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Eogeneza sindiageneza
diageneza timpurie
0-100 m îngropare
0-40°C, P<, Eh variabil
fluide interstiţiale ambientale
redoxomorfic
Mezodiageneza anadiageneza
diageneza de îngropare
100-8.000 m îngropare
40-200°C, P>, Eh<0
fluide expulzate ascendente
locomorfic
Telogeneza epidiageneza
diageneza de exondare
300-0m
80-0°C, P<, Eh>0
fluide meteorice descendente
meteoric
Etapele diagenezei
Limitele diagenezei:
• Alterarea supergenă (sub scoarţa de alterare)
• Metamorfismul - zona de tranziţie = Ankimetamorfism
Procesele diagenetice specifice siliciclastitelor:
Fizico-mecanice:
• compactarea
Chimice:
•cimentarea,
•difuzia,
•neomorfismul (recristalizarea, supracreşterea)
Compactarea este dependentă de:
 porozitate
 gradul de împachetare al sedimentului
 conţinutul în fluide interstiţiale
 adâncimea de îngropare
Compactare
Compactare
Compactare
Porozitatea:
Athy, 1930
unde n=porozitatea absolută,
β=coeficient al sedimentului, z=adâncimea
n= Vp/(Vs+Vp)
Terzaghi, 1925
unde Po=presiunea efectivă inţială,
Cc=coeficient de compresibilitate al sedimentului
e=porozitatea efectivă = Vpl/Vs
Maillart, 1989
α,β=coeficienţii sedimentului (+ reactivitatea chimică),
nr=porozitate reziduală la adâncime mare
z
oz enn β−
⋅=
)log(
o
ocoz
P
dP
PCee +⋅⋅=
β
αz
rorz ennnn −
⋅−+= )(
Compactare
Porozitate
Primara:
• intergranulara
• intercristalina
Secundara:
• intragranular = de dizolvare
• remanenta (cimentare
incompleta)
intergranular remanent
Intercristalin, intragranular Intergranular, Intercristalin, intragranular
Gradul de împachetare
(densitatea)
•schimbarea tipului de contacte
•deformări plastice
•schimbarea configuraţiei spaţiului interstiţial
Compactare
• contacte suturale
• contacte concav-convexe
• deformări plastice
• schimbarea configuraţiei
spaţiului interstiţial
Compactare
Impachetare slaba = porozitate primara intergranulara
Impachetare densa = compactare, porozitate remanenta
Compactare
Matrice argiloasa (claste contacte libere)
Matrice mixta: argila+carbonat (claste contacte libere)Incert: matrice argiloasa / ciment argilos ???
Compactare
Fracturarea selectiva a clastelor (inainte de cimentare) Fracturarea clastelor (dupa cimentare)
Deformarea selectiva a clastelor (inainte de cimentare) Dizolvare sub presiune = stilolite (dupa cimentare)
Stările de consolidare ale sedimentelor:
• starea de consolidare normală (P fluidului interst = P hidrostatică),
porozitate şi permeabilitate bună, rată de sedimentare moderată;
• starea de subconsolidare (P fluidului interst > P litostatică),
porozitate şi permeabilitate verticală scăzută; rată de sedimentare
ridicată, imposibilitatea migrării verticale a fluidelor.
• starea de supraconsolidare (P fluidului interst << P litostatică),
cimentare sau o anterioară comsolidare după care a urmat o nouă
îngropare.
Compactare
Compactare
Starea de consolidare normala
Starea de
subconsolidare
Compactare
Starea de
subconsolidare
Compactare
Tasare diferentiata + str. convoluta
Structuri de expulzarea fluidelor si deformare plastica = flame
Starea de supraconsolidare
Compactare
Compactare
Tasare diferentiata
Efecte ale compactarii
Compactare
Tasare diferentiata
la scara bazinului =>
falieri sinsedimentare
nontectonice
Efecte ale compactarii
Cimentare
Cimentare = precipitare in spatiul interstitial
Factori conditionativi:
mediul diagentic, calitatea chimica a fluidelor, reactii ale
fluidelor cu clastele, dimensiunile si tipurile de pori
Tipuri de ciment in siliciclastite:
silicios (calcedonie, cuart), carbonatic (calcit, dolomit),
saruri (halit, gips), feruginos (hematit), piritos, argilos (!!)
Cimentare
Tipuri
morfometrice
si
structurale
de ciment
Cimentare
Fibros, pelicular, calcitic Druzic, pelicular, cuartos
poikilotopic, de pori, calcitic Mozaic, de pori, calcitic
Ciment Q de supracrestere
Ciment silicios
Ciment Q de supracrestere
Ciment silicios
Ciment silicios
Ciment Q de supracrestere
si silicios (calcedonie)
Ciment carbonatic
Mozaic, calcitic (colorat rosu) = anadiagenetic
Fibros, pelicular, calcitic = marin, sindiagenetic
Poikilotopic, calcitic = sindiagenetic, (solutii slab saturate)Bazal, calcitic = anadiagenetic (recristalizare)
Ciment carbonatic
Mozaic, dolomitic = anadiagenetic (inlocuire?)
Mozaic, calcitic + dolomitic = anadiagenetic (inlocuire?)
Ciment feruginos
Red beds = gresii cu
ciment feruginos
pelicular, hematitic = continental, sindiagenetic
pelicular, hematitic = marin, sindiagenetic pelicular, hematitic = marin, sindiagenetic (alterare mafice)
Cimentare – alte tipuri
Poikilotopic, anhidrit = litoral, sindiagenetic
Fibros, fosfatic = marin, sindiagenetic Fibros, pelicular, cloritic = marin, sindiagenetic
Piritos = anadiageneza, inlocuire ciment calcitic
Ciment argilos
Pelicular, pendant = continental, sindiagenetic De pori, caolinitic = inlocuire, anadiageneza
Pelicular, fibros, cloritic = anadiageneza Pelicular, fibros, smectitic = sindiageneza
Ciment argilos
Ciment argilos
Ciment argilos
Clorit inhiband supracresterile de cuart
Illit fibros precipitat dupa supracresterile de cuart
Cimentare – generatii
Difuzia
sau diferenţierea diagenetică are loc
datorită compoziţiilor neomogene.
⇒concreţiuni
⇒noduli
⇒cruste (caliche=calcret,
solcret, fericret, silcret, etc)
Neomorfismul
procese în stare solidă:
⇒recristalizarea
⇒transformări polimorfe
Neomorfismul
transformări polimorfe (opal-calcedonie-cuarţ, etc)
3 siliciclastite-diageneza

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3 siliciclastite-diageneza