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Data driven
comparison of the
Covid-19 progression
in France
This study has showed, unless there is evidence of the contrary,
that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity is real
and would be more important in the territories that were most
severely affected in the first wave.
Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of
hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and mortality during
the second wave. This slow progression is believed to be due to
several factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols
which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the
possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-
2 virus.
Cette étude a pu démontrer, sauf preuve du contraire, que
l’hypothèse du développement d’une immunité collective est
réelle et serait plus importante dans les départements qui ont été
plus durement touchés lors de la première vague.
En somme, une progression plus lente de la maladie en termes
d’hospitalisations, admissions en réanimation et mortalité
pendant la deuxième vague. Cette lente progression serait due à
plusieurs facteurs tels que l’amélioration des protocoles de soins
hospitaliers qui auraient pu contribuer à la réduction de la
mortalité, ou la baisse éventuelle de la virulence des nouvelles
souches du virus SARS-Cov-2.
M. Bouanane – Consulting
Director | December 2020
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France
M. Bouanane 2 / 12
Définitions / Definitions
FR France
BR13 Bouches du Rhône
HG31 Haute Garonne
GR33 Gironde
IV35 Ile et Vilaine
BR67 Bas Rhin
HR68 Haut Rhin
PR75 Paris
INCID Nombre de patients infectés par rapport à 100k habitants (Taux incidence)
Newly infected patients per 100k inhabitants (Incidence rate)
HOSP Nombre de patients actuellement hospitalisés avec diagnostic Covid-19
Number of patients currently hospitalized with a Covid-19 diagnosis
REA Nombre de patients actuellement en réanimation avec diagnostic Covid-19
Number of patients currently in intensive care with a Covid-19 diagnosis
DC Nombre cumulé de personnes décédées avec diagnostic Covid-19
Cumulative number of patients who died with a Covid-19 diagnosis
% Taux de croissance moyen sur 14 jours
14 days average growth rate
Données de Corrélation
Le coefficient de corrélation est défini comme le quotient de la covariance de deux variables par le produit
de leurs écarts types. Il ne détecte que les dépendances linéaires entre deux variables. La valeur absolue du
coefficient, toujours comprise entre 0 et 1, ne mesure pas l’intensité de la relation mais la prépondérance
de la liaison sur les variations internes des variables.
Correlation Data
The correlation coefficient is defined as the ratio of the covariance of two variables by the product of their
standard deviations. It only detects linear dependencies between two variables. The absolute value of the
coefficient, always between 0 and 1, does not measure the strength of the link but the preponderance of
the relationship over the internal variations of the variables.
Correlation: 01 Sep – 15 Dec FR PR75 HR68 BR67 IV35 GR33 HG31 BR13
%HOSP / %REA 0,78 0,85 0,68 0,40 0,56 0,86 0,70 0,67
%REA / %DC -0,41 -0,23 -0,07 -0,23 0,07 -0,62 -0,41 -0,39
%HOSP / %DC 0,04 -0,03 0,26 0,01 -0,01 -0,77 -0,18 -0,04
%INCID / %DC -0,74 -0,80 -0,39 -0,49 -0,77 -0,22 -0,76 -0,41
%INCID / %REA 0,35 0,10 0,21 -0,22 0,05 0,09 0,37 0,21
%INCID / %HOSP 0,28 0,07 0,01 0,20 0,21 0,05 0,39 0,42
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France
M. Bouanane 3 / 12
Correlation: 01 Apr – 15 Jun FR PR75 HR68 BR67 IV35 GR33 HG31 BR13
%HOSP / %REA 0,996 0,992 0,925 0,928 0,934 0,978 0,944 0,992
%REA / %DC 0,986 0,986 0,892 0,935 0,860 0,930 0,909 0,909
%HOSP / %DC 0,993 0,994 0,977 0,992 0,939 0,898 0,904 0,933
%INCID / %DC * -0,177 -0,091 0,215 0,120 -0,054 0,023 -0,393 -0,254
%INCID / %REA * 0,104 0,048 0,208 0,074 0,140 -0,174 -0,289 0,142
%INCID / %HOSP * -0,259 -0,239 0,193 0,001 0,037 -0,038 0,090 -0,245
Correlation R < 0 > 0
Faible / Weak −0,5 <= R < −0,25 0,25 < R <= 0,5
Modérée / Moderate −0,75 <= R < −0,5 0,5 < R <= 0,75
Forte / Strong −1,0 <= R < −0,75 0,75 < R <= 1,0
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France
M. Bouanane 4 / 12
Comparaison des deux vagues de Covid-19 en France
L’idée est de comparer les deux vagues en analysant la vitesse de croissance de certains indicateurs mis à
disposition du public par les autorités sanitaires1
. Le taux de croissance utilisé dans cette analyse est une
moyenne glissante sur 14 jours afin de prendre en compte la période d’incubation du virus SARS-Cov-2 et
donc les effets que cela peut induire sur la contamination et ses conséquences dans le futur proche. En
somme, les patients hospitalisés aujourd’hui sont ceux qui ont été infectés il y a (très probablement) 14
jours. De plus, selon certaines études médicales, la charge virale peut durer en moyenne une vingtaine de
jours.
