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Ptolemy was an influential astronomer, mathematician, and geographer who lived from 90-170 CE in Alexandria, Egypt. He made significant contributions across several fields. In geography, he created one of the first maps to use a grid system and introduced the concepts of latitude and longitude. His book Geography was a primary reference for mapmaking until Columbus' voyage. Ptolemy believed the earth was at the center of the universe, as described in his influential book Almagest on astronomy. He also discovered Ptolemy's theorem in mathematics and was an influential astrologer according to his book Tetrabiblos. Despite some inaccuracies, Ptolemy's work was highly significant and advanced geographical and astronomical understanding.
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Recommended
Unit 2: Claudius Ptolemy
An Earth-centered view of the Universe from an ancient astronomer.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
HOW GREEKS KNEW EARTH IS SPHERICAL1.1.pptx
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical through several lines of evidence:
- Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth around 500 BC.
- Anaxagoras observed circular shadows on the Moon during lunar eclipses, indicating the Earth was round.
- Aristotle made detailed arguments including that the North Star appears higher in the sky the farther north you travel, and ships disappear over the horizon progressively from bottom to top.
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth by measuring the sun's angle at different locations, arriving at a value close to modern measurements.
Astronomy by Victor R. Oribe
This document provides an overview of the history of astronomy. It discusses early astronomy among ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians who made early records of celestial objects. It then covers the Golden Age of astronomy centered in Greece where thinkers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made advances. Key figures who supported the heliocentric model like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton are also summarized along with their major contributions and findings that helped establish our modern understanding of the solar system and universe. The document concludes with sections on constellations and the motion of the Earth.
Orbital mechanics (1)
1) Kepler discovered that the orbits of planets are ellipses with the Sun located at one of the ellipse's two focal points. This became known as Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion.
2) Kepler also found that a line connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This is Kepler's Second Law.
3) Through his analysis of Tycho Brahe's precise astronomical observations, Kepler was able to overcome the imperfect circular orbital models of earlier astronomers and establish his revolutionary elliptical model of planetary motion.
Astronomy by victor r
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
The graphic-representation-of-the-earth
- Globes and maps have historically been the primary tools used by geographers to represent and study the earth.
- Globes provide the most accurate three-dimensional representation of the earth's shape and the relative positions of different locations.
- The production and knowledge of globes advanced significantly from early Greek and Roman models to 15th century European globes, which began depicting discoveries like the Americas. More accurate globes emerged in subsequent centuries as geographic understanding improved.
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek astronomer whose contributions included compiling astronomical and geographical knowledge of the Roman Empire in his treatises Almagest, Geographia, and Tetrabiblos. In Almagest, he proposed the geocentric Ptolemaic system to explain planetary motions, using epicycles and eccentric circles to account for retrograde motion. This system placed the Earth at the center of the universe and remained the dominant model of astronomy for over 1,000 years until Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model. Ptolemy's Geographia also compiled geographical coordinates of the known world.
Roots of Geography/ history of Geography
This document provides a history of the roots and development of geography. It discusses early contributions from ancient cultures like Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, and medieval Islamic scholars. Key figures who advanced geographic thought and mapping include Eratosthenes, Ptolemy, and Al-Idrisi. The document also outlines two opposing schools of thought on human-environment relationships - environmental determinism, which believes the environment controls human activities, and possibilism, which argues humans have more freedom of choice.
Recommended
Unit 2: Claudius Ptolemy
An Earth-centered view of the Universe from an ancient astronomer.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
HOW GREEKS KNEW EARTH IS SPHERICAL1.1.pptx
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical through several lines of evidence:
- Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth around 500 BC.
- Anaxagoras observed circular shadows on the Moon during lunar eclipses, indicating the Earth was round.
- Aristotle made detailed arguments including that the North Star appears higher in the sky the farther north you travel, and ships disappear over the horizon progressively from bottom to top.
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth by measuring the sun's angle at different locations, arriving at a value close to modern measurements.
