Frequently Used Expressions.
(Well, a number of them are)
A GLOSSARY OF CIRCUMCISION AND THE MOVEMENT TO END IT.
Ar. = Arabic; Fr. = French; Heb. = Hebrew; Gk = Greek; L. = Latin; pl. = plural; pr = reported In Ar. Phrases a capital letter manner a consonant has a dot underneath it, a vowel has a macron over it.
LISTS: (Glossary of the intact penis: Penile Anatomy; Skinonyms ) Surgical Circumcision Other Surgery Ritual Circumcision Restoration Intactivism Abbreviations.
Back to the Intactivism index page.
SURGICAL CIRCUMCISION.
Remove. (ablation = removal) (L., = convey away)
The situation of having been circumcised; circumcision, especially as a BDSM (Bondage & Discipline / Sadism $ Masochism) practice. (Gk acu- = point, cull- = reduce, -phallia = of the penis)
The condition of being sexually aroused only by way of circumcised males. (Gk acu- = factor, cull- = cut, -philia = love)
One-piece circumcision tool (seemingly based totally on a bottle-opener or cork puller). A blunt probe at one cease to tear the synechia, to split the foreskin from the glans, and at the other quit a damaged ring that can be slid inside the foreskin. The main device is then slid down the probe to weigh down and cut the foreskin in one motion. More (Apparently from accu[rate]+circ[umcision]. The root of "correct" is L. Cura , care)
adamant father syndrome.
The circumstance of being determined to circumcise one's son "to appear to be me" no matter all difficulty or argument. First and second individual statements from and about adamant dad and mom and others.
Alexithymia A state of deficiency in know-how, processing, or describing feelings. Bollinger & Van Howe have studied whether or not circumcision causes alexithymia. (Gk a-=with out, lexis= word, thumos=soul, as seat of emotion, feeling, and notion, literally "with out phrases for feelings", coined by psychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973)
anasagnosia A neurological situation related to lesions in the mind, inflicting the incapability to comprehend elements of one's very own frame as one's very own, sometimes called Anton's Syndrome. Bizarre and dramatic whilst the component is an arm or a leg, the affected person reveals their very own limb foreign and disgusting, and from time to time wishs to amputate it. (See "A Leg to Stand On" by Oliver Sacks, 1984, p 53) The possibility arises that this may practice to a man's foreskin, ensuing in a desire to be circumcised.
Trade name (of Organogenesis Inc.) for a skin-tissue cultured from human foreskins. Others are Dermagraft (TM) , OrCel (TM) and TranCyte (TM) . Ethical issues involved within the change in foreskins, especially their ownership, are generally
38. Penile Size Chart Frequently Used Expressions. (Well, a number of them are) A GLOSSARY OF CIRCUMCISION AND
THE MOVEMENT TO END IT. Ar. = Arabic; Fr. = French; Heb. = Hebrew; Gk = Greek; L. = Latin; pl. = plural; pr = reported In
Ar. Phrases a capital letter manner a consonant has a dot underneath it, a vowel has a macron over it. LISTS: (Glossary of
the intact penis: Penile Anatomy; Skinonyms ) Surgical Circumcision Other Surgery Ritual Circumcision Restoration
Intactivism Abbreviations. Back to the Intactivism index page. SURGICAL CIRCUMCISION. Remove. (ablation = removal)
(L., = convey away) The situation of having been circumcised; circumcision, especially as a BDSM (Bondage & Discipline /
Sadism $ Masochism) practice. (Gk acu- = point, cull- = reduce, -phallia = of the penis) The condition of being sexually
aroused only by way of circumcised males. (Gk acu- = factor, cull- = cut, -philia = love) One-piece circumcision tool
(seemingly based totally on a bottle-opener or cork puller). A blunt probe at one cease to tear the synechia, to split the
foreskin from the glans, and at the other quit a damaged ring that can be slid inside the foreskin. The main device is then slid
down the probe to weigh down and cut the foreskin in one motion. More (Apparently from accu[rate]+circ[umcision]. The root
of "correct" is L. Cura , care) adamant father syndrome. The circumstance of being determined to circumcise one's son "to
appear to be me" no matter all difficulty or argument. First and second individual statements from and about adamant dad
and mom and others. Alexithymia A state of deficiency in know-how, processing, or describing feelings. Bollinger & Van
Howe have studied whether or not circumcision causes alexithymia. (Gk a-=with out, lexis= word, thumos=soul, as seat of
emotion, feeling, and notion, literally "with out phrases for feelings", coined by psychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973)
anasagnosia A neurological situation related to lesions in the mind, inflicting the incapability to comprehend elements of
one's very own frame as one's very own, sometimes called Anton's Syndrome. Bizarre and dramatic whilst the component is
an arm or a leg, the affected person reveals their very own limb foreign and disgusting, and from time to time wishs to
amputate it. (See "A Leg to Stand On" by Oliver Sacks, 1984, p 53) The possibility arises that this may practice to a man's
foreskin, ensuing in a desire to be circumcised. Trade name (of Organogenesis Inc.) for a skin-tissue cultured from human
foreskins. Others are Dermagraft (TM) , OrCel (TM) and TranCyte (TM) . Ethical issues involved within the change in
foreskins, especially their ownership, are generally neglected. One foreskin generates a huge amount of the tissue, however
that could be no excuse if any other tissue were worried. Excellent substitutes are typically utilized in non-circumcising
countries. Both corporations filed for bankrupcy protection late in 2002; Organogenesis seems to have recovered. An
asymmetrical circumcision is one that leaves more pores and skin putting off one facet than the opposite, as inside the case
of child Flatt. A not often-mentioned unaesthetic downside to circumcision. If carried out earlier than puberty, it becomes less
prominent after. The end result of circumcision achieved by means of scientific students / interns / residence surgeons as part
of their training. Term coined with the aid of John Geisheker of Doctors Opposing Circumcision. (from beta, second letter of
the Greek alphabet, subsequently beta testing, 2nd stage of soltware checking out, by using customers in place of
programmers) Euphemism for an extremely low, tight circumcision in which the maximum amount of mucosa is eliminated
and the scar lies inside the sulcus. Causes the best lack of erogenous tissue. The penis's proprietor may not agree that it's
miles lovely. A circumcised guy (UK slang, additionally a term of abuse, specially for top-elegance men, "toffs") See also
bellend. Instrument used for haemostasis in freehand circumcision. They resemble double-performing bolt-cutters and might
actually reduce bone, so damage to the glans from this method become no longer uncommmon - specifically because the
glans could not be seen after they had been applied. Ulcers on the urethral meatus, as a result of ammonia burns to the
unprotected tissue (the ammonia generated through the breakdown of urine). When the ulcers heal, the scar formation
causes meatal stenosis. The mindset that the foreskin is "more" and circumcision is the norm, from which being
"uncircumcised" deviates. (from circumcision + orthodoxy, coined by using Hugh Young, June 14, 2011) See additionally
circumcisionism. Person with a compulsion to circumcise. Hence also circopathy , the compulsion to circumcise; and
circopathology , the psychological basis of that compulsion. (coined with the aid of Gary Harryman on July thirteen, 2001) A
euphemism for MGM, but typically used to mean cutting off the entire of the foreskin. It might also leave much less or extra of
the internal mucosa and of the frenulum (see high, low, free and tight.), at the whim of the circumcisor, to the more or lesser
detriment of the man or woman circumcised. Circumcision isn't always medicinal drug. It isn't "surgical procedure" either,
within the eyes of many. It is a "method" -- a vast time period that encompasses things like eliminating a splinter, adjusting a
spine, lysing a foreskin, or appearing the Heimlich maneuver. What are the guidelines governing the safety, efficacy and
necessity of "approaches"? Pretty vague. If circumcision have been surgery, or even actual remedy, it'd need a ton of hints,
such as how lots tissue to eliminate, what elements (just like the frenulum) to preserve or excise, and a way to acquire a
"neat" cut. There doesn't even exist a actual definition of what circumcision is, due to the fact there is no way to continually
pick out the organ or tissue being removed. It's now not like appendectomy or tonsillectomy, where the purpose is apparent.