Les indicateurs choisis sont ceux des hospitalisations, réanimations, décès et le taux d’incidence selon les
sources hospitalières à partir du 18 mars 2020 (cela n’intègre pas les données des EHPAD et centres
médico-sociaux).
Analyse Globale
Le Tableau #2, ci-dessus, montre une très forte corrélation, d’un côté, entre la progression des
hospitalisations et des admissions en réanimation, ainsi qu’entre la progression des décès et des
hospitalisations – réanimations, d’un autre côté, et ce sur tous les départements étudiés et globalement en
France lors de la première vague. En revanche, il existe très peu de données du taux d’incidence pour
pouvoir correctement apprécier la véracité d’une corrélation avec les autres indicateurs.
En analysant ces données pour la France entière, on peut observer que les taux de croissance sont
beaucoup moins élevés sur la deuxième période (Figure #2 – du 01 septembre au 15 décembre) que
pendant la première période (Figure #1 – du 01 avril au 15 juin). Ce qui implique une progression plus lente
de la maladie en termes d’hospitalisations, admissions en réanimation et décès pendant la deuxième
vague2
.
Une deuxième observation concerne la corrélation entre les différents indicateurs. En effet, la Figure #1
ainsi que Tableau #2 mettent en évidence l’absence ou la faiblesse de la corrélation entre la croissance des
décès, d’une part, et celle des hospitalisations (0,04 pour la France) et réanimations (0,41 pour la France),
d’autre part, à l’exception du département de la Gironde. Ceci s’expliquerait par l’amélioration des
protocoles de soins prodigués à l’hôpital et qui seraient devenus beaucoup plus efficaces que pendant la
première vague, pour éventuellement réduire la croissance de la mortalité.
En revanche, la corrélation entre la croissance du taux d’incidence et celle des décès est forte (0,74 pour la
France), mais cette relation n’est pas toujours vérifiée sur tous les départements étudiés. Ceci supposerait
qu’une certaine proportion de patients décédés l’ont été hors hôpital et donc sans bénéficier d’une prise en
charge hospitalière efficace comme cela l’a été vérifié par la faible corrélation entre mortalité et
hospitalisations.
Autre point commun, sur le plan national et dans les départements étudiés, est l’absence ou la faible
corrélation entre la croissance du taux d’incidence et celui des hospitalisations – réanimations (coefficient
variant entre 0,01 et 0,42 en valeur absolue dans le Tableau #1). Cela s'expliquerait par le fait qu’une faible
1 https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/organizations/sante-publique-france/
2 Il est difficile de comparer les indicateurs de taux d’incidence qui n’a été publié qu’à partir du 13 mai, sachant que
le nombre de tests était très limité lors de la première vague.
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France
M. Bouanane 5 / 12
proportion des patients infectés a été hospitalisée, éventuellement en raison d’une plus grande proportion
de patients asymptomatiques.
