Basics of Research Methodology

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Prof. M.A. Tamboli
Prof. Mohasin A. Tamboli
PIRENS Institute of Business Management & Administration, Loni Bk
Email: mohasinat@gmail.com

2. 3
“I keep six honest serving men, (they
taught me all I knew), their names are
--Rudyard Kipling
what, and why, and when, and how,
and where and who.”
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

3. What is Research?
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

4. Research means finding answers to the
questions.
It is a systematic search for truth.
Through research, new and original
information, ideas about the world we live in,
are obtained.
Research is search for knowledge.
Research is defined as a scientific and
systematic search for information on a specific
topic.
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

5. Which of these can be classified as research?
[1] Samad prepared a paper on “computer usage in
secondary schools” after reviewing literature on the subject
available in his university library.
[2] Manoj says that he has researched and completed a
document which gives information about the age of his
students, their results, their parents income and distance
of their schools from the District Office.
[3] Nilesh participated in a workshop on curriculum
development and prepared what he calls, a report on the
curriculum for Engineers.
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

6. None of the above examples can be
classified under the name research.
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

7. Consider the following case which is an
example of research
•A general manager of a car producing company was
concerned with the complaints received from the car
users that the car they produce have some problems
with sound at the dash board and the rear passenger
seat after few thousand kilometers of driving.
•He obtained information from the company workers to
identify the various factors influencing the problem.
•He then formulated the problem and generated
guesses (hypotheses).
•He constructed a checklist and obtained requisite
information from a representative sample of cars.
•He analyzed the collected data, interpreted the
results in the light of his hypotheses and reached
conclusions.
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

8. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
• Research is systematic, because it follows certain
steps that are logical in order. These steps are:
1. Understanding the nature of problem to be studied
and identifying the related area of knowledge.
2. Reviewing literature to understand how others have
approached or dealt with the problem.
3. Collecting data in an organized and controlled
manner so as to arrive at valid decisions.
4. Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.
5. Drawing conclusions and making generalizations.
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9. Prof. M.A. Tamboli
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Objectives of Research
1. To gain familiarity with phenomenon
2. To achieve new insight into it (Exploratory Research
Studies)
3. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (Descriptive Research
Design)
4. To determine the frequency with which something occur
(Diagnostic Research)
5. To find out relationship between variables (Hypothesis
Testing)

10.  Desire to get research degree
 Desire to face challenge in solving the unsolved
problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work
 Desire to be service to society
 Desire to get respectability
Prof. M.A. Tamboli
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11. Systematic Way of doing things
Methodology involves
• Process
• Methods/Techniques
• Tools
• Logic
Research Methodology means
systematic way of doing research

12. What’s out there?
What does it look like?
How does it work?
How well does a method solve a problem?
Why does something happen the way it
happens?
Predictive (Models): What would happen if
--------------- ?
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13. Research Idea
1. Job recruitment via the
internet
2. Advertising and share prices
3. The future of trade unions
Research Question
1. How effective is recruiting for
new staff via the internet in
comparison with the traditional
methods.
2.How does the running of a TV
advertising campaign designed to
boost the image of a company
affect.
3. What are the strategies that
trade unions should adopt to
ensure their future possibility?
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

14.  Purpose clearly defined.
 Research process detailed.
 Research design thoroughly planned.
 High ethical standards applied.
 Limitations frankly revealed.
 Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs.
 Findings presented clearly.
 Conclusions justified.
 Researcher’s experience reflected.
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
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15. PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
 Uncontrollable variables
 Human tendencies
 Time and money
 Insufficient interaction between university
research departments and business
establishments
 Lack of confidence on the part of business units
to give information
 Lack of Knowledge of Statistics
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17. Research is a systematic inquiry whose objective is
to provide information to solve managerial
problems.
Business Research Methods can be employed
in each of the following four stages:
1. Identification of problems and/or opportunities
2. Diagnosing and Assessment of problems and/or
opportunities
3. Selection and Implementation of Courses of Action
4. Evaluating the Course of Action
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

