizata pe
bratul scurt al cromosomului
X
4. Genetica
 Gena DMD ( cea mai mare gena umana ) codifica Distrofina
 Distrofina prezinta mai multe izoforme dintre care , cea majora este prezenta
in : Muschi Scheletici , Muschi Netezi , Miocard , Creier
 La acest nivel indeplinesc functii de structura si de functionare a jonctiunilor
sinaptice
 Pierderea functiei prin mutatii initiaza o cascada de evenimente:
MECANISM
1.Pierderea de componente ale
complexului membranar distrofina-
glicoproteine =>
2.Distrugerea Sarcolemei =>
3.Influx de ioni de Calciu =>
4.Activarea fosfolipazei =>
5. Intensificarea stresului oxidativ
celular =>
6.Mionecroza ( distrugere a Tesutului
Muscular )
Mecanismele genetice ce produc fenotipul Duchenne:
1.Duplicatie partiala a genei -5%
2.Deletie genica – 55%
3.Mutatii non-sens – 40% :
a) Mutații cu schimbarea cadrului de citire
(Cu sens gresit)
b) Mutații produse prin splicing
alternativ al exonilor
5. Tablou Clinic
 Debutul bolii : 3-5 ani prin semne de hipotrofie
musculara initial la nivel de membre inferioare
proximal
 11 ani – Pacientii sunt imobilizati in scaun cu rotile
 20 ani – deces prin insuficienta respiratorie
 Alte Manifestari :
 -Cardiomiopatie -> deces prin insuficienta cardiaca
 -Tulburari Digestive
 -Retractii Osteo-Tendinoase -> impotenta
functionala
 -Accentuarea lordozei lombare,cifoscolioza severa -
> accentuarea problemelor respiratorii
 Pseudohipertrofierea musculaturii gambelor
 -1/3 din pacienti prezinta o forma moderata de
retard psihic
Particularități în funcție de vârstă
SEMNUL GOWER
6. Diagnostic Pozitiv
 Determinarea CPK serice
 Electromiograma
 Teste de genetica moleculara :
-Multiplex-PCR
-Southern blot
-FISH
 Biopsie musculara :
-Modificari de dimensiune a fibrelor
musculare
-Focare de necroza
-Depuneri adipoase si tesut conjunctiv
Diagnostic prenatal
 75% - femeile purtatoare pot fi identificate prin dozarea CPK serice (2-10 ori
peste normal)
 60-70% - PCR multiplex / Southern blot / analize de linkage
7. TRATAMENT
 Doar simptomatic :
-Corticosteroizi ->
incetinesc evolutia bolii
-Fiziokinetoterapie ->
prelungesc functionalitatea
musculaturii articulare
-Ortreze -> Previn
contracturi musculare si
articulare
-Tenotomia -> In caz de
retractii osteo-tendinoase
8. SFAT GENETIC
 Tehinicile de depistare permit
efectuarea testelor antenatale dar
si identificarea femeilor purtatoare
ale genei mutante dar clinic
sanatoase,susceptibile de a
transmite aceasta gena baietilor
care vor putea manifesta boala.
Depistarea priveste femeile cu risc
deja cunoscut , cum ar fi cele care
au deja un copil afectat.
Va multumesc pentru atentie!

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Duchenne.PPTX

  • 2. 1. Definiție  Distrofia musculară Duchenne (DMD) este o boală conditionată genetic, transmisă X linkat recesiv, caracterizată prin degenerescenţa fibrei musculare striate care determină o atrofie musculara progresivă a celor mai multe grupe musculare, insotita de hiperplazia tesutului conjunctiv si adipos
  • 3. 2. EPIDEMIOLOGIE  1:3.500 nou-nӑscuți de sex masculin.  Cea mai frecventă formă de distrofie musculară
  • 4. 3. ETIOLOGIE  Mutatii ce duc la pierderea cantitativa a functiei genei distrofinei localizata pe bratul scurt al cromosomului X
  • 5. 4. Genetica  Gena DMD ( cea mai mare gena umana ) codifica Distrofina  Distrofina prezinta mai multe izoforme dintre care , cea majora este prezenta in : Muschi Scheletici , Muschi Netezi , Miocard , Creier  La acest nivel indeplinesc functii de structura si de functionare a jonctiunilor sinaptice  Pierderea functiei prin mutatii initiaza o cascada de evenimente:
  • 6. MECANISM 1.Pierderea de componente ale complexului membranar distrofina- glicoproteine => 2.Distrugerea Sarcolemei => 3.Influx de ioni de Calciu => 4.Activarea fosfolipazei => 5. Intensificarea stresului oxidativ celular => 6.Mionecroza ( distrugere a Tesutului Muscular )
  • 7. Mecanismele genetice ce produc fenotipul Duchenne: 1.Duplicatie partiala a genei -5%
  • 10. a) Mutații cu schimbarea cadrului de citire (Cu sens gresit)
  • 11. b) Mutații produse prin splicing alternativ al exonilor
  • 12. 5. Tablou Clinic  Debutul bolii : 3-5 ani prin semne de hipotrofie musculara initial la nivel de membre inferioare proximal  11 ani – Pacientii sunt imobilizati in scaun cu rotile  20 ani – deces prin insuficienta respiratorie  Alte Manifestari :  -Cardiomiopatie -> deces prin insuficienta cardiaca  -Tulburari Digestive  -Retractii Osteo-Tendinoase -> impotenta functionala  -Accentuarea lordozei lombare,cifoscolioza severa - > accentuarea problemelor respiratorii  Pseudohipertrofierea musculaturii gambelor  -1/3 din pacienti prezinta o forma moderata de retard psihic
  • 13.
  • 16. 6. Diagnostic Pozitiv  Determinarea CPK serice  Electromiograma  Teste de genetica moleculara : -Multiplex-PCR -Southern blot -FISH  Biopsie musculara : -Modificari de dimensiune a fibrelor musculare -Focare de necroza -Depuneri adipoase si tesut conjunctiv
  • 17. Diagnostic prenatal  75% - femeile purtatoare pot fi identificate prin dozarea CPK serice (2-10 ori peste normal)  60-70% - PCR multiplex / Southern blot / analize de linkage
  • 18. 7. TRATAMENT  Doar simptomatic : -Corticosteroizi -> incetinesc evolutia bolii -Fiziokinetoterapie -> prelungesc functionalitatea musculaturii articulare -Ortreze -> Previn contracturi musculare si articulare -Tenotomia -> In caz de retractii osteo-tendinoase
  • 19. 8. SFAT GENETIC  Tehinicile de depistare permit efectuarea testelor antenatale dar si identificarea femeilor purtatoare ale genei mutante dar clinic sanatoase,susceptibile de a transmite aceasta gena baietilor care vor putea manifesta boala. Depistarea priveste femeile cu risc deja cunoscut , cum ar fi cele care au deja un copil afectat.