Un troisième constat est lié à la comparaison de l’évolution des taux de croissance des indicateurs entre eux
pendant la deuxième vague. Le taux de croissance des décès évolue très lentement par rapport à celui des
hospitalisations – réanimations. Cette évolution ne dépasse pas les 2,6% contre 5% de croissance des
hospitalisations en Haute Garonne et 11% dans le département du Bas Rhin. Cela suggérerait que les
souches du SARS-Cov-2 de la seconde vague sont moins virulentes que celles de la première ou et qu’une
certaine immunité collective est en train de se constituer, permettant de mieux résister au virus.
Figure #3 compare la croissance du nombre total de décès dus au Covid-19 pendant la deuxième vague sur
7 départements ainsi que l’ensemble du pays (Figure#4 pour la première vague). Il ressort de cette
comparaison que les départements les plus durement touchés pendant la première vague (départements
75, 67 et 68) ont eu la plus faible croissance du nombre de décès du Covid-19. Cela confirmerait l’hypothèse
du développement d’une immunité collective plus importante dans ces départements ainsi que
l’amélioration des soins hospitaliers à la suite d’une courbe d’apprentissage plus conséquente lors de la
première vague.
Leçons et Conclusion
Malgré les limites de cette étude comparative (nombre limité de départements, peu de données
concernant le taux d’incidence au cours de la première vague), on observe très clairement une large
différence entre les coefficients de corrélation pendant la première et la seconde vagues, ainsi que des taux
d’évolution de la pandémie plus faibles. Plus important, la croissance du nombre de décès était beaucoup
plus lente que celle des hospitalisations et admissions en réanimation.
Cette étude a pu démontrer, sauf preuve du contraire, que l’hypothèse du développement d’une immunité
collective est réelle et serait plus importante dans les départements qui ont été plus durement touchés lors
de la première vague.
En somme, une progression plus lente de la maladie en termes d’hospitalisations, admissions en
réanimation et mortalité pendant la deuxième vague. Cette lente progression serait due à plusieurs facteurs
tels que l’amélioration des protocoles de soins hospitaliers qui auraient pu contribuer à la réduction de la
mortalité, ou la baisse éventuelle de la virulence des nouvelles souches du virus SARS-Cov-2.
Enfin, on peut constater que la décision d’instaurer un second confinement général (30 octobre) ne pouvait
être justifiée partout. En effet, la décision était ou tardive d’une semaine dans les départements du Bas et
Haut Rhin, ou inutile comme dans le cas des Bouches du Rhône où le nombre d’hospitalisations était en
baisse et le nombre d’admissions en réanimation en très légère augmentation voire en stagnation. Dans
tous les cas, la mortalité a évolué très peu au cours de la seconde vague et beaucoup moins que les
hospitalisation et admissions en réanimation qui dépendent évidemment d’une certaine capacité
hospitalière souvent inextensible.
En tout état de cause, les paramètres, justifiant la prise de décisions restrictives (confinement ou limitation
des déplacements), devraient être variés et inclure plusieurs catégories, outre les capacités d’accueil
hospitalières, telles que l’âge des patients hospitalisés ou admis en réanimation, le taux d’incidence selon
l’âge des personnes infectées ainsi que le taux de mortalité par tranche d’âge, et surtout utiliser le taux de
croissance (comme vitesse d’évolution) de tous ces indicateurs afin que la décision soit proche de la réalité
de chaque territoire et prise à temps.
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France
M. Bouanane 6 / 12
Comparison of the two waves of Covid-19 in France
The idea is to compare the two waves by analysing the rate of growth of certain indicators made available
to the public by the health authorities3
. The growth rate used in this analysis is a running 14-day average in
order to consider the incubation period of the SARS-Cov-2 virus and therefore the effects this may have on
contamination soon. In other words, the patients hospitalized today are those who were (most likely)
infected 14 days ago. In addition, according to some medical studies, the viral load can last for an average of
twenty days.
The indicators chosen are those of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions, deaths and the incidence rate
according to hospital sources from March 18, 2020 (Does not include data from EHPADs – retirement /
nursing homes – and socio-medical centres).
Overall Analysis
Table #2, above, and Figure #2, below, show a very strong correlation, on one hand, between the
progression of hospitalizations and intensive care admissions, as well as between the progression of deaths
and hospitalizations – intensive care admissions, on the other hand, in all the studied departments and
overall, in France. However, there is very little data on the incidence rate to be able to properly assess the
veracity of any correlation with other indicators.
