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Review “Doing the Right Thing,” in Chapter 5 of Managing the Public Sector . A partial list of large-scale governmental planning activities would have to include at least the following: Planning for the conservation and use of natural resources. City planning. Planning for full employment. Planning for personal and family security. Planning for agriculture. Planning for the improvement of government organization. Provide one example from the case that addresses one of the planning activities. Review “Robin Hood,” in Chapter 5 of Managing the Public Sector . The story stated that the source of revenue (the rich) was dwindling because the rich were avoiding the forest. Robin considered increasing revenue by assessing a fixed transit tax. Recommend a contingency plan to increase revenue that would allow Robin Hood to stay true to his mission. Comment on the use and importance of contingency plans by public administrators. Provide an example to illustrate. .

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dwindling because the rich were avoiding the forest. Robin
considered increasing revenue by assessing a fixed transit tax.
Recommend a contingency plan to increase revenue that would
allow Robin Hood to stay true to his mission. Comment on the
use and importance of contingency plans by public
administrators. Provide an example to illustrate.

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Review several of your peers’ posts. Respond to two peers who did not choose the same tool as you. JOHNNY'S POST: Select one of the following tools: Cummings and Worley’s five dimensions of leading and managing change. Explain how a leader could use this tool in guiding an organizational change. I believe all leaders could help their organization by learning the five dimensions of leading and managing effective change. As stated in the text, 2016, “Those dimensions include motivating change, creating a vision, developing political support, managing the transition, and sustaining momentum.” (Ch 3.2, Para 20). All five of these dimensions are essential for a business that is going through an organizational change. As a company evolves and expands over time there will be a time where the leaders of the company will have to implement change to stay effective and up to date. The first step of motivating change is very important because people generally reject change. Leaders must motivate the change otherwise the employee’s will not buy into the concept. Creating a vision helps the company understand what their goals are. Without establishing a vision, it would be impossible for people to know what the goals for the company are. This would lead to confusion and most likely low morale. Political support helps the new change become accepted. If there is a lack of support the new change could fail to gain momentum. The transition of change will not happen overnight. I believe the final two dimensions are often overlooked and not implemented in many companies. If the momentum is not sustained most people will fall back into old habits. It's important that leaders periodically check up on progress and reassure its employee’s that the change is working. Reference: Weiss, J. W. (2016). Organizational change (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/ (Links to an external site.) SARA'S POST: Hey Class, Per Weiss (2016), Cummings and Worley's five dimensions of leading and managing change provide companies reliable guidance and direction for taking steps toward organizational change. These dimensions, motivating change, creating a vision, developing political support, managing the transition, and sustaining momentum, are easy to understand and, if followed correctly, will assist in a smooth transition in what could serve as an otherwise chaotic period (Weiss, 2016). Motivating Change I appreciate that Weiss (2016) acknowledges that many people are resistant to change. Often, when employees or stakeholders initially learn about upcoming changes, their first reaction is one of hesitation and insecurity. Employers should offer buy-in to a new direction. Offer a compelling reason for the change, proving the move is positive and beneficial. A one-on-one conversation with employees will provide a sense of security and personalize how the change will impact their position. Creating a Vision Many ar.

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Review “Robin Hood,” in Chapter 5 of Managing the Public Sector . The story stated that the source of revenue (the rich) was dwindling because the rich were avoiding the forest. Robin considered increasing revenue by assessing a fixed transit tax. Recommend a contingency plan to increase revenue that would allow Robin Hood to stay true to his mission. Comment on the use and importance of contingency plans by public administrators. Provide an example to illustrate. .

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Review materials and topics are attached、The deadline is 11.docx

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Review Questions 1. What are the three types of fingerprints found in the human population? How often does each occur? 2. What is a medulla? What do forensic scientists use this for? 3. What is a precipitin test? What is it used for? 4. What makes fingerprints individual? How do scientists match a fingerprint to a specific person? 5. How are fingerprints discovered at crime scenes? Critical Thinking Questions 1. Of the three types of physical evidence discussed in this unit, which one do you think you would be most interested in working with in an investigation? Why? 2. What do you think would be the most challenging aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples? Why? 3. Why do you think forensic scientists study bloodstain patterns? What can be learned from them? 4. Out of the types of evidence discussed in this unit, which one do you think is the most important piece of evidence? Why? 5. Why was the bite mark evidence so important in the Bundy case? If the case happened today, do you think investigators would have more information to work with? .