18.  A firm wants to produce and market a new product but first
wants to ascertain if there is a potential consumer demand
for this product in markets x,y and z
 A multinational firm wants to establish a production facility
in another country after determining its technical and
economic feasibility
 A government agency wants to ascertain the satisfaction
level of its employees, the causes for any possible
dissatisfaction, and propose a scheme for enhancing this
level
 MNC wants to find out the trends in retail and wholesale
sector
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

19. General Business Conditions and
Corporate Research
 Short- & Long-Range Forecasting,
 Business and Industry Trends
 Global Environments
 Inflation and Pricing
 Plant and Warehouse Location
 Acquisitions
Financial and Accounting
Research
Forecasts of financial interest rate
trends,
Stock, bond and commodity value
predictions
Capital formation alternatives
Mergers and acquisitions
Risk-return trade-offs
Portfolio analysis
Impact of taxes
Research on financial institutions
Expected rate of return
Capital asset pricing models
Credit risk
Cost analysis
Management and Organizational
Behaviour Research
• Total Quality Management
• Morale and Job Satisfaction
• Leadership Style
• Employee Productivity
• Organizational Effectiveness
• Structural issues
• Absenteeism and turnover
• Organizational Climate 19
Prof. M.A. Tamboli

20. Sales and Marketing Research
 Market Potentials
 Market Share
 Market segmentation
 Market characteristics
 Sales Analysis
 Establishment of sales quotas
 Distribution channels
 New product concepts
 Test markets
 Advertising research
 Buyer behaviour
 Customer satisfaction
 Website visitation rates
Information Systems Research
Knowledge and information needs
assessment
Computer information system use and
evaluation
Technical suppot satisfaction
Database analysis
Data mining
Enterprise resource planning systems
Customer relationship management systems
Corporate Responsibility
Research
Ecological Impact
Legal Constraints on advertising and
promotion
Sex, age and racial discrimination /
worker equity
Social values and ethics
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

21. RESEARCH PROCESS
Define
Research
Problem
Review
Concepts
And
theories
Review
Previous
Research
findings
Formulate
hypothesis
Design
Research
(Including
Sample
Design)
Collect
Data
Analyse
Data
Interpret
and
report
FF
F
F F
F
I
II
III IV V VI VII
F
FF
Feed Back
Feed Forward
Review the literature
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22. Define Problem
Formulate Hypothesis
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Research Findings
Research Report

23. Define Problem
• Identify, Understand and Define Problem
• Purpose and Objectives of Research
Formulate Hypothesis
• Assumed solution of research problem
Research Design
• Plan of Research

24. Data Collection
• Gathering of Data
Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Analysis of Data
• Interpret meaning from the data

25. Research Findings
• Result/Outcome of Research
• Conclusions
Research Report
• Report of research activity
• Feedback to the management

26.  Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only
what has happened or what is happening
 Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business
organizations
 Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
 Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas
or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new
concepts or re-interpret existing ones.

27.  Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or
observations alone, often without due regard for
system and theory.
 Qualitative Research: - Concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon
relating to or involving quality or kind.
 Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned
with generalizations and with the formulation of a
theory.
 Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use
facts on information already available and
analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the

28. 1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Review of Literature
5. Objectives of the Study
6. Hypotheses for the Study
7. Research Design and Methodology
8. Conceptual Framework
9. Report Writing and Implications of the Study
10. Financial Assistance Required
11. Conclusion
12. Select Bibliography
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29.  It should be precise. (Words)
 It should be clear. (Conceptual)
 It should be specific. (Scope)
 It should be catchy. (Attractive)
--------------Examples
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30. Incorrect Title:
A Study of Implementation of Data Mining Techniques for Effective Crime and
Criminal Investigation
Correct Title:
An Implementation of Data Mining Techniques for Effective Investigation of
Crimes: A Study of Satara and Pune Districts.
Simple Way:
Financial and Operational Performance Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions in
Indian Banking Sector: A Study
Attractive Way:
Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector in Post
Liberalization Era: An Exploratory Study
Or
Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Performance of Indian Banks in Post
Liberalization Era 30
Prof. M.A. Tamboli