By analysing these data for the whole country, we can observe that the growth rates are much lower over
the second period (Figure #1 – from September 01 to December 15) than during the first period (Figure #2 –
from April 01 to June 15). This implies a slower progression of the disease in terms of hospitalizations,
intensive care admissions This study has showed that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity
is real and would be more important in the territories that were most severely affected in the first wave.
Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and
mortality during the second wave. This slow progression is believed to be due to several factors such as
improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the
possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. and mortality during the second
wave4
.
A second observation is related to the correlation between the different indicators. Indeed, Figure #1, as
well as Table #1, highlights the absence or weakness of a correlation between the growth in deaths, on one
hand, and that of hospitalizations (0.04 for France) and intensive care admissions (0.41 for France), on the
other hand, apart from the Gironde department. This could be explained by the improvement in the care
provided at the hospital, which would have become much more effective than during the first wave, and
possibly reducing the growth in mortality.
However, the correlation between the growth of the incidence rate and that of deaths is strong (0.74 for
France), but this relationship is not always verified in all the studied departments. This would assume that a
certain number of deceased patients were out of hospital and therefore without benefiting from an
effective care, as has been verified by the low correlation between deaths and hospitalizations.
Another point in common, nationally and in the studied departments, is the absence or low correlation
between the growth in the incidence rate and hospitalizations – intensive care admissions (coefficient
varying between 0.01 and 0.42 in absolute value, as per Table #1). This would be explained by the fact that
3 https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/organizations/sante-publique-france/
4 It is difficult to compare the incidence rate indicators which were not released until May 13, given that the number
of tests was very limited in the first wave.
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France
M. Bouanane 7 / 12
a small proportion of infected patients were hospitalized, possibly due to a higher proportion of
asymptomatic patients.
A third observation is related to the comparison of the growth rates of the indicators between them for
each department during the second wave: The rate of growth of deaths changes very slowly compared to
that of hospitalizations – intensive care admissions. Such change does not exceed 2.6% against 5% in
hospitalizations in Haute Garonne and 11% in the Bas Rhin department. This would suggest that the SARS-
Cov-2 strains from the second wave are less virulent than those from the first wave or and that a certain
herd immunity is being built up, making it possible to better resist the virus.
Figure #3 compares the growth in the total number of Covid-19 deaths during the second wave over 7
departments as well as the whole country (Figure #4 for the first wave). It emerges from this comparison
that the departments that were most severely affected during the first wave (departments 75, 67 and 68)
had the lowest growth in the number of Covid-19 deaths. This would confirm the hypothesis of the
development of a greater herd immunity in these departments and possibly the improvement of hospital
care following a more substantial learning curve during the first wave.
Learned Lessons
Despite the limitations of this comparative study (limited number of departments, few data concerning the
incidence rate during the first wave), we can clearly observe a large difference between the correlation
coefficients during the first and the second waves, as well as lower change rates for all indicators. More
importantly, the growth of the mortality was much slower than that of hospitalizations and intensive care
admissions.
This study has showed, unless there is evidence of the contrary, that the hypothesis of the development of
herd immunity is real and would be more important in the departments that were most severely affected in
the first wave.
Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and
mortality during the second wave. This slow progression of the disease is believed to be due to several
factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in
mortality, or the possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-2 virus.
Finally, we can observe that the decision to institute a second general lockdown (October 30) could not be
justified everywhere. In fact, the decision was either late by one week in the departments of Bas and Haut
Rhin, or unnecessary as in the case of Bouches du Rhône where the number of hospitalizations was already
going down and the number of intensive care admissions had a slight increase or was in stagnation. In all
cases, mortality changed very little during the second wave, and much less than hospitalizations and
intensive care admissions, that obviously depend on a certain often inextensible hospital capacity.
In any case, the parameters, justifying restrictive decisions to be made (lockdown or limitation of
movement), should be varied and include several categories, in addition to hospital reception capacities,
such as the age of patients hospitalized or admitted in intensive care, the incidence rate according to the
age of infected people as well as the death rate by age group, and above all use the growth rate (as a rate of
change) of all these indicators so that the decision to be made is close to the reality of each territory and
taken on time.
