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Review of Thyroid Dysfunction
1. Kristopher Maday, MS, PA-C
Program Director/Associate Professor
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Physician Assistant Program
2.
3. Target Tissue Effect Mechanism
Heart
Chronotropic
Increase number and affinity of β-
adrenergic receptors
Inotropic
Enhance responses to circulating
catacholamines
Adipose Tissue Catabolic Stimulate lipolysis
Muscle Catabolic Increase protein breakdown
Bone
Developmental
Metabolic
Promote normal skeletal development,
accelerates bone turnover
Nervous System Developmental Promote normal brain development
Gut Metabolic Increase rate of carbohydrate absorption
Lipoprotein Metabolic Stimulates LDL receptor formation
Metabolism Calorigenic
Increases metabolic rate by stimulating
O2 consumption of metabolically active
tissues
4. • Infectious
– Staphylococcus, streptococcus
– Signs and Symptoms
• Rapid onset
• Neck pain, fever, chills, dysphagia
– Ultrasound to evaluate for abscess
– Treatment
• IV antibiotics PO after 2-3d defervescence
5. • Subacute
– 2 main causes
• Post-viral infection (2-8 weeks)
• Autoimmune
– Signs and Symptoms
• Enlarged, tender thyroid
– Laboratory
• Elevated ESR or CRP
• (+) thyroglobulin or thyroperoxidase
• Variable thyroid panel
9. • Grave’s Disease
– Most common cause of hyperthyroidism is US
– Autoimmune disease
• High association with other autoimmune diseases
– Female:Male 8:1
– Onset in 20s-40s
T3 > T4
Triiodothyronine 90% is derived from peripheral deiodination of T4
Thyroxine
Hashimoto’s autoimmune
De Quarvain’s post-viral
Supportive
Pain control
Thyroid dysfunction
Notice the right lobeatrophy in response to the hyeprfucntioning left lobe
Amiodorone induced
Trial fibrillation and premature atrial complexes
Tracheal compression
Propanolol in high doses (>160mg/day) can block peripheral diodination of T3
Propanolol in high doses (>160mg/day) can block peripheral diodination of T3
Panel A shows the processing of radioiodine in a thyroid follicle. The thyrotropin receptor and the sodium–iodine symporter (NIS) are located on the basolateral membrane. Iodine is actively transported across the apical membrane in a pendrin-dependent process. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, thyroid peroxidase facilitates the iodination of the tyrosyl residues of thyroxin. The resulting compound is subsequently coupled to form free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Panel B shows the patterns of radioiodine uptake into the thyroid in Graves' disease (diffuse uptake), in toxic adenoma (focal uptake), and in toxic nodular goiter (focal or patchy uptake), which has both autonomous and nonfunctioning nodules.
Amiodorone, lithium
May start lower in older patients
Symptoms improve in 2 weeks
Titrate for symptoms and normalization of TSH
Severe, life-threatening hypothyroidism
Same symptoms as hypothyroidism, but much more severe
AMS, coma, seizures, hypothermia, hyponatremia, “doughy” skin
Causes
Systemic illness or sudden cessation of levothyroxine
T3 is continued until symptoms abate patient becomes stable