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Review several of your classmates’ posts. Provide a substantive response to at least two of your peers in a minimum of 300 words (each reply), by Day 7 (Monday). Based on your understanding of the reading, add important information to the conversation. How are your experiences similar to or different than those offered by your peers? How might damage to different parts of the brain impact various processes related to sensation and perception? Can you offer additional examples of social or cultural differences in childrearing that might impact outcomes? Peer 1 (Jennie): Sensation and perception both play a significant role in the sensory of how our brain functions. Perception is the way individuals see things or situations. Viewpoints may vary based on several things, including one’s environment, culture, traditions, and senses. That is when sensations come into play; seeing, touching, hearing, tasting, and feeling are all part of our sensory system. As mentioned by LeFrançois (2020), “Strictly speaking, sensation is the immediate response of our senses to sensory stimulation; perception is the brain’s interpretation of the signals it receives from its various sensory systems” (chapter 3.1). Human development includes a variety other than just genes and science. Erik Erikson is a psychologist who has been examining the interaction between genes (nature) and environment (nurture). Different backgrounds impact nutrition and physical development because not every child is raised in similar homes. One household can have customs of bike riding every night and include full servings of vegetables in every meal. Another house might have movie night along with a full bar of snacks and treats on the daily. The nutritional and physical development of the children in each household will be different because of the home environment. Social development is affected by childcare arrangements, culture, and traditions of the parents. The movie Babies [Streaming video], demonstrates how culture is a part of this development and precisely how nurture is the primary variable. When it comes to parenting styles and emotional development, the main thing to consider is the parent’s childhood. There are four categories into which parents fall under, each one having a different impact on how children emotionally develop. The different styles are; autonomous, usually, have securely attached children. There is dismissing and preoccupied parents, who typically have insecurely attached children, and unresolved who likely manifest disorganized-disoriented attachment. This development is influenced by both nature and nurture but develops positively or negatively depending on the child’s environment. The relationship between perception and development is affected by one’s environment, family beliefs, and the way they demonstrate affection. As mentioned in the Parental ethnotheories of children’s learning (2010) book, “Features of childhood such as the lon.

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Review Public Relations and Social Media: Deliberate or Creative Strategic Planning . After reading this article and identifying challenges associated with social media, discuss how organizations can use social media to effectively communicate with internal and external target audiences. Reflect on your own professional experience with social media, and consider the following questions in your response: How can organizations build trust through social media, both internally and externally? How can social media be used to address public relations issues? How can social media be used to support the culture, strategic vision, values, and/or mission of the organization? .

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Review Questions 1. What is DNA? Where is it found? 2. What is mitochondrial DNA? 3. What is CODIS? How does it work? 4. What are complimentary base patterns? Why are they important? 5. What is RFLP? What are some of the limitations of this technique? Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why do you think DNA has had such an impact on forensic science? 2. What do you think would be some of the challenges in collecting DNA evidence? How would you overcome these challenges? 3. Compare and contrast nuclear DNA with mitochondrial DNA. Which one would you want to use in a criminal investigation if you had the choice? 4. Which of the DNA typing techniques do you think you would choose if you had to analyze a DNA sample? Why? 5. What challenges do you think giving expert testimony about DNA would have? How would you try to overcome these challenges? .

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Review in 400 words or more the video above called Cloud Security Myths. Use at least three sources. Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks and cited in-line by reference to your reference list. Example: "words you copied" (citation) These quotes should be one full sentence not altered or paraphrased. Cite your sources. Stand alone quotes will not count toward the 3 required quotes. Write in essay format not in bulleted, numbered or other list format. .