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures
M. Bouanane 8 / 12
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures
M. Bouanane 9 / 12
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures
M. Bouanane 10 / 12
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures
M. Bouanane 11 / 12
Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures
M. Bouanane 12 / 12

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Data driven comparison of the covid-19 progression in france - v201231

  • 1. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France This study has showed, unless there is evidence of the contrary, that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity is real and would be more important in the territories that were most severely affected in the first wave. Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and mortality during the second wave. This slow progression is believed to be due to several factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov- 2 virus. Cette étude a pu démontrer, sauf preuve du contraire, que l’hypothèse du développement d’une immunité collective est réelle et serait plus importante dans les départements qui ont été plus durement touchés lors de la première vague. En somme, une progression plus lente de la maladie en termes d’hospitalisations, admissions en réanimation et mortalité pendant la deuxième vague. Cette lente progression serait due à plusieurs facteurs tels que l’amélioration des protocoles de soins hospitaliers qui auraient pu contribuer à la réduction de la mortalité, ou la baisse éventuelle de la virulence des nouvelles souches du virus SARS-Cov-2. M. Bouanane – Consulting Director | December 2020
  • 2. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France M. Bouanane 2 / 12 Définitions / Definitions FR France BR13 Bouches du Rhône HG31 Haute Garonne GR33 Gironde IV35 Ile et Vilaine BR67 Bas Rhin HR68 Haut Rhin PR75 Paris INCID Nombre de patients infectés par rapport à 100k habitants (Taux incidence) Newly infected patients per 100k inhabitants (Incidence rate) HOSP Nombre de patients actuellement hospitalisés avec diagnostic Covid-19 Number of patients currently hospitalized with a Covid-19 diagnosis REA Nombre de patients actuellement en réanimation avec diagnostic Covid-19 Number of patients currently in intensive care with a Covid-19 diagnosis DC Nombre cumulé de personnes décédées avec diagnostic Covid-19 Cumulative number of patients who died with a Covid-19 diagnosis % Taux de croissance moyen sur 14 jours 14 days average growth rate Données de Corrélation Le coefficient de corrélation est défini comme le quotient de la covariance de deux variables par le produit de leurs écarts types. Il ne détecte que les dépendances linéaires entre deux variables. La valeur absolue du coefficient, toujours comprise entre 0 et 1, ne mesure pas l’intensité de la relation mais la prépondérance de la liaison sur les variations internes des variables. Correlation Data The correlation coefficient is defined as the ratio of the covariance of two variables by the product of their standard deviations. It only detects linear dependencies between two variables. The absolute value of the coefficient, always between 0 and 1, does not measure the strength of the link but the preponderance of the relationship over the internal variations of the variables. Correlation: 01 Sep – 15 Dec FR PR75 HR68 BR67 IV35 GR33 HG31 BR13 %HOSP / %REA 0,78 0,85 0,68 0,40 0,56 0,86 0,70 0,67 %REA / %DC -0,41 -0,23 -0,07 -0,23 0,07 -0,62 -0,41 -0,39 %HOSP / %DC 0,04 -0,03 0,26 0,01 -0,01 -0,77 -0,18 -0,04 %INCID / %DC -0,74 -0,80 -0,39 -0,49 -0,77 -0,22 -0,76 -0,41 %INCID / %REA 0,35 0,10 0,21 -0,22 0,05 0,09 0,37 0,21 %INCID / %HOSP 0,28 0,07 0,01 0,20 0,21 0,05 0,39 0,42
