Summer School “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, July 1-3, 2017 Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece The Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, in collaboration with the Jean Monnet Chair of the Democritus University of Thrace organize a summer school entitled “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, that will take place in July 1-3, at the Conference Room of the University of Macedonia.

1. Immigration in Europe: paths and experiences
Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Professor at the Democritus University of Thrace (Greece)
Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, Bruges (Belgium)
Honourary Assoc. Professor at the University of Nottingham (UK)
Barrister - of the Athens Bar
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2. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
History of European migration flows
- Before WW2
- European migration
- Agricultural: short term and cyclical
- Industrial: from south/east to north/west
- Political: population exchanges after WW1 (Treaty of
Lausanne etc)
- Intercontinental
- To the US: 1840-1914 Golden Age (50 m)
- 50% of Irish population, 5,5 m Germans, 9 m Italians
- To Latin America:
- Germans, Spaniards
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

3. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
History of European migration flows
- After WW2
- European migration (dominant)
- From south northbound
- Non european populations
- Intercontinental migration
- Towards Australia
- Europe receives migrants from other continents
- Periods
- 1945-75: glorious thirties
- 1975-85/90: immigration halt - returns + family reunification
- 1990-2000: new origin/destination countries + refugees
- 2000-10 : white collar and female migration + family reunification
- 2010 -…: asylum seekers
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4. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- Traditional immigration countries
- North/west: France, UK, Germany, BENELUX,
Scandinavian
- Characteristics:
- Immigrants: fewer nationalities, linked to colonialism, industrial +
agricultural, family reunification, white collar
- Eco/Soc: low structural unemployment, high female participation
in economy, low black market  economic advantage
- Policies: immigration embedded in political discourse, integration
vs multiculturalism, advanced integration policies, liberal citizenship
- BUT: ultra-right parties and terrorism
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5. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- New immigration countries
- South: Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal (North: Fin, Ire)
- Characteristics:
- Immigrants: massive arrivals, many nationalities, no specific origin,
agricultural + cyclical, family reunification, unequal gender, illegal +
regularisations
- Eco/Soc: EU periphery, segregated labour market, high structural
unemployment (young + female), black market  hard to integrate
- Policies: new topic in politics, experience as countries of origin not
used, ad hoc reactive immigration policies (+regularisations), limited
and inefficient integration policies, discourse about control,
criminality and national identity
- +++ Asylum seekers + Dublin III effects
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

6. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- Countries in transition
- Ex communist: Poland, Czech rep, Hungary
- Characteristics:
- Im/Em-igration countries + transit
- Immigrants: small numbers + illegals from neighbours
- Eco/Soc: +/- good transition to capitalism
- Policies: almost non-existent issue in politics, strong national
identities (existence of minorities), ltd culture of fundamental rights
 rather repressive policies
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

7. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- Small island countries
- Cyprus, Malta
- Characteristics:
- Immigrants: important pressure in relative terms
- Eco/Soc: relatively advanced and hence attractive - geolocation
- Policies: fear of “inundation”, restrictive policies, no integration
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8. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- Non immigration countries
- Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia
- Characteristics:
- Immigrants: few entries, especially from neighbouring countries
- Eco/Soc: relatively attractive economies
- Policies: recent states with strong identity issues (+ minorities +
population moves); extremely reluctant to accept foreigners let
alone to integrate them
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

9. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- Immigration “routes” leading to the EU
- Returning immigrants (new immigration/transition MS)
- Colonial and meta-colonial route (old immigration MS)
- Internal immigration (prior to 1989 – ex communist MS)
- Labour immigration (old immigration MS, transition etc)
- Seasonal immigration (agricultural MS – old and new)
- Blue collar immigration (old immigration MS)
- Family reunification immigration (old immigration MS)
- Asylum immigration (periphery MS)
- Illegal immigration (periphery MS)
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10. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- Number of immigrants per 100 ihnabs (source Eurostat,
2015)
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11. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
EU countries’ immigration experience
- EU – non EU immigrants (source Eurostat, 2014)
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

12. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Basic Immigration Policy Patterns
- Non-permanence / non integration policies
- Provisionality and rotation of immigrants (gasterbaiters)
- Short term resident permits linked to employment
- Renewal only in exceptional situations
- No family reunification
- No integration policies
- Restrictive naturalisation conditions
- Long and in-interrupted residence
- Material conditions: economic, language, culture etc
(integration test, oath etc)
- Eg: Switzerland, Germany etc
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13. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Basic Immigration Policy Patterns
- Permanence policies
- Assimilation policies (US, Canada)
- Melting pot with common dominant culture/language
- Identity based not on past experiences but on future
achievements, common objectives
- Progressive abandonment of ethnic characteristics
- Equal opportunities policies
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14. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Basic Immigration Policy Patterns
- Permanence policies
- Integration policies: more flexible than assimilation
- Individualism (Fr):
- equal rights and obligations
- Active integration policies (language, skills etc)
- Easy naturalisation conditions
- BUT: refusal of specific cultural characteristics
- Communautarism (UK)
- Recognition of community characteristics
- Community participation at the local/communal level
- Recognition of rights in favour of the community
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

15. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Basic Immigration Policy Patterns
- Permanence policies
- Multiculturalism (Australia, Sweden)
- Full recognition/ tolerance of cultural identities
- Enhancement of mutual understanding and tolerance
- Promotion of diversity as the common value/identity
element
- Recognition of rights (electoral, trade unions etc)
within short time
- Relaxed naturalisation conditions
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16. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Basic Immigration Policy Patterns
- Variable key integration instruments
- Social states: access to employment, social benefits, welfare
state etc
- Libertarian states: fundamental rights, (formal) equality
- Market economy (neo-liberal) states: access to employment,
favourable market conditions
- Uncertain integration indicators
- Social
- Economic
- Psychological
- Mixed marriages
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EU countries’ immigration experience
- Naturalisation rate (source Eurostat, 2015)
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History Experience Policy Patterns Theories Conclusion

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Theories explaining immigration
- Classical – Neo classical
- Individual decision: Wage differential – personal skills
- New migration economics
- family/household decision: welfare state, insurance, vocational
training
- Segregated labour market
- Structural unemployment, structural inflation
- Global systems
- Multinationals creating new poor and boosting consumerism
- Networks: acting locally and attracting all interested people
- Institutionalism: state, NGOs, advocacy groups, traffickers
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Conclusion
- EU gained powers in the field in 1993, but really in 1999
- 5-year transitional period : decisions with unanimity
- Tampere, Stockholm, Hague, EU Agenda: successive
programmes affected by terrorist attacks and radicalisation
- Enlargement (2004, 2007, 2013): more complex decision-
making
  No wonders that
- it has been difficult to agree on issues other than family
reunification, where legal obligations pre-exist
- Measures agreed are highly restrictive (see Case C-540/03 EP v
Council).
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