Particulate Matter, Fog, Smoke, Smog in metro cities: How, where, when, who is effected, causes, solution, How to deal with it

1. Title: Particulate Matter, Fog, Smoke, Smog in metro cities:
How, where, when, who is effected, causes, solution, How
to deal with it ?
Submitted by:
Sakshi Pandit 2020PTE5347
Prashant Shah 2020PTE5338
Submitted To:
Dr Nikhil Sharma
Malaviya National Institute of Technology MNIT Jaipur
Thermal Engineering Department

2. Content
• Fog
• Smoke
• Smog
• Particulate Matter
• Scenarios in metro cities
• Causes
• Who is effected
• How to deal with it

3. Fog, Smoke, Smog
Fog
• It is an aerosol of tiny water droplet suspended in
air, very near to surface, which reduces visibility
up to 1 km(62 m).
•Size of fog = 40 to 1 micron.
Smoke
•Smoke contains many compounds (like CO, oxides
of sulphur, HCL, Hydrogen fluoride) some of
which are flammable and some are toxic in
nature.
•Major sources of smoke are stoves, candles, IC
engine, oil lamp, fireplaces.
Smog
•It is mix of fog and smoke.
•Smog consist of NO, Sulphur Oxide, smoke and
other particulates and compounds.

4. Particulate Matter
• It is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic
particles.
• It consist of solid and liquid particles like dust, soot,
pollen, smoke, liquids droplets, which are suspended
in air.
• Air pollution is caused by PM is defined in terms of
size rather than the chemical it contains.
• Because more smaller PM, more damage they can do
to humans body.
• Size of PM ; PM fine = (<2.5 um)
PM coarse = (2.5 – 10 um) ,
• EPA regulations divide air quality into several
different categories, based on the number of
micrograms of a given type of pollutant per cubic
meter of air (ug/m3):
Hazardous: 350.4 ug/m3
Very Unhealthy: 250.4 ug/m3.
Unhealthy: 150.4 ug/m3.
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups: 55.4 ug/m3.
Moderate: 35.4 ug/m3.
Acceptable/Good: 12 ug/m3.

5. Scenarios in metro cities (Delhi and Jaipur)
• Annual average PM 2.5 levels in Delhi is 150 ug/m3.
• India’s national ambient air quality standard for PM 2.5 is 40 and World Health Organization’s annual
guideline is 10.
• It is very clear that Delhi’s pollution levels are in the unsafe category.
• For Delhi, based on the information available and our modelling studies, we assess, to ambient
PM2.5 pollution, the contributions of
• Vehicle exhaust is up to 30%
• Biomass burning is up to 20%
• Soil and road dust is up to 20%
• Industries is up to 15%
• Open waste burning is up to 15%
• Diesel generators is up to 10%
• Power plants is up to 5%
• Outside the urban air shed is up to 30%

8. Causes
• When the difference between air temperature
and dew point is less than 2.5 °C (usually in
winters) fog occurs.
• Smog is often caused by heavy traffic, high
temperatures, sunshine, and calm winds.
• VOC , NO is emitted from power plant,
industries, from vehicles exhaust, Paints.
Ground level ozone is released by
photochemical reaction of volatile organic
compounds (VOC), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx).
• Volcanic eruptions, pollens, soil erosion and
desert sand are examples of natural sources of
particulate matter other than these natural
recourses PM also originate from
anthropogenic souses(caused by humans).

9. Effects
• Followings are the effect of various pollutant on
human health
• Smoke causes suffocation and CO present in it may
causes death of person due to inhalation of smoke
from fire .
• Smoke contains Carbon Mono oxide which causes
Lack of memory, attention, concentration when
humans subjected to low levels of carbon mono
oxide even for shorter time.
• Smog can cause or aggravate health problems
such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
and other respiratory problems as well as eye
irritation and reduced resistance to colds and lung
infections.
• The ozone in smog also slow down plant growth
and can causes damage to crops and forests.

10. • Exposure to particulate can cause many problems like
irregular heart beat, aggravated asthma, decreased lung
function, increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation
of the airways, coughing or difficulty breathing.
• Visibility impairment : Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main
cause of reduced visibility (haze) in cities.
• Environmental damage : Settling of Particulate matters
causes changes in acidity in lakes and streams, thus
changing nutrient balance of water
• Contributing to acid rain.
• PM can stain and damage stone ,objects such as statues
and monuments.

11. How to deal with it
• Limit the use of fireplaces and wood stoves.
• Use cleaner burning appliances.
• Reduce vehicle emissions and increase fuel efficiency
• Walk, cycle, take public transit and carpool whenever possible.
• Precautions a person can follow to minimize health problems :
• You should check air quality conditions in your area, when and where levels of
PM 2.5 um occurs.
• limit time outdoors and reduce outdoor activity levels.
• Avoid cardio workouts, Get the right mask, Stay hydrated, Go green

12. Thank you