There isn't any dotted line indicating where the foreskin ends and the shaft pores and skin begins. Circumcisions are like
snowflakes; no are exactly alike. And those fathers who insist on having their sons circumcised to "appear like them" do not
recognise the remarkable odds against the circumcisions being some thing like their very own. "Circumcision" is not a
particular operation. It isn't like a vasectomy or the extraction of a know-how tooth. Circumcision is merely a vague term that
says "a person went after the give up of my toddler's penis with a probe, knife and/or clamp". Fathers are not actually signing
up for Junior's penis to match -- what do you inform the dad who has no clean scar to talk of, but the son has a thick, Gomco-
brought about racing stripe around his johnson? The dad with an all-American "excessive-'n-tight" job whose son is handed
lower back to him with a loose, bunched reduce (as occurs extra regularly these days)? With 30 years among the processes
and modifications in strategies, how can a dad realistically expect the attack on his son's penis to be similar to the attack on
his very own? Circumcision is not anything more than how a given medical doctor, on a given day, could hack away at the
tissue of a regular, healthy penis. No doctors do it precisely the same; no two boys have exactly the equal anatomy to work
on. Clamps and bells were brought in an try to bring some consistency to the "procedure", however even they're now not
39. continuously carried out. Doctors can nevertheless pull the skin tighter, can nonetheless slip and slice a glans, can
nonetheless reason grievous hemorrhage. Given that this isn't always a important surgical operation in any experience on
wholesome kids, it's miles sincerely not possible to do it "properly". There is not any "properly" on the subject of circumcision
inside the absence of sickness or deformity (from harm, and so on.). We all just hack at the bits as high-quality we are able to,
attempting to expose the glans, and then inform the mother and father that it's 'achieved'." (L. Circumc isn't always an option.)
The attitude that the foreskin is "more" and circumcision is the norm, from which being "uncircumcised" deviates. (coined by
way of Travis Wisdom, June, 2011) See additionally circodoxy. Not to be harassed with the above: in theology, phrases
regarding the connection among the 3 Persons of the Trinity (L. Circum, around + in + sedere, to sit; or incedere, to move).
Torture-board with straps to maintain down a toddler sensibly struggling against being circumcised. Advertisement (". Velcro
straps . [deprive] him/her of leverage. The infant is held . With out threat of break out. ). See keratinisation. (L. Cornus = horn)
A useful reminder that the circumcised glans hardens like a employee's hands (but watch out for the double which means of
"horny"). Looking for a correlation in which none exists with the aid of studying facts greater fastidiously, for example
extracting information for a (small) subsample within the look for a connection among "lack of circumcision" and some
disorder. This vein terminates within the foreskin. After circumcision it ought to locate such connections as it could. On
erection it swells (becomes varicose) in a circumcised penis but hardly ever or much less so in an intact one - indicating that
circumcision dramatically alters the circulation of the penis. Gaping open of a wound. A worry of circumcision, particularly
when performed with a Gomco clamp. Click right here for a primary-hand account. (L. Gaping aside) Trade name (of
Advanced Tissue Sciences Inc. - in liquidation) for a skin-tissue cultured from human foreskins. See Apligraf (TM) . The use
of power to cauterise (burn) reduce tissues, seal blood vessels and so save you bleeding. Electrocautery devices can be
bipolar (wherein the strength flows among carefully spaced electrodes) or unipolar, wherein one electrode is placed at the
frame faraway from the surgery. Unipolar electrocautery must by no means be used on an extremity together with the finger or
penis because the heating impact takes region along its whole duration. Several circumcisions done this way have resulted
in ablation of the penis. In the case of David Reimer, using an electrocautery tool with a metal clamp in place contributed to
the harm. Epidermal inclusion cyst. A rare worry of circumcision, wherein an outer layer of pores and skin is folded into the
circumcision scar, which develops an enclosed mass of tissue. A tubular difficulty of circumcision, as while a skin br >
foreskin regression. The re-covering of the glans with the aid of the foreskin remnant in older men who've had a low and/or
loose circumcision, as a result of the natural shrinking of the penis. In some cases and in bloodless situations, this could
cause the arrival of intactness. Frankenpenis Circumcised penis, on account that it is artificial, and implying it's far
tremendous (Germany, from Franken[stein's creature]+ penis, in line with Andy on Network54, May 12, 2012) (circumcision)
with out a cause-designed clamp. One is proven on every other web page. Giorgi removal of the foreskin from a healthful
child, whether or not surgical or ritual. (Coined by using San Francisco Intactivists, July 28, 2011, after Loretta Giorgi, San
Francisco choose who struck down a circumcision poll to shield non secular hobbies, due to the fact doctors also do it.) A
circumcision tool together with a metallic bell and a flat plate with a hole in it, brought collectively via a screw to use circular
crushing and fusing pressure at the placement of excision. Greater. (from GOldstein Manufacturing COmpany, later Gomco