  • 3. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France M. Bouanane 3 / 12 Correlation: 01 Apr – 15 Jun FR PR75 HR68 BR67 IV35 GR33 HG31 BR13 %HOSP / %REA 0,996 0,992 0,925 0,928 0,934 0,978 0,944 0,992 %REA / %DC 0,986 0,986 0,892 0,935 0,860 0,930 0,909 0,909 %HOSP / %DC 0,993 0,994 0,977 0,992 0,939 0,898 0,904 0,933 %INCID / %DC * -0,177 -0,091 0,215 0,120 -0,054 0,023 -0,393 -0,254 %INCID / %REA * 0,104 0,048 0,208 0,074 0,140 -0,174 -0,289 0,142 %INCID / %HOSP * -0,259 -0,239 0,193 0,001 0,037 -0,038 0,090 -0,245 Correlation R < 0 > 0 Faible / Weak −0,5 <= R < −0,25 0,25 < R <= 0,5 Modérée / Moderate −0,75 <= R < −0,5 0,5 < R <= 0,75 Forte / Strong −1,0 <= R < −0,75 0,75 < R <= 1,0
  • 4. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France M. Bouanane 4 / 12 Comparaison des deux vagues de Covid-19 en France L’idée est de comparer les deux vagues en analysant la vitesse de croissance de certains indicateurs mis à disposition du public par les autorités sanitaires1 . Le taux de croissance utilisé dans cette analyse est une moyenne glissante sur 14 jours afin de prendre en compte la période d’incubation du virus SARS-Cov-2 et donc les effets que cela peut induire sur la contamination et ses conséquences dans le futur proche. En somme, les patients hospitalisés aujourd’hui sont ceux qui ont été infectés il y a (très probablement) 14 jours. De plus, selon certaines études médicales, la charge virale peut durer en moyenne une vingtaine de jours. Les indicateurs choisis sont ceux des hospitalisations, réanimations, décès et le taux d’incidence selon les sources hospitalières à partir du 18 mars 2020 (cela n’intègre pas les données des EHPAD et centres médico-sociaux). Analyse Globale Le Tableau #2, ci-dessus, montre une très forte corrélation, d’un côté, entre la progression des hospitalisations et des admissions en réanimation, ainsi qu’entre la progression des décès et des hospitalisations – réanimations, d’un autre côté, et ce sur tous les départements étudiés et globalement en France lors de la première vague. En revanche, il existe très peu de données du taux d’incidence pour pouvoir correctement apprécier la véracité d’une corrélation avec les autres indicateurs. En analysant ces données pour la France entière, on peut observer que les taux de croissance sont beaucoup moins élevés sur la deuxième période (Figure #2 – du 01 septembre au 15 décembre) que pendant la première période (Figure #1 – du 01 avril au 15 juin). Ce qui implique une progression plus lente de la maladie en termes d’hospitalisations, admissions en réanimation et décès pendant la deuxième vague2 . Une deuxième observation concerne la corrélation entre les différents indicateurs. En effet, la Figure #1 ainsi que Tableau #2 mettent en évidence l’absence ou la faiblesse de la corrélation entre la croissance des décès, d’une part, et celle des hospitalisations (0,04 pour la France) et réanimations (0,41 pour la France), d’autre part, à l’exception du département de la Gironde. Ceci s’expliquerait par l’amélioration des protocoles de soins prodigués à l’hôpital et qui seraient devenus beaucoup plus efficaces que pendant la première vague, pour éventuellement réduire la croissance de la mortalité. En revanche, la corrélation entre la croissance du taux d’incidence et celle des décès est forte (0,74 pour la France), mais cette relation n’est pas toujours vérifiée sur tous les départements étudiés. Ceci supposerait qu’une certaine proportion de patients décédés l’ont été hors hôpital et donc sans bénéficier d’une prise en charge hospitalière efficace comme cela l’a été vérifié par la faible corrélation entre mortalité et hospitalisations. Autre point commun, sur le plan national et dans les départements étudiés, est l’absence ou la faible corrélation entre la croissance du taux d’incidence et celui des hospitalisations – réanimations (coefficient variant entre 0,01 et 0,42 en valeur absolue dans le Tableau #1). Cela s'expliquerait par le fait qu’une faible 1 https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/organizations/sante-publique-france/ 2 Il est difficile de comparer les indicateurs de taux d’incidence qui n’a été publié qu’à partir du 13 mai, sachant que le nombre de tests était très limité lors de la première vague.