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Review of Business Information Systems – Fourth Quarter 2013 Volume 17, Number 4 2013 The Clute Institute Copyright by author(s) Creative Commons License CC-BY 159 Dimensions Of Security Threats In Cloud Computing: A Case Study Mathew Nicho, University of Dubai, UAE Mahmoud Hendy, University of Dubai, UAE ABSTRACT Even though cloud computing, as a model, is not new, organizations are increasingly implementing it because of its large-scale computation and data storage, flexible scalability, relative reliability, and cost economy of services. However, despite its rapid adoption in some sectors and domains, it is evident from research and statistics, that security-related threats are the most noticeable barrier to its widespread adoption. To investigate the reasons behind these threats, the authors used available literature to identify and aggregate information about IS security threats in cloud computing. Based on this information, the authors explored the dimensions of the nature of threat by interviewing a cloud computing practitioner in an organization that uses both the private and public cloud deployment models. From these findings, the authors found that IS security threats in cloud computing must be defined at different levels; namely, at the business and technical level, as well as from a generic and cloud-specific threat perspective. Based on their findings, the authors developed the Cloud Computing Threat Matrix (CCTM) which provides a two-dimensional definition of threat that enables cloud users to fully comprehend the concerns so that they can make relevant decisions while availing cloud computing services. Keywords: Cloud Computing; Security; Cloud Security Issues Taxonomy; Threat Matrix INTRODUCTION ecause a cloud is a collection of inter-connected and virtualized computers (Buyya et al., 2008), the main enabling technology for cloud computing is virtualization. The basic concept of cloud is based on the premise that instead of having selected information systems (IS) resources, such as software and data stored locally on a user’s or organization’s computer systems, these resources can be stored on Internet servers, called “clouds,” and accessed anytime, anywhere as a paid service on the Internet. Cloud computing has the potential to bring significant benefits to small- and medium-sized businesses by reducing the costs of investment in information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure because it enables the use of services, such as computation, software, data access, and storage by end-users, without the need to know the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services (Mujinga & Chipangura, 2011). However, it has been stated that organizations adopt cloud computing projects and systems cautiously while maximizing benefits and minimizing risks (Lawler, Joseph, & Howell-Barber, 2012). Cloud computing is expected to play .

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Review of a Bill Assignment State Florida Select an active bill at the state or federal level that impacts the professional practice of nursing. In a 4 pages paper (excluding the title and reference pages), summarize the provisions of the bill and clearly explain what the bill will accomplish. The paper should be no more than 4 pages, typed in Times New Roman using 12-point font, and double-spaced with 1" margins. Your review of a bill paper should: Discuss the major provisions of the bill. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the legislation by explaining the background and all relevant facts. Discuss any relevant history related to the legislation, pertinent votes, and issues that are stalling the legislation, etc. Use primary sources for this information. Identify key supporters and those who do not support the bill. Explain why some of these individuals support the bill and why some do not. Explore the positions of the key stakeholders in the bill, both pros and cons. Do not make assumptions about potential key stakeholders. Examine this area carefully so you are correctly reflecting the stakeholders positions. Discuss how the bill would impact a nurse’s ability to provide safe and quality care or to practice to the highest scope of the nursing license. Explain specific actions that nurses can take to assist with the passage or defeat of the legislation Use each bulletin as a heading Use APA format, headings and references as appropriate. .

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Review other posts submitted by your classmates. In your responses, respectfully disagree with the conclusions drawn by the original posters. What factors did you weigh differently than the original poster and why? What strikes you as particularly persuasive regarding when governments should retain or outsource accreditation? Response post #1 Savannah Ventura Accreditation is a comprehensive evaluation process in which a health care organization’s systems, processes, and performance are examined by an impartial, external organization to ensure that it is conducting business in a manner that meets predetermined criteria and is consistent with national standards (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2017). The various organizations in the United States that perform accreditation establish standards for healthcare delivery. These agencies, such as the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAD), The Joint Commission, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), to name a few, play essential roles in ensuring the quality of healthcare. Accreditation programs with meaningful quality measures help foster continuous quality improvement by health plans and are a necessary complement to rigorous state and federal regulation of health plans (Wickersham & Basey, 2016). Accreditation bodies or entities evaluate and rate a wide variety of health care organizations, including care management companies, health insurance plans, pharmacy benefit managers, utilization review organizations, wellness organizations, and other health vendors, both in the commercial sphere and through government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid (Dunlap et al., 2016). Within the ACA, accreditation serves as a recognized component to states and state legislators to implement health reform and address health care issues. Many state laws already include accreditation standards for health care management, health care operations, and health information technology and pharmacy quality management activities as a quality assurance tool (Bauchner, Fontanarosa, & Thompson, 2015). Later, for hospitals and other health care institutions, the federal government and states used private accreditation as evidence of compliance with Medicare conditions of participation and state licensure laws, respectively. In so doing, the government effectively delegated regulatory responsibility for assuring that health care institutions meet the requisite quality standards for participation in their respective programs. When government relies on private accreditors to perform this vital function, questions arise about whether all the legitimate interests of the public served by public health insurance programs are adequately protected and promoted (Bauchner et al., 2015). By outsourcing, hospitals and health systems can alleviate the numerous, complex responsibilities of an understaffed, unqualified internal department. Instead, they can entrust the credentialing and privileging tasks to a qualified .