31.  It is expected to introduce chosen research
problem / topic covering its origin, meaning,
purpose, developments at international / national /
regional level and its present status.
 The very idea of this component in the research
proposal is to explain readers with the research
problem.
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32. RESEARCH PROBLEM
What is a research problem?
 The term ‘problem’ means a question or issue to be
examined.
 Research Problem refers to some difficulty / need
which a researcher experiences in the context of either
theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a
solution for the same.
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33. Problem exist when there is negative
gap between expectations and results

34.  Proposed research topic should have a genuine need
for investigation.
 Do the following need an investigation ?
An increasing trend of farmers’ suicides in a
particular region.
Service quality in private / government hospitals
E-banking service provided by banks
HRM Practices in cooperatives
Yes
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

35. Question for which Solution is desired
Researcher needs to
 Identify
 Understand
 Define Problem
Remember:
Problem well defined is half solved

36. 1. An increasing trend of farmers’ suicides in a
particular region.????
2. Service quality in private / government
hospitals????
3. E-banking service provided by banks??
4. HRM Practices in cooperatives??
Prof. M.A. Tamboli
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37. HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE A
RESEARCH PROBLEM?
 Customer complaints
 Conversation with company employees
 Observation of inappropriate behaviour or
conditions in the firm
 Deviation from the business plan
 Success of the firm’s competitor’s
 Relevant reading of published material (trends,
regulations)
 Company records and reports.
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38. SOURCES OF PROBLEMS
 Reading
 Academic Experience
 Daily Experience
 Exposure to Field Situations
 Consultations
 Brainstorming
 Research
 Intuition
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40. CRITERIA OF SELECTION
 Internal / Personal criteria – Researcher’s Interest,
Researcher’s Competence, Researcher’s own
Resource: finance and time.
 External Criteria or Factors – Research ability of the
problem, Importance and Urgency, originality of the
Problem, possibility, Facilities, Usefulness and Social
Relevance, Research Personnel.
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41. 1. Statement of the problem in a general way
2. Understanding the nature of the problem
3. Surveying the available literature
4. Developing ideas through discussions
5. Rephrasing the research problem
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43. REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
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44. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is an extensive survey of all available past studies
relevant to the field of investigation.
It gives us knowledge about what others have found
out in the related field of study and how they have
done so.
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45. PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To gain a background knowledge of the research
topic.
To identify appropriate methodology, research
design, methods of measuring concepts and
techniques of analysis.
To identify data sources used by other researchers.
To learn how others structured their reports.
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46. SOURCES OF LITERATURE
Books and Journals
Electronic Databases
Bibliographic Databases
Abstract Databases
Full-Text Databases
Govt. and Industry Reports
Internet
Research Dissertations / Thesis
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47. SOURCE
The recording of bibliographic information should be
made in proper bibliographic format.
The format for citing a book is:
Author’s name, (year), Title of the book, Place of
publication, Publisher’s name.
For Example; Koontz Harold (1980), Management, New
Delhi, McGraw-Hill International.
The format for citing a journal article is:
Author’s name, (year), Title of the article, Journal name,
Volume (number), pages.
For Example; Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial
Buying Behaviour, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-56.
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48. 5. ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
 Research Objectives are the specific components of
the research problem, that you’ll be working to
answer or complete, in order to answer the overall
research problem. - Churchill, 2001
 The objectives refers to the questions to be
answered through the study. They indicate what we
are trying to get from the study or the expected
results / outcome of the study.
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49. ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
 Research Objectives should be clear and achievable.
 The objectives may be specified in the form of
either statements or questions.
 Generally, they are written as statements, using the
word “to”. (For example, ‘to discover …’, ‘to
determine …’, ‘to establish …’, etc. )
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50. Research Question
1. Why have org’s
introduced team
briefing?
2. How can the
effectiveness of
team briefing
methods be
measured?
3. Has team briefing
been effective?
Research Objective
1. To identify org’s
objectives for team
briefing schemes
2. To establish
suitable effectiveness
criteria for team
briefing methods
3.To describe the
effectiveness of team
briefing
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Prof. M.A. Tamboli