Surgical Manufacturing Co.) prevention of bleeding. (Gk., blood stopping) lockable scissors-like clamp utilized in freehand
circumcision. It crushes the foreskin distal to the glans, and the skin is cut with a scalpel distal to it. It may additionally
inadvertantly weigh down the tip of the glans as nicely, and with the aid of squeezing the cylindrical foreskin flat at handiest
one cease, can seldom make certain a fair reduce. A hassle of too-tight circumcision in which bushy scrotal pores and skin is
drawn directly to the penile shaft. A circumcision is called "high" when greater shaft-skin and much less mucosa is
eliminated. This leaves the scar especially excessive up the flacc >Picture of excessive circumcison Picture of low
circumcison. Overgrown, of scarring that has thickened (Gk, excess growth) (Damage) because of a doctor (or nurse or
parent) eg, phimosis caused by untimely try to retract the foreskin. (Gk. Iatros = physician) 'It took weeks for Alex to be
returned to his old self' Alison Westbury is mom to two boys and a girl. When her eldest son Alex become born, he suffered
from phimosis and his foreskin changed into very tight. At the age of seven he had a circumcision. "Alex became born with a
very tight foreskin. [ This is normal.] It couldn�t be retracted back over the penis [ normal ] and became hard to smooth. It
also prompted him to have repeated infections [ No, it was the misguided attempts to retract it that exposed the surfaces to
infection ] wherein we might should supply him antibiotics or special cream. We talked to the health worker about it while he
was younger and he or she informed us to hold an eye on it. But as he grew, it become still a hassle. For a few purpose,
he�d get extra infections at some point of the summer time � perhaps because he became hot and sweaty. [ Because
chlorine in swimming pools upset the normal bacterial balance under his foreskin. ] "We talked to our GP and he sa >[ wrong
] when he became secure and inside the bathtub, but this glaringly hurt him and it didn�t make things any higher, so we
didn�t try that very regularly. "In the give up, when it became apparent that it wasn�t getting any better, we were referred
to a representative on the sanatorium who endorsed an operation. He said it was higher to do it early. If we waited till Alex
become older, it might be a miles larger operation with an extended healing time. If we didn�t do something, we have
been informed he�d preserve getting infections and he may not be capable of have a full intercourse life. "We have been
given a choice of either a circumcision or a different operation called a preputioplasty, in which the foreskin is reduce to
permit it to retract. My husband determined that a circumcision might be a higher choice. As Alex�s foreskin was very tight,
we weren�t positive how a preputioplasty could appearance and idea that if it appeared distinctive, it might embarrass
Alex while he changed into older. "We talked to Alex about the operation a chunk, but he became very embarrassed, so in
the long run we didn�t inform him an excessive amount of. . "When the anaesthetic wore off, Alex became very sore. It
turned into too sore for him to put on pants and shorts, so he spent a couple of weeks after the op sporting his dad�s T-
shirts. It become hard to stop him f >[ Finding an important par. Penile Size Chart of your penis missing also has that effect. ]
40. "I hadn�t been given any information approximately what to do after the operation, and Alex was very nervous
approximately whether or not it would hurt while he urinated. I wasn�t really certain what to do, so I�d been getting Alex
to urinate within the tub to attempt to make it less complicated for him. However, when I spoke to the health center (due to the
fact the wound saved bleeding), they said it became the wrong issue to do and I ought to be preserving it dry. "It took
approximately weeks for Alex to become himself again. It stopped hurting after the wound had dried up, and after 3 weeks he
changed into again at school and going swimming together with his class. "He's very conscious that his penis appears one of
a kind to other boys� of his age and that it can look a chunk smaller. But when he instructed his high-quality buddy that
he�d had an operation, his friend simply said, �Well, we are able to�t all be the identical�, which I suppose has
helped to reassure him a piece." Bias at the a part of physicians and the scientific community to intervene, whether or not it's
far with pills, diagnostic assessments, non-invasive approaches, or surgical procedures, whilst now not intervening might be
an inexpensive alternative. The Case for Intervention Bias in the Practice of Medicine. Andrew J. Foy, MD, and Edward J.
Filippone, MD. Conclusion In conclusion, intervention bias is a hassle in cutting-edge medicine. It corrupts the informed
selection-making procedure and leads physicians to adopt futile and potentially harmful interventions and maintain the usage
of them after their blessings have been disproven. Futile interventions situation patients to unnecessary physical damage
and consequently violate the principle of �primum non nocere.� From an economic perspective, the adoption and full-
size use of such interventions confers a personal and social welfare loss. Penile Size Chart Recognition is the first step
towards overcoming bias, and physicians ought to recognize the constraints that intervention bias poses to the exercise of
drugs. To protect towards it, we should usually stay skeptical, insist on rigorous experimentation and reporting of trials that
involve tough endpoints, and be unafraid to protest the extensive usage of interventions that do not skip this take a look at.
