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小熊的生物簡報
1.
2.
蕨類是一群具有維管束的孢子植物,由於沒有花、 果實和種子,在生存競爭的條件上顯得較種子植 物遜色,因此在植物演化的主流位置──森林中,
只能屈居配角,躲在種子植物的身影下,尋找生 命的出路。 蕨類通常都是利用孢子囊所產生的孢子來繁殖後 代,而且在世代交替的過程中,孢子體和配子體 各自獨立生活。由於生存不易,在保護及傳播孢 子的機制上便演化出極為多樣的形態特徵與構造。 以下就是蕨類最重要的四項特徵。
3.
無論到世界任何一個地方,只要看到幼葉呈 捲旋狀者,百分之百一定是蕨類!全世界沒 有其他植物的幼葉呈捲旋狀。不過,蕨類植
物中也有少數種類不具有此項特徵,例如瓶 爾小草和水生蕨類槐葉蘋、滿江紅,以及原 始的小葉類如石松、卷柏等,此時就須靠其 他特徵來輔助辨識了。
4.
蕨類不開花,也沒有果實和種子,而且一般 也沒有明顯的樹幹(莖),所以整個植株最 顯著的部分的就是它的葉子。與其他的植物
相比,蕨類的葉子通常比較大,這是為了要 在森林中主流植物的陰影下捕捉到較多陽光 之故。蕨類的葉子有各式各樣的分裂方式, 不過它分裂的小葉一般都排在同一個平面 上。
5.
孢子是蕨類主要的繁殖及傳播工具,與高等 植物的種子極為不同,它只有一個細胞大小, 肉眼無法看見,一般是以六十四顆為一群藏
在孢子囊中,而孢子囊成群集結後形成孢子 囊群,其外形與保護裝置的形態,是辨別各 類群蕨類的重要依據。通常孢子囊群位於蕨 類成熟葉子的葉背,但有少部分種類的孢子 囊並不集結成孢子囊群,形體一般也比較大, 長在葉腋或孢子囊穗中。
6.
許多植物都具有有性和無性兩個世代,但是 種子植物是有性世代(配子體)寄生在無性 世代(孢子體)上,苔蘚植物是無性世代
(孢子體)寄生在有性世代(配子體)上, 唯有蕨類是無性世代(孢子體)、有性世代 (配子體)各自獨立生活,它的一生是兩個 世代交互輪替的過程。
7.
學名:Azolla pinnata R.
Brown 科名:滿江紅科 功用:在有滿江紅的水田,因滿江紅能和其 共生的藻類保有氮肥,往住會使水稻生長得 更好。
8.
特徵:水生的蕨類植物,大小約2公分,平臥在水面 上,莖細而呈羽狀分枝,分枝上面布滿鱗片狀的葉子。 植物體常呈三角狀,長寬各約1公分。葉作覆瓦狀排列,
上表面具有多數微小突起,下表面只有一層細胞。葉: 鱗片狀的葉子背面有許多細小的根,下垂在水中。它原 本是綠色的,一大片舖在水面上,非常好看,到了天氣 冷的時候,葉片會變成紅色,遠遠看去,整個水面都變 紅了,故名「滿江紅」。孢子囊:孢子囊果一般皆成對 而生,小孢子囊果球形,內藏小孢子;大孢子囊果卵形, 較小。孢子囊果非常罕見。 生長環境:水流緩慢之江河、湖泊、水田或池沼中,為 標準的漂浮性植物。本省的水田或沼澤中常有滿江紅的 蹤跡。繁殖方法:因其屬蕨類,故有孢子,並分成大小 兩種孢子,但滿江紅主要還是靠無性生殖的方式,田母 株長出新芽迅速繁殖,折斷的枝條也會發育成新的植株。
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