Stem Cells Essay The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay Stem Cell Essay Stem Cell Essay Stem Cell Therapy Essay

1. Stem Cells Essay
Introduction
The use of stem cells can advance drug development, knowledge of disease, patience specific disease
treatment, and can bypass the limits of mouse–models for research. According to the National
Institute of Health (1), stem cells are unique in the following ways: they can divide and renew
themselves for long periods, they are unspecialized, and they can give rise to specialized cell types.
The uniqueness of these stem cells allows for the testing of new drugs, cell–based therapies and the
study of human development including cancer research. Human stem cell therapies have been used
for the treatment of neurological disease in human clinical trials such as Parkinson's disease (2),
spinal cord injury (3,4) stroke (5), and...show more content...
Background
The generation of stem cells from zygotes and blastomeres retain the ability to create all embryonic
and extraembryonic tissues (13) these are deemed 'totipotent', while cells that generate embryonic
and cannot generate extraembryonic tissues are deemed 'pluripotent'. Induced cells that are in a
differentiable state, pluripotent, are the cells chosen to advance medicine. Cells selected for
induced pluripotency cannot be terminally differentiated, as these cells lose their ability to be
developed into other cells types (14). Pluripotency can be induced by the study of embryonic stem
cells. These cells express factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c–Myc), deemed Yamanaka factors (15) and
described as such in this review. There are currently four main methods for delivering these factors
including viral vectors, DNA–based induction, RNA molecules and recombinant proteins (fig 1.)
(16,17).
Fig 1.
Induced pluripotent cells from somatic cells by transduction, DNA–based induction, RNA molecules
and recombinant proteins, creates a reprogramming wave leading to cells with the potential to
become many cell types (16). The equivalency of induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic
stem cells is variable but using screening techniques, bioinformatics assay, cells that are more
similar to embryonic stem cells can be selected for cloning techniques (18,19). The reprogramming
wave, occurs in two parts, driven by c–Myc/Klf4 (first wave) and Oct4/Sox2/Klf4 (second wave),
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2. The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay
The Stem Cell Dilemma Every day, nearly 3,000 people die while waiting for an organ transplant
(D'Agnese). Moreover, 66,000 people are still on an organ donor list in the United States, few of
which will ever see their name come up on that list ("Improving"). Many people believe nothing can
be done about this sad fact. However, this is not the case. Studies on stem–cell research point toward
a solution to this deadly problem. With efficient use of stem cells, many diseases and medical
problems could be solved. Stem–cells are very young, specialized cells. Usually coming from a
human embryo, they have the ability to develop into more specialized groups of cells or tissues
("Stem Cells: A Primer"). As of 2001, scientists...show more content...
Not only would stem–cells help with organ transplants, but they have also been shown to treat other
diseases such as multiple sclerosis (Lee). Despite these facts, some may still think it is morally
wrong to use stem–cells. There are many reasons that help prove the fact that the use of stem–cells
does not equal the destruction of a life. Supporters of stem–cell research believe that embryos
composed of only a few cells that are being stored in a lab are not alive, because they are frozen.
They may have once had the potential to live, and though this potential was lost, it was not lost
because of stem–cell research. Many of the cells that are being used come from ended pregnancies
when a life would not develop anyway. If an embryo were to go unused, why not use it instead to
save another life? There are actually over 110,000 embryos being stored in the United States
alone, with no life in sight for them (Robinson). These embryos are not alive, and should be used
instead of discarded. To make this debate even easier, stem cells may in the near future come from,
for example, the ACT developed "embryos". With the ACT's embryos, the scientists started with
human eggs, though they were not fertilized with sperm; these eggs were then coaxed into
fertilization. The eggs were kept in a culture and seemed to develop like normal embryos, though
they could probably never be able to develop
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3. Stem Cell Essay
Adult stem cell are difficult to obtain and have a lower growth potential. Although they have a
limited capacity to differentiate and they are compatible with adult tissue, you can only obtain a
small amount of cells. An alternative would be obtaining stem cell from the umbilical cord, given
the fact that are easily to obtain, they are compatible with other body tissue , they may have a
limited capacity to differentiate but they are not a treat to the child life. Both these option offer a
small amount of stem cell to work with compared to embryonic stem cells. There is a preference to
choose embryonic stem cell due to the unlimited growth potential, lower probability to mutations
and the unlimited differentiation. The only downside is that...show more content...