Restriction of blood supply, a worry of circumcision. (Gk. Isch- = restrict, haema = blood) Of scars, pulling on the pores and
skin (Gk chele, a claw). The time period also refers to extremes of hypertrophic scarring, an extraordinary difficulty of
circumcision. Hardening of the mucosa of the glans after circumcision, leading to reduced sensitivity. (Gk. Keras = horn) All
pores and skin has a layer of dead cells at the outer surface of the outer main layer, the epidermis. These useless cells are in
large part made from a dried-up fibrous protein referred to as keratin that was part of the internal skeleton of the residing cells,
before they matured and died on their manner toward the surface. Therefore, human beings talk of keratinisation of the
various elements of the penile pores and skin. What they're interested in is the hypothesis that, in view that this accretion
makes the pores and skin watertight in each instructions and keeps out all other foreign matter (i.E. Acts as a barrier), the
thicker this deposit the much more likely it's far to hold out invading organisms, along with viruses. Hence the obsession with
keratin by people who agree with that the inner foreskin does no longer have sufficient keratin to provide a barrier in
opposition to HIV. And the longstanding factoid that circumcision dries-up the closing mucous membranes (the internal floor
of the foreskin and glans) suggests to the circumcision sponsors that boom in the depth of keratin effects, thereby growing
protection. This is the underlying speculation for the organic mechanism at the back of the findings in Africa. However, a
Chicago take a look at showed the inner layer to have thicker keratin than the outer (25.37 +/- 12.Fifty one vs 20.Fifty four +/-
12.51 mm, respectively; P = 0.451). If those figures were showed with the aid of any other have a look at with enough
electricity for importance, they would entirely 'rot-up' the keratinisation-with-circ protection mechanism argument of the
darkside. A Chinese take a look at disproves the opinion (frequently expressed with the aid of the seasoned-circumcision
lobby) that Langerhans cells are extra plentiful in the internal mucosa than the outer pores and skin. It discovered the exact
opposite.Outer foreskin is simply the extension of the shaft pores and skin over the glans to the preputial orifice. A
circumcision (whether "high" or "low") is referred to as "free" when the penis's proprietor is allowed to preserve extra of his
pores and skin and/or mucosa. A low and loose circumcision may additionally resemble a evidently brief foreskin, however
even the loosest of conventional circumcisions will nevertheless get rid of all of the r >Picture of loose circumcison Picture of
tight circumcison. A circumcision is known as "low" while extra mucosa and less shaft-skin is removed. This leaves the scar
incredibly low down the flacc >Picture of low circumcison Picture of high circumcison. Rotation of the shaft-skin with
recognize to the glans at some point of circumcision, causing the raphe no longer to line up with the frenulum. A life-long
aesthetic blemish, effortlessly devoted (when the shaft is included in blood) with the aid of a health practitioner who may not
even understand that it is a possibility. (L. = horrific putting collectively) Narrowing of the meatus, a completely not unusual
worry of circumcision. Click for large. Ulcer at the meatus, a totally common problem of circumcision. Inflammation of the
meatus, one of the viable consequences of circumcision. Operation to accurate meatal stenosis via enlarging the opening of
the meatus. In the 19th century, meatal stenosis after circumcision, and consequently meatotomy, became so common that in
Jewish folklore, meatotomy changed into called the "2nd circumcison". (Van Howe, R. S. And Cold, C. J.: Etiology of
idiopathic anterior urethritis. Urology, 53: 658, 1999) A circumcision tool together with flat blades introduced collectively and
held through a rotating cam. It then closes to overwhelm the foreskin earlier than it's miles cut. Described as "the least painful
approach" even though there is no reason this have to be so, and "capable of be used with out preceding experience." .
Greater (Heb. = protect) Death of tissue. (adj. Necrotic) "Galloping gangrene", a possible consequence of circumcision.
Newborn child. (adj. Neonatal) nerve pressure principle. 18 th -19 th Century principle whereby "anxious ether" radiating
from the brain set the body in motion. "Nerve pressure" turned into believed to circulate within the frame just like the 4
humours, and a shortage or an excess, believed to motive ailment. "Irritability" (i.E. Sensitivity, however stressed with
irritation) of the genitals caused an imbalance in nerve pressure. Thus masturbation became to be condemned and
prevented on health in addition to moral grounds. See additionally reflex theory. Abnormal increase of a nerve, particularly at
a reduce end, a trouble of circumcision, inflicting confusion of sensations. (Gk neur- = nerve -oma = growth. Pl neuromata,
neuromas) sanatorium-obtained (contamination). (from Gk, nosokomeion , clinic) See also iatrogenic. Nerve specialised for
the detection of painful stimuli. (L. Nocere, to harm + [re]ceptor) Brand name of foreskin-derived tissue, like Apligraf (TM)
41. Peyronie's ailment (Peyronie's fibroid) A plaque of dense tissue within the penis causing painful erections and deformity,
along with a unethical penis (in lots of cases a canine-leg or "J" shape, or twisting the penis around almost a complete 360
tiers - a corkscrew) whilst erect. A man with Peyronie's "can pee round a tree". An image of Peyronies, from the American
Academy of Family Physicians' internet site. (The penis proven is circumcised). True Peyronie's is extraordinarily rare and
does not have any regarded dating to circumcision. The condition can be inherited or the result of trauma, even minor. A easy
curve of the penis, however, could be the result of, or worsened via, a circumcision performed extra poorly than usual. A
video of an operation for Peyronie's disease. A disposable circumcision tool which includes a grooved plastic dome (with a
handle, designed to be broken off) placed under the foreskin (which should be slit and forcibly separated from the glans to
allow entry). A ligature (thread) is tied tightly around the foreskin, crushing it into the groove, causing it to emerge as necrotic
(to die) and drop off. Extra. [moved link] Medical Gk for circumcision (posthe = foreskin, -ectomy = cutting off) pseudo-foreskin
False foreskin; may additionally confer with an artificial foreskin made to conceal circumcision (as devised by means of the
boy Roman Polanski as a defence in opposition to detection by way of Nazis) an articificial foreskin made to re-sensitize the
glans (eg the Manhoodâ„¢) shaft pores and skin that pushes over the glans in vintage age because the shaft shrinks and/or
the fat pad at the bottom of the penis grows a secondary foreskin grown via recuperation strategies (this usage isn't always
favoured by means of restorers). (Gk pseudo- = fake) More than a person (apart from the owner) feels secure with. There is
not any rule about how an awful lot foreskin anybody should be blessed with. (Well, maybe if it journeys him up while he
