Primitive peoples believed that diseases were caused by evil spirits and treated illnesses by attempting to drive out demons with harmful substances from plants, herbs, and animals. Ancient Egyptian papyrus texts contained recipes using minerals, herbs, animal products, and gemstones. The Greeks and Romans treated patients with prayers, sacrifices, cleansing baths, and purges. It was not until the 19th century that the germ theory of disease became more widely accepted, with scientists like Pasteur and Koch working to understand disease-causing microorganisms and find safe ways to eliminate them in patients.