Astronomy by Victor R. Oribe
This document provides an overview of the history of astronomy. It discusses early astronomy among ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians who made early records of celestial objects. It then covers the Golden Age of astronomy centered in Greece where thinkers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made advances. Key figures who supported the heliocentric model like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton are also summarized along with their major contributions and findings that helped establish our modern understanding of the solar system and universe. The document concludes with sections on constellations and the motion of the Earth.
Orbital mechanics (1)
1) Kepler discovered that the orbits of planets are ellipses with the Sun located at one of the ellipse's two focal points. This became known as Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion.
2) Kepler also found that a line connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This is Kepler's Second Law.
3) Through his analysis of Tycho Brahe's precise astronomical observations, Kepler was able to overcome the imperfect circular orbital models of earlier astronomers and establish his revolutionary elliptical model of planetary motion.
Astronomy by victor r
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
The graphic-representation-of-the-earth
- Globes and maps have historically been the primary tools used by geographers to represent and study the earth.
- Globes provide the most accurate three-dimensional representation of the earth's shape and the relative positions of different locations.
- The production and knowledge of globes advanced significantly from early Greek and Roman models to 15th century European globes, which began depicting discoveries like the Americas. More accurate globes emerged in subsequent centuries as geographic understanding improved.
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek astronomer whose contributions included compiling astronomical and geographical knowledge of the Roman Empire in his treatises Almagest, Geographia, and Tetrabiblos. In Almagest, he proposed the geocentric Ptolemaic system to explain planetary motions, using epicycles and eccentric circles to account for retrograde motion. This system placed the Earth at the center of the universe and remained the dominant model of astronomy for over 1,000 years until Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model. Ptolemy's Geographia also compiled geographical coordinates of the known world.
Roots of Geography/ history of Geography
This document provides a history of the roots and development of geography. It discusses early contributions from ancient cultures like Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, and medieval Islamic scholars. Key figures who advanced geographic thought and mapping include Eratosthenes, Ptolemy, and Al-Idrisi. The document also outlines two opposing schools of thought on human-environment relationships - environmental determinism, which believes the environment controls human activities, and possibilism, which argues humans have more freedom of choice.
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The earth measured proves that earth is flat. And the earth measured has proven that .And there are also evidence that earth is flat not a globe
M1_Lesson 1_How greeks know that earth is spherical.pptx
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical based on several observations and arguments:
- Aristotle argued that a sphere is a perfect shape, and that pieces of Earth falling towards the center would form a round shape. He also noted that the Earth's shadow on the Moon in an eclipse is always circular.
- Navigation observations found that ships sailing away seemed to disappear behind the horizon, which wouldn't occur if the Earth was flat.
- Eratosthenes used recorded eclipse data to calculate the circumference of the Earth, providing evidence that it was spherical rather than flat.
What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric
The geocentric theory states that the Earth is at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolve around it. The ancient Greeks like Aristotle supported this view. Ptolemy later revised the geocentric model so the planets moved in smaller circular orbits within larger ones. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center with planets revolving around it. Galileo later provided evidence supporting the heliocentric view by observing the phases of Venus and Jupiter's moons orbiting something other than Earth. The heliocentric theory is now accepted as describing our solar system.
powerpoint presentation model of the universe.pptx
The document discusses early models of the universe from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy who believed the Earth was at the center, to Copernicus who revived the heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. It also covers Tycho Brahe who found errors in both the geocentric and Copernican models and gathered accurate observations over 20 years, paving the way for Kepler to discover his laws of planetary motion and establish an elliptical model of the universe.
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The document discusses early models of the universe including the ideas that the Earth was flat and then spherical. It describes models from Greek philosophers like Aristotle who believed the Earth was at the center of the universe and surrounded by spheres carrying the planets and stars. Later models from Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it, moving astronomy toward a heliocentric understanding of the solar system.