walks. ) Babies and small boys pretty usually have as a whole lot as 1cm (zero.5 in) of overhang. This has been better
defined as "ample foreskin". Parents who're concerned that their son has an excessive amount of foreskin must be informed,
"Don't worry, he'll develop into it." In infants, �redundancy of the foreskin is not unusual [and] everyday; the skin awaits the
development of the corpora cavernosa and spongiosum so that it will occur at puberty. - "Some observations On the anatomy
of phimosis", Geoffrey Jefferson, M. S. LOND., F. R. C. S., (ENG.), VICTORIA, B. C. Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics
(Chicago), Volume 23, Number 2: pages 177-181, August 1916. Mid-19 th to early 20 th Century concept that "nervous
connections regulated all bodily organs and contributors impartial of human will and that ailment in an organ or body element
should produce consequences at remote places which might be handled by way of techniques on the element idea to be
exercise the consequences." In the male, those sites often turned out to be the penis and foreskin. Hence using circumcision
to "cure" such numerous troubles as epilepsy and paralysis. See also nerve pressure concept. Routine , of toddler
circumcision: 1. Done as a rely o. Penile Size Chart route, with out session. This changed into common thru the early part of
the 20 th century. 2. Finished without scientific symptoms, the widespread majority of circumcisions. Medical associations
generally use a chunk of linguistic sleight-of-hand while they say "recurring circumcision must no longer be peformed." This
appeases each supporters of circumcision, who apprehend them to intend feel 1, and fighters, who expect them to mean
experience 2. (physician) over-geared up to resort to surgical operation (cf cause-glad) A circumcision device which include
concentric plastic jewelry that "sandwich" (unlucky expression) the foreskin, permitting it to be reduce away. Extra (after Jian-
Zhong Shang (inventor) + ring) Picture of ShangRing. Sheldon clamp (TM) A circumcision tool with two units of jaws. The
first set grasps the acroposthion, the second one set, the foreskin proper, in advance of the glans - if the boy is lucky. The cut
is made among the 2 sets. A complication of circumcision wherein the recuperation excision scar fuses to the broken mucosa
of the glans, normally at the corona. A sort of skin bridges can be seen on Circumcision web page 1. A technique of freehand
circumcision. A mark is made on the outer skin, generally on the coronal bulge, and another at the mucosa at a desired
distance from the corona. A circular cut thru the pores and skin is crafted from every mark, disconnecting a 'sleeve' of pores
and skin among the 2 marks. Scissors are used to cut along the sleeve so that it is able to be eliminated. The two circular
cuts are added together and stitched. An actual quantity of each outer and internal skin may be eliminated, and the complete
of the action is visible. With different techniques, the internal pores and skin is cut blind. Sleeve resection isn't always used
on newborns. Sleeve resection became used inside the randomised controlled trial at Rakei in Uganda, and there it became
described as ". The foreskin was retracted and a distal incision made 0�five-1�zero cm proximal to the coronal sulcus,
followed through a proximal incision on the unretracted prepuce at the corona." A non-reusable circumcision device product
of plastic, similar to the Tara KLamp, that cuts off circulate to the foreskin, using a plastic ring clamped in region over a tube.
Greater. Excessive waft of "sperm" [i.E. Semen], a 19 th century "sickness" and an early excuse for circumcision. "Excessive"
(like "redundant foreskin" nowadays) meant "more than the physician or mother and father felt comfy with" and "symptoms"
blanketed nocturnal emissions (wet goals) that the health practitioner now not loved. A disfigurement of circumcision in which
a despair is left inside the pores and skin whilst a stitch is eliminated or dissolves. A disposable circumcision tool
manufactured from plastic, that cuts off circulate to the foreskin, the usage of a plastic ring clamped in place over a tube .
Extra. (From the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur = K.L., for this reason KLamp) [Click for a picture of a Tara KLamp (TM) .]
A circumcision (whether "high" or "low") is called "tight" when the penis's proprietor has greater of his pores and skin and
mucosa taken from him. Tight circumcisions are possibly to cause painful erections (maybe even tearing on the scar) and
draw the pubic hair up the shaft. Circumfetishists seem to love them, but. Brand name of foreskin-derived tissue, like Apligraf
(TM) . Among the urethra and the skin, as a urethrocutaneous fistula. Because the inner and outer skins of the penis do no
longer obviously match together around the frenulum whilst the foreskin is cut away, a spherical function or functions may
additionally shape with spiral ridging beneath and behind the glans near the centre. Alternative name for Gomco clamp. (co-
inventor) Zoon's balanitis, Zoon's ailment. An infection of the foreskin and/or glans, affecting specifically older men. Until
currently, considered a watertight reason to circumcise, however this article indicates otherwise. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2010
Apr 29. [Epub ahead of print] Ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment of idiopathic chronic inflammatory non-cicatricial
balanoposthitis (Zoon's disease) - A series of 20 patients with long-term final results. Abstract Background: Chronic
inflammatory non-cicatricial balanitis/balanoposthitis (Zoon 1952) isn't uncommon amongst elderly uncircumcised males.
43. Archibald, Superintendent of the Iowa Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, we have come to be acquainted with a method of
treatment of this ailment [ masturbation ] which is applicable in refractory cases, and we've got employed it with complete
delight. It consists inside the application of one or more silver sutures in the sort of way as to save you erection. The prepuce,
or foreskin, is drawn forward over the glans, and the needle to which the twine is attached is handed through from one s > -
John Harvey Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young, pp 295-6. [ It is now also impossible to clean under the foreskin.
"Hygiene" to Kellogg and his peers meant only "moral hygiene". ] the labia, to save you sex. Drastic scraping and removal of
girl genitalia, leaving only a small hollow. (L. Fibula = brooch) A disease characterized with the aid of the presence of a
higher than everyday degree of methemoglobin (metHb) inside the blood. Methemoglobin is a shape of haemoglobin that
does not bind oxygen. When its attention is expanded in crimson blood cells, tissue hypoxia (scarcity of oxygen) can arise.
Methemoglobinaemia is a risk of priloocaine, a constituent of EMLA anaesthetic cream, used in circumcision. (not surgical
operation but) every other scientific treatment regarded as a univeral preventative for almost 2000 years, now unknown.
Severing of nerves (Gk. Neur- = nerve, -ect- = out, -tomy = slicing), an operation to dispose of sensation, finished on cause at
the base of the penis within the 19th century with a purpose to reduce sexual satisfaction. Clark, A. Campbell and Henry E.