This means destroying a potential human life. But embryonic stem cell research could lead to the
discovery of new medical treatments that would alleviate the suffering of many people.
The status of humanity and human life has been the subject of thoit and debate from millennia now.
From a philosophical approach , we can recognize that there is something special in human being.
Some people could deny the potential for medical research from research into embryonic and adult
cells, but the issue is shoud we be using embrys to do this?
Science vs. religion has been one of the hottest debated topics for the past several hundred years.
When it comes to when life begins, each religion has its own perspective, so it‟s hard to discuss
which is the "correct",( https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E–project/Available/E–project–102710–204456
/unrestricted/IQP.pdf)
When it comes to society view on this matter, as many are the issues raised, many are the benefit.
How far would you be justified in destroying what could be a human being if you created the right
conditions for the embryo to be implanted but you nonetheless decided to do research on it instead?
What justifies research?
One of the things that is problematic about the debate is that it focuses so much on the status of the
embryo and the rights of the embryo and so little on the needs of the
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4. Stem Cell Essay
The logical history of foundational microorganism may be explored as it has unfolded in the
course of recent years; and after this, it will swing to a thought of the political history of
undifferentiated organism look into. There has been a relentless pattern of researchers progressively
taking in the privileged insights of stem cells and having the capacity to apply their new learning to
either look into potential medications or really convey powerful medicines to people. In 2001, Bush
issued an official request that put huge limitations on government financing for undeveloped cell
look into; and in 2009, Obama canceled this request with his very own request called "Removing
Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research involving Human...show more content...
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into all
derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words,
they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body as long as they are
specified to do so. Embryonic stem cells are distinguished by two distinctive properties: their
pluripotency, and their ability to replicate indefinitely. ES cells are pluripotent, that is, they are able
to differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and
mesoderm (Science Daily). Amongst grown–up and embryonic undifferentiated cells, obviously
embryonic undeveloped cell look into has far more noteworthy potential to be morally tricky than
grown–up stem cells inquire about because of the distinction in convictions of individuals.
Nonetheless, embryonic stem cells inquire about is largely considered to have the best potential for
conveying restorative and logical achievements, since they are more manipulatable since they are not
completely created and undifferentiated than grown–up foundational microorganisms. The
embryonic undifferentiated organisms are helpful for therapeutic and research purposes since they
can create cells for practically every tissue in the body. This shows the the two separate ways
researchers create stem cells on the right. On the left we see a timescale of the
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5. Stem Cell Therapy Essay
In order to discover the ways for the remedy of diseases, studies in therapeutic approaches have
been doing widely and kept increasing at accelerated pace. A lot of research areas had emerged for
that purpose including one of the most fascinating and highly active areas at present, stem cells
therapies. Due to self–renewal property and differentiation capability of stem cell, it becomes a new
hope in modern treatment.
The first successful case of stem cell therapy in human was reported in 1959. Bone marrow
restorations were observed in leukemia patients who received total body irradiation subsequent by
intravenous injection of their twins' bone marrow (Thomas et al, 1957). Nevertheless, that effect was
transient and the following bone...show more content...
However, this problem could be minimized in nonmalignant patients by using autologous
transplantation.
Cell contamination is another risk factor in stem cell therapies that should be concerned. Since stem
cells are human–derived products, contamination could occur at any steps in process. Start from
stem cell sources or donors, they might carry viruses, parasites or diseases that can infect patients
after transplantation. So, donor screening tests and assessment need to be performed (Sacchi et al,
2008). Medical and familial histories of donors are also essential and should be scrutinized in order
to avoid getting stem cells from someone that might transmit congenital defect, autoimmunity or
malignant disease to the patient (Niederwieser et al, 2004). Harvesting and culturing of stem cells
are the processes that might have caused the microbial contamination as well, thus, sterile technique
must be cautiously conducted during those steps.
Up till now, bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells transplantation has been proofed to cure many
diseases such as aplastic anemia, acute and chronic leukemia, and severe thalassemia with low
complications in
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