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2014 TAPU

Editor's Notes

  1. ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ TAPU๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. This is the first visit to TAPU. ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‹  ์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜์ด์ €๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Thanks to organisers of TAPU for giving this chance to me. ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Letโ€™s start. My talk is in terms of counting ideals.
  2. ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค n์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ผ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค n์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์„ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. We easily see that the number of ideals of given ring Lambda with finite index is the same as the number of submodule of the Lambda-module Lambda with finite index as module. ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. In the module theory, we can define the zeta function of a module. the zeta function of a Lambda-module L is summand of a_n product n to the -s where a_n is the number of submodules with index n. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋žŒ๋‹ค์™€ L์ด ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ฝํ•˜๋ฉด a_n ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ผ์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. If Lambda is isomorphic to L, we can consider a_n is the number of ideals of L with index n. If Lambda is isomorphic to L, we abbreviate this part.
  3. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. L์„ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ง์„ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. For example, let L be the ring of integers. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ 1๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Then for each n, a_n is 1. The zeta function of L is that. ์ด ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œํƒ€ ์—์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋””๋…ธํŠธ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Actually, this is the Riemann zeta function. We will denote this by zeta s. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. See another definition. ์ •์ˆ˜ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹ ๋ง์˜ ์ฟผ์…˜ํŠธ ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ํ”„๋Š” ์–ด๋“œ์žญ์„ผ์‹œ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ํด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์–ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. For given graph G, the adjacency algebra of G is the quotient ring of the polynomial ring with integral coefficients where F is the minimal polynomial of the adjacency matrix of G.
  4. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋“œ์žญ์„ผ์‹œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”? OK. Then. What is the zeta function of the adjacency algebra? This question is extremely general. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•ด์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. We are concentrated on graphs have some conditions.
  5. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ปค๋„ฅํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. The connected regular graph. (We thought this kind graphs looks properly difficult.) ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฃ์ง€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. The regular graph means every vertices have the same number of adjacent edges. ์šฐ์„  ์ ์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋“œ์žญ์„ผ์‹œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. At first, we see the zeta functions of small regular graphs. ์ ์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. one point. zero regular graph. Then minimal polynomial is x. the zeta function of that is the same as the Riemann zeta function. ์ ์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์› ํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ์–ด๋“œ์žญ์„ผ์‹œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋“œ 2๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‹œํด๋ฆญ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ง๊ณผ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. two point. one regular graph. that is a path. minimal polynomial is square of x minus 1. This adjacency algebra is isomorphic to the group ring of a cyclic group with order 2 as rings. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋žŒ์ž„ ์˜ค๋”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‹œํด๋ฆญ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. There is a theorem to help us. 1977 Solomon proved that result. For a group ring of a cyclic group with prime order, we can get zeta function like that where this is the Dedekind zeta function of number field. Using the result of Solomon, we can get this zeta function. ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. three point. two regular graph. minimal polynomial is x^2-x-2. we quite easily get this zeta function by same method for the next graph. The method is similar to Solomonโ€™s but we have to calculate more concretely. ์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ œ๋ชฉ์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์–ด๋“œ์žญ์„ผ์‹œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. the next graph is the quadrangle. In the title, the equation is the adjacency algebra of the quadrangle. In this talk, our goal is to get the zeta function of that.
  6. ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. We need some settings for obtaining the zeta function of the quadrangle. A๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ํด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์–ผ ๋ง์˜ ์ฟผ์…˜ํŠธ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์€ ์‹ฌํ”Œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ์˜ ๋””๋ ‰์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ฏธ์‹ฌํ”Œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Lambda๋Š” A์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜ ์˜ค๋”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋”๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๋„ค๋ ˆ์ดํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜ ๋ž˜ํ‹ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Gamma๋Š” Lambda๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋งฅ์‹œ๋ฉ€ ์ •์ˆ˜ ์˜ค๋”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ŠคํŒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์˜๊ณ ๋‚  ์•„์ด๋Ž€ํฌํ„ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์…‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜ ์˜ค๋”๋Š” ๋งฅ์‹œ๋ฉ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ ˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด Gamma์˜ ๋งฅ์‹œ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  Gamma์˜ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ Lambda์— ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์ ธ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. L์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์–ด๋“œ์ ์„ผ์‹œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Z_(2)์€ ์ •์ˆ˜์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ผ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜ L_(2)์™€ Lambda_(2)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋กœ์จ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ผ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  7. ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ํ•„๋“œ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ 1x1์˜ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ์•Œ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. A์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  8. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด L์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ 3์Šน์„ ๊ณฑํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‚จ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  L์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ผ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  9. ํŒŒ์ด๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋žŒ๋‹ค ํˆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์…‹์„ ๋ธํƒ€๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ธํƒ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2์˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๋งฅ์‹œ๋ฉ€ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๋ธํƒ€์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ p์—์„œ๋„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธํƒ€์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ผ์ฆ˜ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 10๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  10. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ L_(2)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›Œ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  11. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ Hasse Diagram์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์นœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ตฌ์š”. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ผ์ฆ˜ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ L_(2)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
  12. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋žŒ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋“ˆ L ์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ์˜ ๋ ˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ฝ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์œ ํ•œ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํ”„๋ผ์ž„๋„˜๋ฒ„ q์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์œ ํ•œ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๋งฅ์‹œ๋ฉ€ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ธํƒ€์—˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ ˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ L_(2)์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ ˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ด๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ h๊ฐœ๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ด ์•„์ด์ œ์ด๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์—˜ ์•„์ด์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ค‘ L_i์˜ ๋ ˆ๋””์ปฌ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜์ œ์ด์™€ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ฝํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ ˆ๋””์ปฌ์„ ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ์Šจ๋ ˆ๋””์ปฌ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„ ํŽ‘์…˜์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ„ ์—” ์— ์€ ์— ์˜ ๋งฅ์‹œ๋ฉ€ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ธํ„ฐ์„น์…˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋งŒํผ -1์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ์ œ๊ณฑํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์—”์˜ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํ”„๋ผ์ž„๋„˜๋ฒ„ q์˜ n์Šน์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋””ํ„ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํŠธ t์˜ n์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. A_ij๋Š” ํŒŒ์ด ij์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ˆ„ N L_i ๊ฐ’๊ณผ L_i์—์„œ N์˜ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” t์˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜์Šน์„ ๊ณฑํ•œํ•ญ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋”ํ•œ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Z_ij๋Š” L_i์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ค‘ L_j์™€ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ชฐํ”ฝํ•œ N์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ L_i์—์„œ N์˜ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” t์˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜์Šน์„ ๋”ํ•œ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  13. ๋ ˜๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์—์„œ Aํ–‰๋ ฌ๊ณผ Zํ–‰๋ ฌ์€ ์—ญํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ L_(2)์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์ค‘ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ L_(2) ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— L_(2)์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ Z_1j ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์— 2^(-s)๋ฅผ ์ž…ํ•œ ์‹์˜ ํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด A์˜ ์—ญํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ์ฒซํ–‰์ด ํ•ฉ์— 2^(-s)๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด L_(2)์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ . A๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ด ij ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ํฌํ•จ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๋””์ปฌ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ–‰๋ ฌ A๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
  14. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ L_(2)์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  15. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” L์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€์ž…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋” ํฐ ์ปค๋„ฅํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํƒ€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.