Clark, 'Neurectomy a preventive of masturbation', Lancet, 23 September 1899, p. 838. Hamilton, J.A.G., 'Treatment of
nymphomania by way of division of branches of internal pudic and inferior pudendal nerves', Australasian Medical Gazette,
Vol. XXII, 20 May 1903, pp. 205-6 refers also to "successful" treatment of a male affected person. Spratling, Edgar,
'Masturbation within the grownup', Medical Record, Vol. Forty eight, 1895, pp. 442-three describes reducing the nerve as too
draconian; prefers circumcision. Invariably accomplished within the path of circumcision on the sulcus with the effect of
decreasing sexual satisfaction. (Strictly speaking, neurectomy entails putting off some nerve tissue, neurotomy is severing
handiest. Nerves heal together with problem, so the consequences are comparable.) Cutting off of the penis. A treatment of
remaining lodge for penile most cancers. Distinct from castration/orchidectomy (removal of the testicles) though both is
probably finished collectively. Reshaping-surgical treatment at the foreskin (consisting of circumcision-reversal). One
physician's term for his untimely forcible retration of the foreskin, breaking the synechia. Literally "reducing the synechia"
(Gk). A greater accurate term could be synechialysis (breaking the synechia). Form of posthioplasty (eg to correct phimosis or
penoscrotal webbing or to taper a non-surgically restored foreskin) concerning a Z-formed incision. RITUAL
CIRCUMCISION. Traditional Xhosa circumcision nurse. Yugoslav Muslim circumcisor. Intact male (Heb., pl = arelim) Slotted
plate utilized in Brit Milah to isolate the glans from the foreskin to be eliminated.(Heb., = iron, knife) Heb., = covenant, pl.,
Britot (Contrary to the perception of the British Israelite movement, the words "Britain" and "British" are from Celtic, and
unconnected to the Hebrew phrase.) Jewish circumcision ceremony, performed on the eighth day after birth. (Heb., =
covenant of slicing, pl. Brit Milot). (Often burdened with Bar Mitzvah, a Jewish boy's coming of age rite, typically held
approximately age thirteen, whilst he first reads a part of the Torah in the Synagogue or Temple.) Surgery-free Jewish
naming ceremony, done in Israel. (Heb., = covenant of phrases) Surgery-unfastened Jewish naming rite. (Heb., = covenant of
wholeness) much less commonplace than: Surgery-loose Jewish naming rite. (Heb., = covenant of peace) NB The Brit
Shalom Society had not anything to do with circumcision: it turned into an employer of Jewish intellectuals in the 1920s-30s
promoting Jewish-Arab reconciliation. Contact information for celebrants. Person who derives sexual pleasure from the act of
circumcision. Circumfetishism , such pleasure. Circumfetishism must be outstanding from just eroticising the circumcised
penis, as many girls and gay men may do, only for need of understanding every other - but see apotemnophilia and
acrotomophilia. Circumfetishism may additionally contain fantasies of energy and control, which may be ritualistically acted
out. They can be active (sadistic) fantasies of circumcising, or passive (masochistic) fantasies of being circumcised, and the
rituals, once they occur, of course contain each. Circumfetishists have at the least one internet site and 3 golf equipment. The
circlist internet site links to a dialogue group ("Circlist has continually accepted, and will keep to allow, circumcision
associated fetish /sexual postings/substances, directly, gay or in any other case. Indiv >circ-fetish , sexual info, scientific info
and an area to fulfill up with fellow circumcision fanatics and proponents. "). In June 2005 they held the first International
Circumsexual Symposium, in Washington, D.C.. Circumfetishist "Ben Winkie" blogs approximately it. ("Interests: Being
masturbated at the same time as circumcision is being discussed. Watching circumcisions with others. Etc.") His profile
opens new vistas ("circumcision mood tune"?). The quantity of circumfetishism among medical doctors and others who carry
out little one circumcisions is unknown. There is not any article on circumfetishism in Wikipedia (even though there may be
one on foreskin fetishism), ostensibly because it isn't always yet "encyclopaedic" - no one has written a systematic paper on
it. (One Wikipedian, for reasons of his very own, movements heaven and earth to keep Intactivist statistics out of that in any
other case treasured aid.) " Some obstetricians have made early circumcision almost a fetish, reaching [a] reductio advert
absurdum in one example with which we are familiar in which the operation become accomplished whilst the hips been
brought and pending expulsion of the upper half of of the frame.". - Diseases of the Newborn, Schaffer and Avery, 4th ed,
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1977, p 420. Circumfetishists' preferred term for themselves and their condition, possibly
because it elevates their fetish to the status of a sexual orientation (cf heterosexual, gay). "Circumsexual has properly over
2,000 members, making us one in every of the largest circumfetishist organizations on the net! "Circumsexual is a set for men
which are became on by using circumcised penises, the process of circumcision, or the myth of being circumcised and/or
performing circumcisions on others. "It is not an anti-circ nor seasoned-circ discussion board, nor is it a place to debate such
affairs. It's definitely for guys 18 and older that find everything approximately CIRCUMCISION to be EROTIC. "Where
CIRCLIST is more about the critical s >- message touting the circumsexual internet site. Pygmy circumcision rite. Bedouin
circumcision ceremony. Maasai circumcision rite. Feast of the Circumcision. January 1 (the eighth day after Christmas),
Christian competition of Jesus' circumcision (commonly used to don't forget his human susceptibility to wounding, and his
circumcision as a precursor of his crucifixion, in preference to his Judaism). Hatifat dam berit. Ritual replacement for Brit
44. Milah (for whilst a converting guy is already circumcised, or a child is born with out a foreskin or won't be circumcised for
medical motives) concerning a pinprick to the penis, drawing as a minimum a drop of blood (Heb.) traditional Xhosa
physician-circumcisor. Circumcision ritual of the Bagisu of Uganda. Double-edged knife used for Jewish circumcision. Both
aspects are sharp to keep away from the risk of seeking to use the blunt facet. Turkish circumcision rite. Woman who excises
girls' genitalia (Arabic = she who lowers the clitoris) Circumcisor (Ar. Fem. Khatinah) Circumcision (classical Ar.) Islamic
ritual circumcisors (from khitAn) The call is utilized in parts of Egypt, throughout the Levant, Iraq, the Arab Peninsula and the
Gulf. Khitoum are barber-surgeons. The sucking of blood from the wound. (Heb., = sucking, not to be burdened with
Mezuzah, a holder for a scroll, nailed to a door-post). Metzitzah p beh, sucking via mouth, become extensively believed to be
out of date in all but difficult to understand European Jewish groups, until three toddlers in New York, all circumcised through
the same mohel have been found to have herpes. There observed an brilliant amount of bending over backward. Only one
commentater has even hinted at less than the highest motivation for the practice. Another infant died in 2011. (Heb. From
m.H.L, reduce, circumcise, cognate with milah) Jewish ritual circumcisor. Need not be a rabbi or a man. May be a medical
doctor. (pl. Mohalim, fem. Mohalet, fem. Pl. Mohalot.) Mohalot are an innovation of the Reform motion, no longer recognized
through Orthodox Judaism. There has been no corresponding agitation with the aid of mohalot to be allowed to circumcise
baby girls. Bengali, to circumcise, literally "to make Muslim" Whether circumcision should be called "mutilation" is
contentious. A discussion of this is on its personal web page. Purified, circumcised (Ar., passive participle of TaThIr) Islamic
ritual circumcisor (Ar., = cleaner) Barber. (pl. MuzayyinUn -In.) The call utilized in Islamic North Africa from Morocco to Egypt.