Contributions of greek scholars in geography
Greek scholars made many important contributions to the field of geography from 500 BC to 200 BC. Some key figures included Thales, who proposed early geometric principles and viewed the Earth as a disk floating in water. Anaximander created one of the first world maps. Hecataeus established a literary tradition in geography by publishing one of the first formal descriptions of the known world. Herodotus is considered the father of history and ethnography for his geographical and human descriptions. Plato and Aristotle further developed understanding of the spherical Earth and habitable zones. Eratosthenes accurately calculated the Earth's circumference and is considered the father of geography. Hipparchus helped establish geography as a mathematical system.
MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE5675657576576574.pptx
Ancient Greek astronomers developed early geocentric models of the universe with Earth at the center. Eudoxus created the first such model in 380 BC as a series of concentric spheres carrying the stars, sun, moon and planets around Earth. Later, Aristarchus proposed a heliocentric model placing the sun at the center in the 3rd century BC, but it was not widely accepted. Ptolemy's 2nd century AD geocentric model placed Earth at the center surrounded by nested spheres carrying objects in our solar system and became the accepted model for over 1,000 years until Copernicus revived Aristarchus' heliocentric theory in 1543.
Classical geography.pptx
The document provides an overview of the beginnings of classical geography. It discusses how the Greeks made many advancements in geographical knowledge through observation, measurement, generalization, and philosophy. Some key Greek figures and their contributions are highlighted, including:
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth.
- Hipparchus discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made early star catalogs.
- Herodotus divided the world into three continents and described existing tribes.
- Plato and Pythagoras developed early concepts of the solar system and spherical Earth through mathematical and philosophical means.
Copernicus theory
Nicolaus Copernicus was a 16th century astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe where the Sun, not Earth, is at the center. This contradicted the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had been accepted for over 1,000 years. Copernicus published his theory in 1543 just before his death, placing the planets in correct order and arguing they revolve around the Sun. While his model was more accurate, it was controversial and faced resistance from the Roman Catholic Church for centuries until gaining broader acceptance.
How the greeks knew that the earth is
you will know easier why the Greeks philosophers made a conclusion that the earth is round and sherical
Hellenistic mathematics
By the 3rd century BCE, mathematical breakthroughs were being made in Alexandria, Egypt which had become a major center of learning under the Ptolemies. Many influential mathematicians studied and taught there, including Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, and Diophantus. They made important advances in areas like geometry, astronomy, and early algebra. Meanwhile, other centers also contributed, such as Perga in modern-day Turkey where Apollonius did seminal work in the geometry of conic sections.
What we know about space power point by jx51
Early societies studied the sky and began to develop theories about the connections between celestial objects like the sun, moon, and stars. Over time, astronomers realized the earth revolves around the sun rather than vice versa. Major figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton advanced our understanding of the solar system and universe. In recent centuries, increasingly powerful telescopes allowed for new discoveries, and space exploration through rovers and manned missions has revealed more about places like Mars and the moon. However, there is still much about space we have yet to understand.
Hostory of cartography or maps
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#Globe
#Earth
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#Decision Making
#Cartography
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#GIS
#Remote_Sensing
Vineesh V,
Assistant Professor Geography,
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https://g.page/vineeshvc
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This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
The document traces the historical development of geography from ancient Greek contributions to its emergence as a modern academic discipline. It discusses the early concepts of geography put forth by Greek philosophers like Thales of Miletus and Eratosthenes. Roman geographers like Ptolemy and Strabo further expanded on these ideas. During the Middle Ages, Muslim geographers maintained and advanced Greco-Roman techniques. In the 18th century, geography became a recognized field of study in European universities. Two opposing views then emerged - environmental determinism, which believes the environment controls human activities, and possibilism, which emphasizes human agency to adapt to their surroundings. Modern geography integrates these perspectives through cultural ecology and regional studies approaches.
Professor’s Questions Set 2Provide comprehensive answers to th.docx
Professor’s Questions Set 2
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
1. Why did early Astronomers conclude that Earth had to be motionless?
2. How did the Ptolemaic model explain retrograde motion?
3. Why did Greek astronomers conclude that the heavens were made up of perfect crystalline spheres moving at constant speed?