51. Prof. M.A. Tamboli
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52. • All 14 Tehsils in the Ahmednagar District
• Manufacturing Agro-Processing Enterprises
• Small Scale Enterprises
(Investment in Plant &Machinery less than 5
Crores as per new MSMED Act 2006)
• Permanently Registered Enterprises with District
Industries Centre (DIC), Ahmednagar
• Marketing and Financial functions of
management
• Time Period: Five Years

53. FORMULATION
OF
HYPOTHESIS
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54. HYPOTHESIS
Hypo: Assumed Thesis: Truth
Hypothesis: Assumed Truth
Example: Poor product quality is the reason
behind sales decline
Research Hypothesis is a predictive statement that
relates an independent variable to a dependant
variable.
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56.  Null Hypothesis: Ho
 When 2 things are compared and the hypothesis is
formulated that these 2 things are equal is called as Null
Hypothesis
 Neutral/Unbiased Hypothesis as it shows equality
 Example: Avg. IQ of MBA I = Avg. IQ of MBA II
 Alternate Hypothesis: Ha
 When 2 things are compared and the hypothesis is
formulated that first thing is superior/inferior than other or
both are unequal then that hypothesis is called as Alternate
Hypothesis
 Biased Hypothesis as it shows inequality
 Example: Avg. IQ of MBA I > or < or ≠ Avg. IQ of MBA II

57. A detailed blueprint specifying how the research will be carried out
Description / location of the study area.
Selection of company / enterprise.
Data source.
Selection of quantitative parameters.
Selection of qualitative parameters.
Selection of respondents.
Data collection instrument.
Respondents contact method.
Data analytical tool.
Scope of the study.
Duration of the study.
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58. Plan/ Blueprint of Research
How? of Research
• How to Collect Data?
• How to Analyse Data?
• How to Present Report?
• How many Resources are Required?

59. Primary Data:
• First Hand Data: Collected by Researcher
• Raw Data: Needs Analysis
• Advantages:
 Correct/Accurate/Reliable
 Current
 Complete
 Relevant
 Suitable Form
Secondary Data:
• Second Hand Data: Collected by Somebody Else
• Data Exist in some or the other Form
• Processed Data: Further analysis is possible
• Advantages:
 Saves Resources
 Saves Efforts

60.  Primary Data Sources:
• Customers
• Intermediatories
• Suppliers
• Employees etc.
 Secondary Data Sources:
• Internal Sources: Balance Sheet, P&L Statement etc.
• External Sources
 Books
 Magazines
 Newspapers
 Internet
 Government Records
 Research Journals etc.
 Decide Sources of Data:
• Primary Data Sources
• Secondary Data Sources

61. Survey Method:
Data is to be Collected from Many Persons
Most used method in Management Research
Types:
• Interview Method
 Personal or Telephonic Interview
 Individual or Group Interview
 Arranged or Intercept Interview
 In-Depth Interview
 Interview Schedule (Questionnaire) can be used
• Questionnaire Method
• Postal Survey
• Fax Survey
• E-Survey

63.  Measuring a small portion of
something and then making a general
statement about the whole thing.
 Process of selecting a number of units
for a study in such a way that the units
represent the larger group from which
they are selected.

64. 1. Sampling makes possible the study of
a large, heterogeneous (different
characteristics) population.
- The universe or population to be studied
maybe too large or unlimited that it is almost
impossible to reach all of them. Sampling
makes possible this kind of study because in
sampling only a small portion of the
population maybe involved in the study,
enabling the researcher to reach all through
this small portion of the population.

65. 2. Sampling is for economy.
- Research without sampling may be
too costly. Sampling reduces the study
population to a reasonable size that
expenses are greatly reduced.
3. Sampling is for speed.
- Research without sampling might be
too time consuming.

66. 4. Sampling is for accuracy.
- If it takes too long a time to cover the
whole study population, there maybe
inaccuracy. The research must be
finished within a reasonable period of
time so that the data are still true, valid
and reasonable.