  • 5. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France M. Bouanane 5 / 12 proportion des patients infectés a été hospitalisée, éventuellement en raison d’une plus grande proportion de patients asymptomatiques. Un troisième constat est lié à la comparaison de l’évolution des taux de croissance des indicateurs entre eux pendant la deuxième vague. Le taux de croissance des décès évolue très lentement par rapport à celui des hospitalisations – réanimations. Cette évolution ne dépasse pas les 2,6% contre 5% de croissance des hospitalisations en Haute Garonne et 11% dans le département du Bas Rhin. Cela suggérerait que les souches du SARS-Cov-2 de la seconde vague sont moins virulentes que celles de la première ou et qu’une certaine immunité collective est en train de se constituer, permettant de mieux résister au virus. Figure #3 compare la croissance du nombre total de décès dus au Covid-19 pendant la deuxième vague sur 7 départements ainsi que l’ensemble du pays (Figure#4 pour la première vague). Il ressort de cette comparaison que les départements les plus durement touchés pendant la première vague (départements 75, 67 et 68) ont eu la plus faible croissance du nombre de décès du Covid-19. Cela confirmerait l’hypothèse du développement d’une immunité collective plus importante dans ces départements ainsi que l’amélioration des soins hospitaliers à la suite d’une courbe d’apprentissage plus conséquente lors de la première vague. Leçons et Conclusion Malgré les limites de cette étude comparative (nombre limité de départements, peu de données concernant le taux d’incidence au cours de la première vague), on observe très clairement une large différence entre les coefficients de corrélation pendant la première et la seconde vagues, ainsi que des taux d’évolution de la pandémie plus faibles. Plus important, la croissance du nombre de décès était beaucoup plus lente que celle des hospitalisations et admissions en réanimation. Cette étude a pu démontrer, sauf preuve du contraire, que l’hypothèse du développement d’une immunité collective est réelle et serait plus importante dans les départements qui ont été plus durement touchés lors de la première vague. En somme, une progression plus lente de la maladie en termes d’hospitalisations, admissions en réanimation et mortalité pendant la deuxième vague. Cette lente progression serait due à plusieurs facteurs tels que l’amélioration des protocoles de soins hospitaliers qui auraient pu contribuer à la réduction de la mortalité, ou la baisse éventuelle de la virulence des nouvelles souches du virus SARS-Cov-2. Enfin, on peut constater que la décision d’instaurer un second confinement général (30 octobre) ne pouvait être justifiée partout. En effet, la décision était ou tardive d’une semaine dans les départements du Bas et Haut Rhin, ou inutile comme dans le cas des Bouches du Rhône où le nombre d’hospitalisations était en baisse et le nombre d’admissions en réanimation en très légère augmentation voire en stagnation. Dans tous les cas, la mortalité a évolué très peu au cours de la seconde vague et beaucoup moins que les hospitalisation et admissions en réanimation qui dépendent évidemment d’une certaine capacité hospitalière souvent inextensible. En tout état de cause, les paramètres, justifiant la prise de décisions restrictives (confinement ou limitation des déplacements), devraient être variés et inclure plusieurs catégories, outre les capacités d’accueil hospitalières, telles que l’âge des patients hospitalisés ou admis en réanimation, le taux d’incidence selon l’âge des personnes infectées ainsi que le taux de mortalité par tranche d’âge, et surtout utiliser le taux de croissance (comme vitesse d’évolution) de tous ces indicateurs afin que la décision soit proche de la réalité de chaque territoire et prise à temps.