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Review of Career Assessment Instrument CCMH/540 Version 3 2 University of Phoenix Material Review of Career Assessment Instrument Career Assessment Instrument #1 Identifying information Author Publisher Distributors Date of publication Descriptive information General statement of purpose Historical development and theoretical or conceptual foundation Target population Description of scales Administration and scoring Test and item format Scoring and interpretation Technical and statistical information Reliability Validity Norms Reviewer's comments User's response to instrument Strengths and weaknesses References Career Assessment Instrument #2 0. Identifying information Author Publisher Distributors Date of publication Descriptive information General statement of purpose Historical development and theoretical or conceptual foundation Target population Description of scales Administration and scoring Test and item format Scoring and interpretation Technical and statistical information Reliability Validity Norms Reviewer's comments User's response to instrument Strengths and weaknesses References Career Assessment Instrument #3 0. Identifying information Author Publisher Distributors Date of publication Descriptive information General statement of purpose Historical development and theoretical or conceptual foundation Target population Description of scales Administration and scoring Test and item format Scoring and interpretation Technical and statistical information Reliability Validity Norms Reviewer's comments User's response to instrument Strengths and weaknesses References Respond to the following questions in 175 to 350 words total: · How may a career be related to an individual’s mental health and well-being? · What effects can they have on one another? · What is the relevance of career and vocational education and counseling in this relationship? Copyright © 2017, 2015 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix user name claudiarangel pass [email protected] Applying Career Counseling Theories Role-Play Session Transcript Assignment Content Write a 350-word case scenario for a client who is seeking career guidance and counseling. Present this scenario and role play in class. Write a 350-word transcript of a 5- to 10-minute career counseling session with this client. Include the following: (I will need a intro and conclusion to this) Demonstrate the use of career counseling theory to determine decision-making processes. Demonstrate the use of theory-based counseling strategies to assist the client in developing career, educational, and life-work planning and management skills. Demonstrate appropriate theory-based career counseling interventions. Use a consistent theory throughout the role-play session. Format your assignment according to appropriate course-level APA guidelines. Submit your case scenario and role-play transcript . Note: For Local Campus students, you will also conduct you.

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REVIEW Open Access What happens after treatment? A systematic review of relapse, remission, and recovery in anorexia nervosa Sahib S. Khalsa1,2*, Larissa C. Portnoff3, Danyale McCurdy-McKinnon4 and Jamie D. Feusner5 Abstract Background: Relapse after treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) is a significant clinical problem. Given the level of chronicity, morbidity, and mortality experienced by this population, it is imperative to understand the driving forces behind apparently high relapse rates. However, there is a lack of consensus in the field on an operational definition of relapse, which hinders precise and reliable estimates of the severity of this issue. The primary goal of this paper was to review prior studies of AN addressing definitions of relapse, as well as relapse rates. Methods: Data sources included PubMed and PsychINFO through March 19th, 2016. A systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A total of (N = 27) peer-reviewed English language studies addressing relapse, remission, and recovery in AN were included. Results: Definitions of relapse in AN as well as definitions of remission or recovery, on which relapse is predicated, varied substantially in the literature. Reported relapse rates ranged between 9 and 52%, and tended to increase with increasing duration of follow-up. There was consensus that risk for relapse in persons with AN is especially high within the first year following treatment. Discussion: Standardized definitions of relapse, as well as remission and recovery, are needed in AN to accelerate clinical and research progress. This should improve the ability of future longitudinal studies to identify clinical, demographic, and biological characteristics in AN that predict relapse versus resilience, and to comparatively evaluate relapse prevention strategies. We propose standardized criteria for relapse, remission, and recovery, for further consideration. Keywords: Anorexia nervosa, Treatment, Outcome, Relapse, Remission, Recovery, Prevention, Eating disorder, Bulimia nervosa Plain English Summary Relapse occurs frequently in individuals receiving treatment for anorexia nervosa. However, there is no common agreement on how to define relapse. In this study, we reviewed previous studies of relapse, remission, and recovery following treatment for anorexia nervosa. We found that there were many different definitions for these terms, which resulted in different estimates of relapse rate. To understand what drives relapse it is important to have a consistent definition across studies. To help this discussion we propose common criteria for relapse, remission, and recovery from anorexia nervosa. Background Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness with amongst the highest mortality rates of any mental disorder—up to 18% in long-term follow-up studies [1– 3]. Most cases emerge during adolescence, and tend to- wards a protracted and chronic course [4, 5]. In females, AN has a p.

