What is your evaluation of the effectiveness of the U.S. hea.docx

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The U.S. healthcare system faces issues with delivery, finance, management and sustainability that prompted the need for reform. Costs have risen faster than general inflation and many Americans lack health insurance coverage. Healthcare reform aims to expand coverage and control costs through provisions such as mandates, subsidies and insurance exchanges.

Education

What is your evaluation of the effectiveness of the U.S. health
care system in the context of delivery, finance, management,
and/or sustainability? What are the issues that prompted a need
for health care reform? Support your answer with a credible
data reference. Do not use a reference already used by another
student.

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1. A new diagnostic test has been developed to Diagnose Disease Y. The new test was compared to the standard diagnostic test (“the gold standard”) on the same set of patients, and the following data were obtained: Number of patients diagnosed by the new test as having Disease Y, who actually had Disease Y = 3,252 Number of patients in the group who were diagnosed by the standard test as having Disease Y = 4,579 Number of patients diagnosed by the new test as not having Disease Y = 4, 737 Number of patients diagnosed by the new test as having Disease Y, who actually do not have Disease Y= 784 The standard diagnostic test is a tissue biopsy, and therefore, is considered to be 100% sensitive for diagnosing Disease Y. a. Create the 2x2 table that shows this data b. Calculate: i. The sensitivity of the new test ii. The specificity of the new test iii. The false positive rate of the new test iv. The false negative rate of the new test v. The positive predictive value of the new test vi. The negative predictive value of the new test vii. The likelihood ratio positive for the new test viii. The likelihood ratio negative for the new test 2. Two new tests have been developed to diagnose Condition Z. One test (Test A) measures a metabolite “Metabolite A” in the serum. The other test (Test B) measures a different metabolite, “Metabolite B” in the urine. After appropriate preliminary testing, human trials are conducted. Following informed consent, the two tests were run on a group of patients with each patient getting both tests, as well as the “gold standard” test for diagnosing Condition Z. The following data were obtained: Important!!!! Since some answers depend on the results you obtained in previous sections of the problem, it is important for you that you show *all* work, since I will give partial credit if your analysis and set up are correct, even if your numerical result is incorrect. Serum level (metabolite A) # of patients Disease positive Disease negative (mg / ml) (by gold standard) (by gold standard) 0 – 1.99 25 22 3 2.0 – 3.99 273 201 72 4.0 – 5.99 584 572 12 6.0 – 7.99 538 529 9 8.0 – 9.99 175 170 5 >10.0 14 14 0 Urine level (metabolite B) (ng/ml) 0 – 2.99 30 5 25 3.0 – 5.99 245 46 199 6.0 – 8.99 423 400 23 9.0 – 11.99 628 620 8 12.0 – 14.99 175 169 6 15.0 – 17.99 99 95 4 >18.0 9 9 0 a) For test A, a cutoff value of 4.0 mg / ml of metabolite A is chosen as the boundary between a negative and a positive test result (i.e., values below 4.0 mg / ml are considered “negative” and values of 4.0 mg / ml or greater are considered “positive”). For test B, a cutoff value of 6.0 ng / ml for metabolite B is chosen as the boundary between a negative and a positive test result (i.e., values below 6.0 ng / ml are considered “negative” and values of 6.0 ng / ml or greater are considered.

1.A new diagnostic test has been developed to Diagnose Disease.docx

What is your evaluation of the effectiveness of the U.S. hea.docx

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