67. 1. If sampling is biased, or not representative, or
too small, the conclusion may not be valid
and reliable.
2. In research, the respondents to a study must
have a common characteristics which is the
basis of the study.

68. 3. If the population is very large and there are
many sections and subsections, the sampling
procedure becomes very complicated.
4. If the researcher does not possess the
necessary skill and technical knowhow in
sampling procedure.

69.  The sample must be valid.
 Validity depends on 2 considerations:
1. Accuracy – bias is absent from the sample
(ex. A company is thinking of lowering its price for its
soap bar product. After making a survey in the sales
of their product in a known mall in Pune they
concluded that they will not cut down the price of the
soap bar since there was an increased in sales
compared to last year. Bias is present in this study
since the company based its decision for the sales of
a known mall which have consumers who can afford
high price products. They did not consider the sales
of their products in other area wherein they have
middle class or low class consumers.)

70. 2. Precision – sample represents the
population
(ex. Customers who visited a particular dress
shop are requested to log in their phone
numbers so that they will receive information
for discounts and new arrivals.
Management wish to study customers
satisfaction for that shop. By means of
interviewing thru phone they get comments
and reactions of their client. Samples used
are not an exact representative of the
population since it is limited only to those
customers who log in their phone numbers
and they did not consider customers without

71. What is the target population?
- Target population is the aggregation of elements (members
of the population) from which the sample is actually selected.
What is the sampling frame?
- Sampling frame is the list of elements from which the
sample is actually drawn. Complete and correct list of
population members only.
What is the appropriate sampling method?
- Probability or Non-Probability sampling method

72. What size sample is needed?
There are no fixed rules in determining the
size of a sample needed. There are
guidelines that should be observed in
determining the size of a sample.

73. Example:
A Company would like to make a study in the quality of digital
cameras it manufactured.
1. Target population – consumers of digital cameras
2. Parameters of interest – quality of digital cameras (scale
of 1 to 5 , 5 being the most satisfactory)
3. Sampling frame – database of stores in which digital
cameras are sold, usually customers gives information
about them for warranty purposes
4. Sampling method – Probability sampling (Stratified
sampling).
5. Size of sample – it is more on heterogeneous population,
average responses would like to know by the
manufacturer, so large proportion will be needed from the
population.

74. 1. Determine the size of the target population.
2. Decide on the margin of error. As much as possible
the margin of error should not be higher than 5%.
Probably 3% is an ideal one.
3. Use the formula n = N
1 + Ne2
n = sample size
N = the size of the population
e = the margin of error

75. 1. Population is 5,346
2. Margin of error is 3%
3. Using the formula
n = ___5,346_
1+ 5346(.03)2
n = 920
4. Sample proportion (%) = 920 / 5346
= 17%

76. 1. Probability sampling
 the sample is a proportion (a certain percent)
of the population and such sample is selected
from the population by means of some
systematic way in which every element of the
population has a chance of being included in
the sample.

77. 2. Non-probability sampling
 the sample is not a proportion of the
population and there is no system in
selecting the sample. The selection
depends upon the situation.
 no assurance is given that each item has a
chance of being included as a sample

79.  this type of sampling is one in which every
one in the population of the inquiry has an
equal chance of being selected to be
included in the sample.
 also called the lottery type of sampling.
 this may be used if the population has no
differentiated levels, sections, or classes.

80.  main advantage of this technique of
sampling is that, it is easy to understand
and it is easy to apply too.
 disadvantage is that, it is hard to use with
too large a population because of the
difficulty encountered in writing the
names of the persons involved.

81.  a technique of sampling in which every kth
name (old system of counting off) in a list
may be selected to be included in a sample.
 also called as interval sampling, there is a
gap or interval, between each selected unit
in the sample.

82.  Steps in systematic sampling:
 Define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Obtain a list (preferably randomized) of the population
 Determine what K is equal to, by dividing the size of the
population by the desired sample size
 Select some random place at the top of the population
list
 Starting at that point, take every Kth name on the list
until desired sample size is reached
 If the end of the list is reached before the desired sample
is reached, go back to the top of the list.