Barbers commonly perform circumcisions. Nolad mahul born without a foreskin, see aposthia (Heb. Born circumcised)
Slotted board used in Malay ritual circumcision (cf barzel) The radical shape of Jewish circumcision instituted (or formalised)
within the second century CE to save you concealment. (Heb., = whole) Anglicised Gk = circumcision. St Paul sa >
posthephagy. Ritual consuming of the foreskin. An advertisement on the Craig's List internet site from anon-19728116
obliquely refers to this exercise as an factor of circumfetishism: I would emphasize that every one who choose my methods
are consenting adults -- indiv >dietary cost of surgically excised foreskin most of the select institution of cultural pioneers who
carry out the procedure. Given the existing repressive political weather, the culinary interests of this community of
practitioners should remain out of the public arena for the instant future. An ad-hoc Yiddish form of smegma. Carries a tone of
contempt via similarity with words like schmegegge , schlemiel , schmo and the "X----? Schm----!" catchphrase. (Old Yiddish
might have very little use for a phrase for smegma.) Split the penis ("like a hotdog" - Glenn Epps), an even more extreme form
of subincision. A ventral slit within the penis thru to the urethra, from the meatus a few way alongside the shaft, normal among
a few Australian aboriginal peoples. (Malay) circumcision in Malaysia. According to Hull and Budiharsana, on Maluku in
1996, many Muslim guys had been said to have passed through sunatan "without any foreskin being reduce". According to
legend, Islamic leaders had modified the custom after some of deaths. Further information had been now not given. (Hull,
Terence J., and Meiwita Budiharsana, "Male circumcision and penile enhancement in Southeast Asia: Matters of Pain and
Pleasure" Reproductive Health Matters, vol 9 no 18, November 2001, 60-7) Turkish ritual circumcision, accomplished pre-
puberty, by using a . Turkish circumcisor. (Reportedly these days changed via a physician.) A dorsal slit inside the foreskin,
used by/on the priestly and royal castes of historical Egypt and still customary amongst some Pacific peoples, along with the
ones of Tikopia. A not unusual technique is to push a sliver of bamboo underneath the foreskin to shield the glans and make
the slit ahead to the brink of the foreskin. If executed pre-puberty, the final results seems similar to circumcision and has the
advantage over circumcision that no tissue is lost. In Samoa and the Philippines, under missionary influence, it's been
medicalised and changed by complete circumcision. Circumcision (Ar. = purification) Circumcise (Ar., = make natural)
(Malay) Ritual circumcisor. Ritual circumcision inside the Ciskei of Southern Africa (Xhosa) RESTORATION. A restoration
technique promoted via BUFF, regarding everyday stretching. (Dual-movement Incremental Longitudinal Expander) A
foreskin recovery device the use of an inner screw to push at the glans at the same time as pulling the skin. Its internet site
has greater info. Fauxskin (pr. Foe-skin, but greater regularly written than spoken) Restored foreskin. (Fr. Fake=fake) Many
restored men dislike the time period, in view that their foreskin is not "fake", booking it for synthetic foreskin substitutes along
with the ManHood, Senslip and Docker. Dumbbell-shaped steel device for overdue levels of healing. The skin is taped over
one ball, the other used to attach weight or elastic. Restoration method advanced by Johnny: for info. McCuiston, James J.
Kernersville N.C. Inventor of an artificial foreskin-substitute comprising a foreskin-shaped sleeve (probably containing
silicone) held on through a cylinder ribbed for relative tension. Patent No 5,074,315, Dec 24, 1991. Trade name for an
synthetic foreskin-alternative worn over the glans. The reality that such products are manufactured and sold is an indictment
of toddler circumcision. Closed-foam plastic (The trademark "Nerf®" is property of Hasbro® business enterprise). A plug
made of it, used inside the DILE gadget of foreskin healing between the glans and the attachment tool. Point Of Equilibrium.
The factor (genuinely a line across the penis) wherein anxiety in the direction of the glans and toward the base is identical
whilst T-tape attracts the pores and skin forward. Early name for the Restor-EZ. Restored foreskin, from "prepuce", coined via
Hugh Young, January 25, 2009 as an alernative for those who dislike the "faux" factor of "fauxskin". Return penis to as near
as possible to the way it'd be if now not circumcised, by a) the use of mild tension over time to encourage boom, b) surgery. A
web page offers some more information about this. System of recuperation concerning a cylindical splint. Restore Skin
gadget. A kitset inclusive of T-tape, suspender-like elastics, and a special oil to take away the tapes and their adhesive.
Surgical tape made in a T-shaped pass-segment, with the pinnacle of the crossbar adhesive, gripping each sides of the
pores and skin to be pulled forward, and the upright used to use anxiety. A recovery device made from silcone cones, held on
by friction, the inner one with a loop for anxiety. (TLC: TapeLess Conical) A approach of foreskin recuperation regarding
plastic shells, the outer one fitting so snugly over the restoring foreskin and the inner one which no adhesive is needed.
Tension is carried out thru the internal shell, so that that the foreskin is honestly pushed rather than pulled. Brandon Marr's
45. internet site has extra details. A weight fashioned to in shape the the front of the glans, to which the restoring foreskin can be
taped, with a hole for urination. (Formerly P.U.D., Penis Uncircumcising Device) Not to be burdened with the TLC Tugger.
Restore foreskin. "Uncircumcised" isn't usually utilized in Intactivist circles to describe intact penises or guys. INTACTIVISM.
Frame of mind common inside the US (and no doubt the Muslim international) in which the circumcised penis is "everyday"
the whole penis is "uncircumcised" the foreskin is "more skin" the foreskin is "now not a part of the penis" and many others.