4. In what way were the models of Ptolemy and Copernicus similar?
5. Why did Copernican hypothesis win gradual acceptance?
6. Explain how Kepler’s law contradict uniform circular motion?
7. How did Newton’s law lead you to conclude that gravitation has to be universal?
8. What are the two factors that depend on the orbital motion of the moon?
9. Galileo was condemned by inquisition, but Kepler, also a supporter of Copernicus was not. Why not?
10. What contributions did Johannes Kepler make to Astronomy?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 3
The Origin of Modern Astronomy
*
The passions of astronomy
are no less profound
because they are not noisy.
- JOHN STEINBECK
The Short Reign of Pippin IV
*
If you are concerned about the environment, you owe a debt to the 16th century Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed that Earth is not the center of the universe, but just one of the planets that circle the sun. His theory made Earth part of the cosmos and led to the modern understanding of humanity’s place among all the creatures of Earth.
*
As you read about Copernicus and his theory, you will see astronomers struggling with two related problems:The place of EarthThe motion of the planets
*
That struggle led Galileo before the Inquisition.It also led Isaac Newton to discover gravity.
*
As you read about the birth of modern astronomy, notice that it is also the story of the invention of science as a way to know about the world we live in.
*
Before Copernicus, the world seemed filled with mysterious influences.After Newton, scientists understood that the world is described by natural laws that are open to human study. The mysteries of nature are mysteries because they are unknown—not because they are unknowable.
*
Astronomy Before CopernicusTo understand why Copernicus’s model was so important, you first need to backtrack to ancient Greece and meet the two great authorities of ancient astronomy:Aristotle, the brilliant philosopherClaudius Ptolemy, a later follower of Aristotle’s principles
*
First, you should remember that the terms solar system, galaxy, and universe have very different meanings.You know now that our solar system is your very local neighborhood—much smaller than the Milky Way Galaxy.Milky Way, in turn, is tiny compared with the observable universe.
Astronomy Before Copernicus
*
However, from ancient times up through Copernicus’s day, it was thought that the whole uni ...
Geography
This presentation was made by a Grade 11-HUMSS student, Yishin Bueno.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Spherical earth
Claudius Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek writer known for his work in mathematics, astronomy, geography, astrology, and poetry. He lived in Alexandria, Egypt and wrote in Greek. He is best known for publishing the Almagest, which supported the theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was a 16th century mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center. Tycho Brahe was a 16th century Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical and planetary observations, which were five times more accurate than previous observations. His data helped advance the Copernican model. Galileo Galilei was a 17th
AstronomyChapter1.pdf
The document summarizes key topics in the history of astronomy. It discusses how the Greeks improved upon earlier Mesopotamian and Egyptian astronomy by developing mechanical models to explain phenomena. It describes Ptolemy's geocentric model and how it was the accepted model for over 1500 years. Later, Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, though it was not widely accepted until Galileo's telescopic observations supported it and Kepler discovered his laws of planetary motion using Tycho Brahe's accurate observations.
Ss history
The document discusses the transition from the geocentric model of the universe proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center, to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Copernicus' model was initially rejected but gained support from Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope. Tycho Brahe proposed a hybrid model but Johannes Kepler used Tycho's data to show planets orbit in ellipses, supporting the heliocentric model. Isaac Newton later explained orbital motions through his law of universal gravitation.
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The earth measured proves that earth is flat. And the earth measured has proven that .And there are also evidence that earth is flat not a globe
M1_Lesson 1_How greeks know that earth is spherical.pptx
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical based on several observations and arguments:
- Aristotle argued that a sphere is a perfect shape, and that pieces of Earth falling towards the center would form a round shape. He also noted that the Earth's shadow on the Moon in an eclipse is always circular.
- Navigation observations found that ships sailing away seemed to disappear behind the horizon, which wouldn't occur if the Earth was flat.
- Eratosthenes used recorded eclipse data to calculate the circumference of the Earth, providing evidence that it was spherical rather than flat.