83. k = skip interval = population size
sample size
population size = 64
sample size = 8
k = 8

84.  the process of selecting randomly, samples from
the different strata of the population used in the
study.
 advantage is that it contributes much to the
representative of the sample
 Steps involves in stratified sampling:
 Define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Identify the subgroups (strata) for which you want to
guarantee appropriate representation
 Classify all members of the population as members of one of
the identified subgroups
 Randomly select an appropriate number of individuals from
subgroups.

85. Example: A call center company wants to seek suggestions of their agents
for a new marketing strategy for their new services.
1. Population 5,000 agents.
2. Desired sample size 500
3. Variable of interest is age and there are three subgroups under 30, 30 to
45 and over 45
4. We classify the agents into the subgroups
20% or 1,000 are under age 30
65% or 3,250 are age 30 to 45
15% or 750 are over age 45
5. We want 500 agents. Since we want proportional representation.
20% of the sample (100) under age 30
65% (325) should be age 30 to 45
15% (75) should be over age 45
Therefore, using table of random numbers,
100 of the 1000 under age 30 are selected
325 of the 3250 age 30 to 45 are selected
75 of the 750 over age are selected

86.  also called as multistage cluster sampling
 used when the population is so big or the
geographical area of the research is so large.

87. Section 4
Section 5
Section 3
Section 2Section 1

88.  Steps in cluster sampling:
 Define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Identify and define a logical cluster
 Obtain, or make a list of all clusters in the population
 Estimate the average number of population
members per cluster
 Determine the number of clusters needed by dividing
the sample size by the estimated size of the cluster
 Randomly select the needed number of clusters
(using a table of random numbers)
 Include in the sample all population members in
selected cluster

89.  Same example in the stratified sampling:
1. Population 5,000 agents
2. Desired sample size 500
3. Logical cluster is a branch
4. 50 branches all over the country
5. Although the branch vary in number of agents ,
there is an average of 100 agents per branch.
6. The number of clusters (branch) needed equals the
desired sample size, 500 divided by the average
size of a cluster, 100. Thus, the number of branch
needed is 5.
7. Therefore, we randomly select 5 of the 50 branch
8. All the agents in each of the 5 selected branch are
in the sample.

91.  no system of selection but only those whom
the researcher or interviewer meet by
chance are included in the sample.
 process of picking out people in the most
convenient and fastest way to immediately
get their reactions to a certain hot and
controversial issue.

92.  not representative of target population
because sample are selected if they can be
accessed easily and conveniently.
 Advantage : easy to use
 Disadvantage: bias is present
 it could deliver accurate results when the
population is homogeneous.

93. Examples:
 the female moviegoers sitting in the first row
of a movie theatre
 the first 100 customers to enter a department
store
 the first three callers in a radio contest

94.  the respondents are chosen on the basis of
their knowledge of the information desired.

95. 1. QUOTA SAMPLING
 specified number of persons of certain
types are included in the sample.
 advantage over accidental sampling is that
many sectors of the population are
represented. But its representativeness is
doubtful because there is no proportional
representation and there are no guidelines
in the selection of the respondents.

96. 2. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING
 sample is taken based on certain
judgements about the overall population.
 Critical issue: Objectivity “how much can
judgement be relied upon to arrive at a
typical sample?”
 Advantage: reduced cost and time involved
in acquiring the sample

97.  A clear meaning to different terms and
concepts that are relating to the research
problem. (Meaning)
 A clearly defined terms and concepts will
hardly leave any room for confusions and
doubts in terms of understanding the
research problem. (Clear ideas)
97
Prof. M.A. Tamboli

98.  It is expected to highlight possible research findings and
their usefulness in the interest of the community.
 For instance “A study on students’ difficulty and drop outs in
school education” will certainly bring forward actual causes
responsible for the same and will serve as base for
appropriate policy formulation to address the problems’ of
students.
98
Prof. M.A. Tamboli

99.  Were the recommendations followed?
 Was sufficient information for decision-making
information contained in the report?
 Could we have written a report more useful to
management?
99
Prof. M.A. Tamboli

100. THANK YOU