Circumcised thinking see circumcised mind-set. Reduce endowment. A phrase (tailored to this feel in 1996 by means of John
Antonopoulos of Montreal) whose derivatives, disendowment, and so forth., usefully remind humans that circumcision
reduces the dimensions of the penis - something some guys are said to care approximately. Whole (of guy or penis, along
with his or its authentic foreskin) (L. = now not touched) The motion to shield children (whether male, woman or intersexed)
from having wholesome components of their genitals cut off. The highest shape of human existence, one that selflessly
devotes him/herself to the purpose of Intactivism. (Word coined by way of Richard DeSeabra in 1995 - despite the fact that
not with this definition.) July 1, as far as viable from the Feast of the Circumcision, a yet-to-be-celebrated competition of
intactness, whether or not completed, wished for or labored for. A institution of intact and restoring men, and ladies, selling
Intactivism via the "Intact Network" e-newsletter. A -month-to-month e-newsletter promoting Intactivism, edited with the aid of
Ken Derifield. A yet-to-be-fashioned body on the way to retire Circumstraints (tm), rescue babies, spill mock-blood on health
facility steps, disrupt meetings of circumcisors and (non-violently) bomb circumcision chambers. (Date to be determined) A
day set apart for celebrating the penis. (Some women will ask, "What day isn't always?") At least one Japanese city already
celebrates Penis Day ( Hounen Matsuri ), on March 15: A National Penis Day (September five) has been held in New
Zealand. The New Zealand AIDS Foundation turned into frustrated in 2002 that it became no longer allowed to erect a
billboard displaying men's bare torsos to publicise the occasion and to demystify the penis and male sexuality. In 2003 a
radio station were given big numbers of people to take their clothes off in public locations to raise focus of prostate most
cancers. Photographs from the event show that intactness is now everyday in New Zealand. ABBREVIATIONS. First
International Symposium on Circumcision, at Anaheim, California, March 1-3, 1989. Second International Symposium on
Circumcision, in San Francisco, California, April 30-May 3, 1991. Third International Symposium on Circumcision, at the
University of Maryland, May 22-25, 1994. Fourth International Symposium on Sexual Mutilations, at Lausanne, Switzerland,
August Sept. 11, 1996. Fifth International Symposium on Sexual Mutilations, at Oxford, England, 5-7 August 1998. Sixth
International Symposium on Genital Integrity, on the University of Sydney, Australia, December 7-nine, 2000. Seventh
International Symposium on Genital Integrity, Washington DC, March-April 2002. Eighth International Symposium on Genital
Integrity, Padova (Padua), Italy, September 2-4 2004. Ninth International Symposium on Circumcision, Genital Integrity and
Human Rights, Seattle, Washington, August 24-26, 2006. Tenth International Symposium on Circumcision, Genital Integrity
and Human Rights, Keele, Staffordshire, UK, September 4-6, 2008. Eleventh International Symposium on Circumcision,
Genital Integrity and Human Rights, Berkeley, California, July 29-31, 2010. American Academy of Pediatrics. American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. American Hospital Association. Albanian Medical Association; American
Medical Association. British Journal of Urology. British Medical Journal. Brothers United for Future Foreskins, a recuperation
enterprise ("in the main married heterosexuals" - Bud Berkeley) circumcise, circumcision. Many people try to keep away from
the words. Canadian Foreskin Awareness Project, an advocacy institution dedicated to �foreskin training, appreciation
and stimulation,� founded by means of Glen Callender. Circumcised Fathers [or Dads] of Intact Sons, a guide
organization. Circumcise, circumcision. Many Intactivists dislike this abbreviation because it trivialises ( and - sounding like
"dirk" - "masculinises? - HY ) the operation. Circumcision. A euphemism utilized by a few nurses to nonetheless further
trivialise the operation and infantilise the mom. Canadian Medical Association. Canadian Paediatric Society. Evidence-
based Medicine, usually considered a Good Thing (mainly with the aid of individuals who can discover evidence to guide
their case, regardless of its high-quality). Female Genital Cutting, a more neutral time period than Female Genital Mutilation.
Female Genital Mutilation (previously known as girl circumcision) Female Genital Surgery, an inaccurate term for Female
Genital Cutting whilst it's miles performed out of doors a surgical setting. Fear, Ignorance, Greed - 3 of the principle
motivations for circumcision. Friends of Foreskin, an Intactivist umbrella institution (New Zealand) Human Genital Mutilation
(FGM + MGM) Healing Our Wounds, a San Francisco help institution for circumcised guys. Contact Wayne Goodman.
Journal of the American Medical Association. Intact Men Against Circumcision, an Intactivist business enterprise. They
should sue Apple Computer for breach of copyright. Keep On Tugging, farewell used by restoring guys. Law Commission
(UK) Male Circumcision, a time period favoured by using its proponents. Male Genital Cutting, neutral term shaped to parallel
Female Genital Cutting. National Organi[s/z]ation of Restoring Men, a recovery organisation. The US one has the domain
call NORM.ORG. Obstetrician/Gyn[a]ecologist. A medical doctor specialising in childbirth/ladies, without a precise know-how
in male genitalia or infant boys. (L = person who stands in front / Gk = one who discourses on ladies) Randomised Controlled
Trial. Medical test in which participants are randomly assigned into two or extra companies, one institution, (the manage
institution) now not having the take a look at technique done to it. The Gold Standard of scientific exams is the Double
Blinded Placebo Controlled Randomised Trial, in which neither experimenters nor subjects know that is receiving the
experimental process, and the control group gets a remedy that doesn't encompass the process being examined for.
Randomised Clinical Trial. "RCTs are greater usually termed randomized managed trials, but the RCTs in this example [for
circumcision and HIV in South Africa, Kenya and Uganda] had been clinical experiments and are called randomized clinical
trials." - Dowsett & Couch. Routine Infant Circumcision (an in-house Intactivist expression) Stop Mutilating Every Goy
Manchild Automatically, a transient 3-member agency on a Compuserve holistic health group, headed by John Chastain.
See also smegma. Tender Loving Care, but in TLC Tugger, TapeLess Conical. (additionally) Uncircumcised Society of
America, a club particularly for homosexual men with a foreskin fetish. The overdue Glenn M. J. Epps the late John Erickson
46. Sami Aldeeb Rudy the Alphacub Mario I. Calderó (o-acute) Peter Daniels Geoffrey T. Falk Al Fields Dr Maarire Goodall
Nicholas Heer George Hill Jono Hoch Frederick Hodges Menahem Luz Ken McGrath Robert Meigs Mr Martin B L Novoa
Chris Price Karol Tees R. Wayne John Willcocks Miles Witt.