What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric
The geocentric theory states that the Earth is at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolve around it. The ancient Greeks like Aristotle supported this view. Ptolemy later revised the geocentric model so the planets moved in smaller circular orbits within larger ones. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center with planets revolving around it. Galileo later provided evidence supporting the heliocentric view by observing the phases of Venus and Jupiter's moons orbiting something other than Earth. The heliocentric theory is now accepted as describing our solar system.
powerpoint presentation model of the universe.pptx
The document discusses early models of the universe from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy who believed the Earth was at the center, to Copernicus who revived the heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. It also covers Tycho Brahe who found errors in both the geocentric and Copernican models and gathered accurate observations over 20 years, paving the way for Kepler to discover his laws of planetary motion and establish an elliptical model of the universe.
Early model of the Universe
The document discusses early models of the universe including the ideas that the Earth was flat and then spherical. It describes models from Greek philosophers like Aristotle who believed the Earth was at the center of the universe and surrounded by spheres carrying the planets and stars. Later models from Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it, moving astronomy toward a heliocentric understanding of the solar system.
Contributions of greek scholars in geography
Greek scholars made many important contributions to the field of geography from 500 BC to 200 BC. Some key figures included Thales, who proposed early geometric principles and viewed the Earth as a disk floating in water. Anaximander created one of the first world maps. Hecataeus established a literary tradition in geography by publishing one of the first formal descriptions of the known world. Herodotus is considered the father of history and ethnography for his geographical and human descriptions. Plato and Aristotle further developed understanding of the spherical Earth and habitable zones. Eratosthenes accurately calculated the Earth's circumference and is considered the father of geography. Hipparchus helped establish geography as a mathematical system.
MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE5675657576576574.pptx
Ancient Greek astronomers developed early geocentric models of the universe with Earth at the center. Eudoxus created the first such model in 380 BC as a series of concentric spheres carrying the stars, sun, moon and planets around Earth. Later, Aristarchus proposed a heliocentric model placing the sun at the center in the 3rd century BC, but it was not widely accepted. Ptolemy's 2nd century AD geocentric model placed Earth at the center surrounded by nested spheres carrying objects in our solar system and became the accepted model for over 1,000 years until Copernicus revived Aristarchus' heliocentric theory in 1543.
Classical geography.pptx
The document provides an overview of the beginnings of classical geography. It discusses how the Greeks made many advancements in geographical knowledge through observation, measurement, generalization, and philosophy. Some key Greek figures and their contributions are highlighted, including:
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth.
- Hipparchus discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made early star catalogs.
- Herodotus divided the world into three continents and described existing tribes.
- Plato and Pythagoras developed early concepts of the solar system and spherical Earth through mathematical and philosophical means.
Copernicus theory
Nicolaus Copernicus was a 16th century astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe where the Sun, not Earth, is at the center. This contradicted the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had been accepted for over 1,000 years. Copernicus published his theory in 1543 just before his death, placing the planets in correct order and arguing they revolve around the Sun. While his model was more accurate, it was controversial and faced resistance from the Roman Catholic Church for centuries until gaining broader acceptance.
How the greeks knew that the earth is
you will know easier why the Greeks philosophers made a conclusion that the earth is round and sherical
Hellenistic mathematics
By the 3rd century BCE, mathematical breakthroughs were being made in Alexandria, Egypt which had become a major center of learning under the Ptolemies. Many influential mathematicians studied and taught there, including Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, and Diophantus. They made important advances in areas like geometry, astronomy, and early algebra. Meanwhile, other centers also contributed, such as Perga in modern-day Turkey where Apollonius did seminal work in the geometry of conic sections.
What we know about space power point by jx51
Early societies studied the sky and began to develop theories about the connections between celestial objects like the sun, moon, and stars. Over time, astronomers realized the earth revolves around the sun rather than vice versa. Major figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton advanced our understanding of the solar system and universe. In recent centuries, increasingly powerful telescopes allowed for new discoveries, and space exploration through rovers and manned missions has revealed more about places like Mars and the moon. However, there is still much about space we have yet to understand.
