7. Thus we can define syllable as… A syllable is a speech unit that can be divided into two parts on set and rhyme within the rhyme there are nucleus (a vowel) and the coda (an ending consonant

20. Structure of Syllable

35. Phonology of syllable

37. The internal structure of the syllable The universal syllable template accepted by most phonologists is syllable Onset rhyme nucleus coda head vowel consonant

38. Syllabic consonants A consonant stands as the peak of the syllable instead of the vowel, and we count these as weak syllables like the vowel examples given earlier. A consonant is syllabic by means of a small vertical mark (I) beneath the symbol, for example ‘cattle’ /kætl/,bottle,eaten,threatening .

39. Cross Languages Analysis English ….. an onset ………… .coda …………… .both Arabic …………… no onset Hawaiian …………no coda All languages………….. c v Even languages like English, which allow both onsets and codas, have restrictions on the permissible contents of those slots: these restrictions are known as phonotactic constraints

41. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation The Sonority Sequencing Generalization governs the shape of both onsets and codas. the Sonority Sequencing Generalization, and governs the shape of both onsets and codas. a

42. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation Here, the most sonorous sounds appear at the top, and the least sonorous at the bottom. Low vowels [ɑ ] … High vowels [i u] … Glides [j w] Liquids [l ɹ] Nasals [m n ŋ] Voiced fricatives [v z] … Voiceless fricatives [f s] … Voiced plosives [b d ] Voiceless plosives [p t k] Gragh of tramp:

43. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation …..rules out Onset lp--------------play Jm-------------muse rg--------------grey Onset pm------------- lamp kl--------------- silk mr-------------- harm

44. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation Exception of onset/s/ The onset clusters in spray and skew there is no question of drawing a syllable boundary here and recognizing two syllables within the same word,as [s] is not one of the English consonants which can become nuclear, or syllabic. The same problem arises in codas. We would normally use a sonority pattern to tell us a syllable division should be made, giving two syllables in little, but one in foxs

45. Aspiration of voiceless stops…./p/ /t/ /k/ Word initial position Aspiration : pill, till, kill No aspiration : skill, still ,spill preceded by /s/ Aspiration :re p air, re t urn re c ord me d ial onset position No aspiration re s pond, di s turb, di s cord In short, aspiration of voiceless stops takes place, not at the beginning of the word, but at the beginning of the onset.

46. clear [l] appears in onset position, and dark [l] in the coda. In fact, this process does not only provide evidence for the contrast between onset and coda position, but for the superordinate rhyme constituents which consists of the nucleus plus the optional coda. In cases of consonant syllabification, where /l/ (or another sonorant consonant)comes to play the role of a vowel and therefore occupies the nuclear position, as in bottle, little, Examples :lip ,holly , English have two main allophones of /l/ clear or alveolar [l] and dark, velarised [l], in complementary distribution.

47. Onset Maximalism Onset Maximalism tells us that, in a word like leader, the medial /d/ belong to the second syllable, where it can be located in the onset as in /l/ second syllable onset clear Two realization of /r/ red, bread, very------- onset realization Car, park, farm----------coda……….no realization

48. Onset Maximalism Morphemes Star -y Syllable Sta.rry It also follows that syllable boundaries will not always coincide with morpheme boundaries Car k eys consonant………No /r/ / Car e ngine vowel…………… /r/ Delete the /r/ before a consonant or pause. [ɹ] is being inserted before vowels in mental lexicon.

49. Onset Maximalism Ambisyllabic Bottle A single short vowel cannot make up the rhyme of a stressed syllable.the first syllable clearly need coda . T he /t/ of bottle as ambisyllabic: that is, as belonging simultaneously in both the coda of the first syllable, and the onset of the second. In alliterative poetry, the important constituent is the onset, which must be identical in several words in a single line On the bald street breaks the blank day Alliterative sound appears in word intial on set

50. Alliterative poetry, The rhyme of the syllable determines poetic rhyme: for a perfect rhyme, the nucleus and coda . That is, meet rhymes with eat, and with beat, and with sweet; but it does not rhyme with might. Close--------------coda bet, beat Open-------------nucleus bee, beast Light------------(no coda,short vowel) p o tato,re port, a bout ,a,to. Heavy-----------complex rhyme (Coda or more codas) bet,best,noun verb