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Review of a Bill Assignment Select an active bill at the state or federal level that impacts the professional practice of nursing. In a 3-4 page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), summarize the provisions of the bill and clearly explain what the bill will accomplish. The paper should be no more than 4 pages, typed in Times New Roman using 12-point font, and double-spaced with 1" margins. Your review of a bill paper should: Discuss the major provisions of the bill. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the legislation by explaining the background and all relevant facts. Discuss any relevant history related to the legislation, pertinent votes, and issues that are stalling the legislation, etc. Use primary sources for this information. Identify key supporters and those who do not support the bill. Explain why some of these individuals support the bill and why some do not. Explore the positions of the key stakeholders in the bill, both pros and cons. Do not make assumptions about potential key stakeholders. Examine this area carefully so you are correctly reflecting the stakeholders positions. Discuss how the bill would impact a nurse’s ability to provide safe and quality care or to practice to the highest scope of the nursing license. Explain specific actions that nurses can take to assist with the passage or defeat of the legislation Use APA format, headings and references as appropriate. .

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Review Journal Article Please review and ensure The Journal Article paper meets APA standards. Included is a link or a copy of the Journal Article used. The Assignment identifies and assess the issue or problem of The Rise of Domestic Terrorism in the United States. The Academic Journal Critique Assignment consists of 7 double spaced pages (excluding title page, abstract, and references). The paper uses at least 2 references (Wikipedia CANNOT be used as a reference). The Journal Critique Assignment includes the following: 1. Title Page 2. Introduction 3. Article Review 4. Analysis 5. Discussion 6. Critique 7. Conclusion 8. References .

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Review Instructions for Essay 4--The Research Paper The instructions and guides for the research paper are linked below. In this class you have a rare opportunity to develop, revise/edit, and resubmit your work. Your revised exploratory paper (Essay 2) will become the introduction to your research paper. The revised position paper (Essay 3) will become the body. In addition, you will create a conclusion or "solutions" section for the final project. Note, however, that significant revisions are expected, so you should carefully review the edited draft and rubric evaluations for both essays 2/3 before you begin your final essay. The final research papers must meet ALL of the minimum criteria for the assignment (in terms of structure, development, documentation style, quality and number of research sources, and writing skills) to be eligible for a score. In other words, you must receive a mark of "competent" in all of these areas to receive a grade for this assignment. English 103: Essay 4—Research Paper In the Research Paper, you will further develop, revise, and build upon the single perspective argument you have been developing all semester. Your final assignment should demonstrate your ability to apply the principles of argument discussed in the class throughout the semester and it should demonstrate your ability to use critical thinking when discussing a controversial issue. Directions: Prepare an 8-10 page research essay that builds upon the single perspective argument paper. The purpose of this assignment is to build upon what you have already created in the course. Therefore, the introduction of your research paper should be drawn from your Exploratory Paper, laying the foundation for the reader by presenting all sides of the issue, the exigence, etc. The body should be drawn from the Position Paper, which incorporates research to support your claim and sub-claims. Obviously, you cannot include the entire portion of each of the previous papers, and your final research paper should show that you’ve developed areas requiring development and made significant revisions to those sections of your papers requiring revision. The idea is to pull sections and points from previous essays. Use comments from me to revise those papers as you incorporate portions of them into this final project. In addition to revising/developing the exploratory and position papers to serve as the introduction and body of the research paper, you will write an extended conclusion in which you focus on a viable solution and/or conclusion to the issue. For the conclusion, provide a means of solving the problem indicated by your topic. Consider the audience, establish common ground, and provide details for how to implement the solution. For example, if the position paper argued that bilingual education is necessary in California schools, the solution would discuss how to implement bilingual education programs in our California schools. You.