Hostory of cartography or maps
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#Globe
#Earth
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#Decision Making
#Cartography
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#Geography
#Geographer
#GIS
#Remote_Sensing
Vineesh V,
Assistant Professor Geography,
Directorate of Collegiate Education,
Government of Kerala, India
https://g.page/vineeshvc
https://geogisgeo.blogspot.com
Astronomy lesson thursday
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
The document traces the historical development of geography from ancient Greek contributions to its emergence as a modern academic discipline. It discusses the early concepts of geography put forth by Greek philosophers like Thales of Miletus and Eratosthenes. Roman geographers like Ptolemy and Strabo further expanded on these ideas. During the Middle Ages, Muslim geographers maintained and advanced Greco-Roman techniques. In the 18th century, geography became a recognized field of study in European universities. Two opposing views then emerged - environmental determinism, which believes the environment controls human activities, and possibilism, which emphasizes human agency to adapt to their surroundings. Modern geography integrates these perspectives through cultural ecology and regional studies approaches.
Professor’s Questions Set 2Provide comprehensive answers to th.docx
Professor’s Questions Set 2
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
1. Why did early Astronomers conclude that Earth had to be motionless?
2. How did the Ptolemaic model explain retrograde motion?
3. Why did Greek astronomers conclude that the heavens were made up of perfect crystalline spheres moving at constant speed?
4. In what way were the models of Ptolemy and Copernicus similar?
5. Why did Copernican hypothesis win gradual acceptance?
6. Explain how Kepler’s law contradict uniform circular motion?
7. How did Newton’s law lead you to conclude that gravitation has to be universal?
8. What are the two factors that depend on the orbital motion of the moon?
9. Galileo was condemned by inquisition, but Kepler, also a supporter of Copernicus was not. Why not?
10. What contributions did Johannes Kepler make to Astronomy?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 3
The Origin of Modern Astronomy
*
The passions of astronomy
are no less profound
because they are not noisy.
- JOHN STEINBECK
The Short Reign of Pippin IV
*
If you are concerned about the environment, you owe a debt to the 16th century Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed that Earth is not the center of the universe, but just one of the planets that circle the sun. His theory made Earth part of the cosmos and led to the modern understanding of humanity’s place among all the creatures of Earth.
*
As you read about Copernicus and his theory, you will see astronomers struggling with two related problems:The place of EarthThe motion of the planets
*
That struggle led Galileo before the Inquisition.It also led Isaac Newton to discover gravity.
*
As you read about the birth of modern astronomy, notice that it is also the story of the invention of science as a way to know about the world we live in.
*
Before Copernicus, the world seemed filled with mysterious influences.After Newton, scientists understood that the world is described by natural laws that are open to human study. The mysteries of nature are mysteries because they are unknown—not because they are unknowable.
*
Astronomy Before CopernicusTo understand why Copernicus’s model was so important, you first need to backtrack to ancient Greece and meet the two great authorities of ancient astronomy:Aristotle, the brilliant philosopherClaudius Ptolemy, a later follower of Aristotle’s principles
*
First, you should remember that the terms solar system, galaxy, and universe have very different meanings.You know now that our solar system is your very local neighborhood—much smaller than the Milky Way Galaxy.Milky Way, in turn, is tiny compared with the observable universe.
Astronomy Before Copernicus
*
However, from ancient times up through Copernicus’s day, it was thought that the whole uni ...
Geography
This presentation was made by a Grade 11-HUMSS student, Yishin Bueno.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Spherical earth
Claudius Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek writer known for his work in mathematics, astronomy, geography, astrology, and poetry. He lived in Alexandria, Egypt and wrote in Greek. He is best known for publishing the Almagest, which supported the theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was a 16th century mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center. Tycho Brahe was a 16th century Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical and planetary observations, which were five times more accurate than previous observations. His data helped advance the Copernican model. Galileo Galilei was a 17th
AstronomyChapter1.pdf
The document summarizes key topics in the history of astronomy. It discusses how the Greeks improved upon earlier Mesopotamian and Egyptian astronomy by developing mechanical models to explain phenomena. It describes Ptolemy's geocentric model and how it was the accepted model for over 1500 years. Later, Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, though it was not widely accepted until Galileo's telescopic observations supported it and Kepler discovered his laws of planetary motion using Tycho Brahe's accurate observations.