  • 6. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France M. Bouanane 6 / 12 Comparison of the two waves of Covid-19 in France The idea is to compare the two waves by analysing the rate of growth of certain indicators made available to the public by the health authorities3 . The growth rate used in this analysis is a running 14-day average in order to consider the incubation period of the SARS-Cov-2 virus and therefore the effects this may have on contamination soon. In other words, the patients hospitalized today are those who were (most likely) infected 14 days ago. In addition, according to some medical studies, the viral load can last for an average of twenty days. The indicators chosen are those of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions, deaths and the incidence rate according to hospital sources from March 18, 2020 (Does not include data from EHPADs – retirement / nursing homes – and socio-medical centres). Overall Analysis Table #2, above, and Figure #2, below, show a very strong correlation, on one hand, between the progression of hospitalizations and intensive care admissions, as well as between the progression of deaths and hospitalizations – intensive care admissions, on the other hand, in all the studied departments and overall, in France. However, there is very little data on the incidence rate to be able to properly assess the veracity of any correlation with other indicators. By analysing these data for the whole country, we can observe that the growth rates are much lower over the second period (Figure #1 – from September 01 to December 15) than during the first period (Figure #2 – from April 01 to June 15). This implies a slower progression of the disease in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions This study has showed that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity is real and would be more important in the territories that were most severely affected in the first wave. Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and mortality during the second wave. This slow progression is believed to be due to several factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. and mortality during the second wave4 . A second observation is related to the correlation between the different indicators. Indeed, Figure #1, as well as Table #1, highlights the absence or weakness of a correlation between the growth in deaths, on one hand, and that of hospitalizations (0.04 for France) and intensive care admissions (0.41 for France), on the other hand, apart from the Gironde department. This could be explained by the improvement in the care provided at the hospital, which would have become much more effective than during the first wave, and possibly reducing the growth in mortality. However, the correlation between the growth of the incidence rate and that of deaths is strong (0.74 for France), but this relationship is not always verified in all the studied departments. This would assume that a certain number of deceased patients were out of hospital and therefore without benefiting from an effective care, as has been verified by the low correlation between deaths and hospitalizations. Another point in common, nationally and in the studied departments, is the absence or low correlation between the growth in the incidence rate and hospitalizations – intensive care admissions (coefficient varying between 0.01 and 0.42 in absolute value, as per Table #1). This would be explained by the fact that 3 https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/organizations/sante-publique-france/ 4 It is difficult to compare the incidence rate indicators which were not released until May 13, given that the number of tests was very limited in the first wave.
  • 7. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France M. Bouanane 7 / 12 a small proportion of infected patients were hospitalized, possibly due to a higher proportion of asymptomatic patients. A third observation is related to the comparison of the growth rates of the indicators between them for each department during the second wave: The rate of growth of deaths changes very slowly compared to that of hospitalizations – intensive care admissions. Such change does not exceed 2.6% against 5% in hospitalizations in Haute Garonne and 11% in the Bas Rhin department. This would suggest that the SARS- Cov-2 strains from the second wave are less virulent than those from the first wave or and that a certain herd immunity is being built up, making it possible to better resist the virus. Figure #3 compares the growth in the total number of Covid-19 deaths during the second wave over 7 departments as well as the whole country (Figure #4 for the first wave). It emerges from this comparison that the departments that were most severely affected during the first wave (departments 75, 67 and 68) had the lowest growth in the number of Covid-19 deaths. This would confirm the hypothesis of the development of a greater herd immunity in these departments and possibly the improvement of hospital care following a more substantial learning curve during the first wave. Learned Lessons Despite the limitations of this comparative study (limited number of departments, few data concerning the incidence rate during the first wave), we can clearly observe a large difference between the correlation coefficients during the first and the second waves, as well as lower change rates for all indicators. More importantly, the growth of the mortality was much slower than that of hospitalizations and intensive care admissions. This study has showed, unless there is evidence of the contrary, that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity is real and would be more important in the departments that were most severely affected in the first wave. Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and mortality during the second wave. This slow progression of the disease is believed to be due to several factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Finally, we can observe that the decision to institute a second general lockdown (October 30) could not be justified everywhere. In fact, the decision was either late by one week in the departments of Bas and Haut Rhin, or unnecessary as in the case of Bouches du Rhône where the number of hospitalizations was already going down and the number of intensive care admissions had a slight increase or was in stagnation. In all cases, mortality changed very little during the second wave, and much less than hospitalizations and intensive care admissions, that obviously depend on a certain often inextensible hospital capacity. In any case, the parameters, justifying restrictive decisions to be made (lockdown or limitation of movement), should be varied and include several categories, in addition to hospital reception capacities, such as the age of patients hospitalized or admitted in intensive care, the incidence rate according to the age of infected people as well as the death rate by age group, and above all use the growth rate (as a rate of change) of all these indicators so that the decision to be made is close to the reality of each territory and taken on time.
  • 8. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures M. Bouanane 8 / 12
  • 9. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures M. Bouanane 9 / 12
  • 10. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures M. Bouanane 10 / 12
  • 11. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures M. Bouanane 11 / 12
  • 12. Data driven comparison of the Covid-19 progression in France – Annex of Figures M. Bouanane 12 / 12