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Review in 500 words or more about Cloud Security Myths. 500 Words: Use at least three sources. Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks and cited in-line by reference to your reference list. Cite your sources. Do not copy. Write in essay format not in bulleted, numbered or other list format. 3 quotes are required and they must be enclosed in quotation marks and cited in-line by referring to your reference list. No plagiarism / need references and should be clickable/ need it by 10/10. .

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Review of Reading Materials 0-10 points Used no citings 0points Used 1 citings 6points Used 2 citings 8points 10 Used the required 3 citings 10points Paper Organization 0-5 points Not organized Click to edit level 0points Average paper---weak in two areas---intro or main body or summary/conclusionClick to edit level 2points CWell organized paper— weak in one area: intro, main body, or summary/conclusionlick to edit level 3points Well organized paper---strong introduction, main body and summary/conclusion 5points Policy Concepts/theories Linked to Analysis and Experience/Example(s)/Personal Observation 0-10 points Lack of concepts/theories linked to analysis 0points Minimal concepts development and application with minimal analysis 6points Two well-developed concepts that demonstrate analysis and application 8points Three well-developed concepts that demonstrate analysis and application 10points Paper Format and Style (APA)Click to edit criterion 0-5 points Very poor work with many errors without using APA style 0points Many errors with minimal use of APA style 2points Some format and style errors 3points Excellent format and style, no grammatical or punctuation errors including correct use of reference citations 5points Followed Guidance---Paper Length, Due Date 0-5 points No work 0points Missed both—paper length and due date 2points Missed paper length or due date 3points Met paper length (2-3 pages) and due date 5points s Theaters vs. Home Movies There are several important differences between watching a movie in a theater and watching a movie at home. One difference is in the level of comfort. In the theater, one has to sit upright for at least a couple of hours. This can get uncomfortable. Also, one has to wear appropriate clothing, such as pants, shoes, and a shirt, which is sometimes not so relaxing. However, at home, one can sit anywhere one likes. One can stretch out on a couch or even on the floor. It is also possible to wear anything one likes. Sweatpants and even pajamas are perfectly acceptable at home. Another difference is in convenience. When one goes to the theater, it is necessary to drive. This might be in inclement weather. One has to go at a specific time as well. If the movie starts at 7:00, one has to be there at 7:00. In contrast to the theater, it is much more convenient to watch a movie at home. One does not have to drive anywhere when one stays at home. One can watch the rain or the snow from inside. Also, one can start the movie at any time that is convenient. Finally, cost is probably the most consequential difference. At the theater, one has to buy tickets. These can cost up to $10.00 a person. Food is also outrageously expensive. A small popcorn and coke cost $15.00. This can really add up for a family of four or five. Just last week, my family went to see a movie, and we spent $100.00 on ticket and food. Unlike the theater, watching a movie at home is much cheaper. The o.

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REVIEW Open Access MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission Ian M. Mackay1,2,3* and Katherine E. Arden2 Abstract The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then, MERS-CoV sequences have been found in a bat and in many dromedary camels (DC). MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa, causing mild upper respiratory tract illness in its camel reservoir and sporadic, but relatively rare human infections. Precisely how virus transmits to humans remains unknown but close and lengthy exposure appears to be a requirement. The KSA is the focal point of MERS, with the majority of human cases. In humans, MERS is mostly known as a lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease involving fever, cough, breathing difficulties and pneumonia that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure and death in 20 % to 40 % of those infected. However, MERS-CoV has also been detected in mild and influenza-like illnesses and in those with no signs or symptoms. Older males most obviously suffer severe disease and MERS patients often have comorbidities. Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), another sometimes- fatal zoonotic coronavirus disease that has since disappeared, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute kidney injury (it also has an affinity for growth in kidney cells under laboratory conditions), is more frequently reported in patients with underlying disease and is more often fatal. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Sero-surveys have found widespread evidence of past infection in adult camels and limited past exposure among humans. Sensitive, validated reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-rtPCR)-based diagnostics have been available almost from the start of the emergence of MERS. While the basic virology of MERS-CoV has advanced over the past three years, understanding of the interplay between camel, environment, and human remains limited. Keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus, MERS, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Transmission Background An email from Dr Ali Mohamed Zaki, an Egyptian virologist working at the Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital in Jeddah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) an- nounced the first culture of a new coronavirus to the world. The email was published on the website of the professional emerging diseases (ProMED) network on 20thSeptember 2012 [1] (Fig. 1) and described the first reported case.

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