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2. NUTRATION IN
PLANTS

3. NUTRTION IN ANIMALS
Plants make their food by the process of photosynthesis,
but animals cannot make their food themselves. Animals
get their food from plants. Some animals eat plants
directly while some animals eat plant eating animals.
Thus, animals get their food from plants either directly or
indirectly.
All organisms require food for survival and growth.
Requirement of nutrients, mode of intake of food and its
utilization in body are collectively known as nutrition.

4. STEPS INVOLVED IN NUTRIENTS
•INGESTION
•DIGESTION
•ABSORPTION
•ASSIMILATION
•EGESTION

5. INGESTION
Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it
normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through
the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as
through eating or drinking. In single-celled organisms, ingestion can take
place through taking the substance through the cell membrane.
Besides nutritional items, other substances which may be ingested
include medication (where ingestion is termed oral
administration), recreational drugs, and substances considered inedible
such as foreign bodies or excrement. Ingestion is a common route taken
by pathogenic organisms and poisons entering the body.
Ingestion can also refer to a mechanism picking up something and
making it enter an internal hollow of that mechanism, e.g. "a grille was
fitted to prevent the pump from ingesting driftwood".

6.  Some pathogens are transmitted via ingestion, including viruses, bacteria,
and parasites. Most commonly, this takes place via the faecal-oral route.
An intermediate step is often involved, such as drinking
water contaminated by faeces or food prepared by workers who fail to
practice adequate hand-washing, and is more common in regions
whereuntreated sewage is common. Diseases transmitted via the fecal-
oral route include hepatitis A, polio, and cholera .Pica is an abnormal
appetite for non-nutritive objects or for food items in a form not normally
eaten, such as flour. Coprophagia is the consumption of feces,
an abnormal ingestive behavior common in some animals.

8. Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into
small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be
absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms,
these smaller substances are absorbed through the small
intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form
of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on
how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion.
The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown
of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can
subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical
digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the
body can use.
Digestion

9. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion
of the food starts by the action of mastication(chewing), a form of mechanical
digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by
the salivary glands, containssalivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the
digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates
the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH
(alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch
digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus.
It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action
of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice
mainly containshydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may
damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy
layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the
same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis,
which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This
allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.

11. Absorption – The process of
passing of digested food into
blood vessels in the intestine is
called the absorption.
Absorption

12. ASSIMILATION
Assimilation – The conversion of absorbed
food in complex substances such as proteins
and vitamins required by body is called
assimilation.
In other words, assimilation is the conversion
of absorbed food (nutrients) into living tissues.
Through the process of assimilation our cells
are supplied with oxygen and nutrients.

14. Egestion – Removal of waste materials from
the body is called Egestion. The faecal matter
is removed through the anus from time-to-
time.
Since the waste of food left after digestion is
also called faeces, hence the process of
Egestion is also known as defecation.
Egestion

19. 1. WHAT ARE THE STEPS INVOLVED IN NUTRIENTS
•ANSWER.
INGESTION,DIGESTION,ABSORPTION,ASSIMILATION,
EGESTION
2. WHAT IS ASSIMILATION
ANSWER. The conversion of absorbed food in
complex substances such as proteins and vitamins
required by body is called assimilation.

20. DONE BY:
MOHAMED NAVEED
JIBRAN