Ss history
The document discusses the transition from the geocentric model of the universe proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center, to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Copernicus' model was initially rejected but gained support from Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope. Tycho Brahe proposed a hybrid model but Johannes Kepler used Tycho's data to show planets orbit in ellipses, supporting the heliocentric model. Isaac Newton later explained orbital motions through his law of universal gravitation.
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"Snow" by Ann Beattie illustrated by Aimie Bourgeois
"Snow" by Ann Beattie illustrated into comic by aimie bourgeois
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Tanjore Painting: Rich Heritage and Intricate Craftsmanship | Cottage9
Explore the exquisite art of Tanjore Painting, known for its vibrant colors, gold foil work, and traditional themes. Discover its cultural significance today!
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This is my presentation for the Record Store Scavenger Hunt.
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"Snow" by Ann Beattie illustrated by Aimie Bourgeois
"Snow" by Ann Beattie illustrated by Aimie Bourgeois
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The Evolution and Impact of Hip Hop a cultural and artistic
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Tanjore Painting: Rich Heritage and Intricate Craftsmanship | Cottage9
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Untitled presentation.pptx
- 2. EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT Submitted to: Sheelu Ma’am Submitted by : Pranjal Mehta MA Previous Year 1st SEM
- 3. Ptolemy ● His real name is Claudius Ptolemaeus, But we know him as “ Ptolemy” not much Is known about his life. The meaning of His name was a Roman Citizen. The Name Ptolemy means that “ He was a Greek”.
- 4. ● It is believed that he lived from 90-170 CE. They know that he worked in the library of “ ALEXANDRIA “ , Egypt from 127-150 CE ● He was an Astronomer, Mathematician, and Geographer.
- 5. DISCOVERIES ● He is famous for his work on Astronomy and Geography. His books were discovered in the middle ages , before the 12C. They were ● ALMAGEST- The study of Astronomy and Geometry ● TETRABIBLIOS- The study of Astrology ● GEOGRAPHY- Which included maps of how they thought the world was like at the time .
- 6. ASTRONOMY ● Ptolemy believed in the Greek Geocentric view of the universe, that the Earth was at the centre of the Universe. He believed the Planets and Sun move around Earth in this order : Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. ● This system is called “ The PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM”. It is describe in his book Almagest On Astronomy ● The book has an information on The Earth ,Sun , Moon, Stars and Eclipses. It has a Star Catalog of 48 Constellations that we still used today
- 7. MATHEMATICS ● He was also a Mathematician. He discovered that any quadrilateral inside a circle with points ABCD followed this equation, called “ POTLEMY’S THEOREM” ● AC* BD= AB*CD+ DA*BC
- 8. GEOGRAPHY ● Ptolemy was very important in the history of geography and making maps. His book GEOGRAPHY was a main one used until christopher Columbus . It had 8 volumes. ● The ancient Greeks and Romans knew that the Earth was round.In his 1 volume , he showed how to draw spherical earth on a flat sheet of paper. He was 1st known person to do this. ● He was the 1st person to put a Grid System on the map. He was the one who invented Latitude and Longitude. He was also the 1st to put North at the top of the map.
- 9. GEOGRAPHY ● The problem was that his map had many errors because he had to go by the estimates of merchant travellers who didn’t know How to measure longitude at the time. ● Ptolemy made the mistake of assuming that the Earth had a Shorter circumference. Because of this , Christopher Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. He landed instead in the new world. ● Ptolemy made many contributions to geography even the mistake he made led Columbus to discovered America in 1492.
- 10. ASTROLOGY ● Ptolemy was also an Astrologer. His book TETRABIBLIOS was the most popular book on Astrology at the time. ● He believed that the Position of the Planets at the time of birth did influence a person , but not completely.
- 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY ● MAJID HUSSAIN ● WIKIPEDIA
- 12. THANK YOU