Presentations made at the PSSP First Annual Conference - December 13, 14, 2012 - Planning Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan

1. Pakistan Rural Household Survey
Overview and Highlights
by
Hina Nazli, Syed Hamza Haider, Stephanie Hausladen, Asjad Tariq,
Hassan Shafiq, Saqib Shahzad, Amina Mehmood, Asma Shahzad and
Edward Whitney
Productivity, Growth and Poverty Reduction in Rural
Pakistan
Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP)
December 13, 2012
Islamabad

2. Plan of Presentation
• Rationale
• Sample and survey instruments
• Introduction of Survey – basic human capabilities
– Economic factors (income, livelihoods, work,
expenditures),
– Human factors (education, health, living conditions),
– Political factors (empowerment, rights, voice),
– Socio-cultural factors (status, dignity), and
– Protective factors (insecurity, risk, vulnerability)
• Summary of findings
• Way forward

3. Rationale for the Panel Survey – First of Four
Annual Rounds between 2012 and 2015
Provide:
• a credible baseline assessment of the rural
economy of Pakistan
• a scientific mechanism for the identification of
challenges and opportunities for economic
growth and poverty reduction
• and an instrument for monitoring and evaluating
outcomes from National Policies especially under
the New Growth Framework

4. Survey Sample
• 19 districts from three provinces (Punjab, Sindh, KPK)
– 12 from Punjab
– 5 from Sindh
– 2 from KPK
• 4 mouzas in each district (76 in total)
– 1 enumeration block with a maximum of 200 households
• 28 households in one enumeration block
• 2,124 households visited
– 34 refused
• Survey covered 2090 households
– 1310 in Punjab,
– 556 in Sindh, and
– 224 in KPK

6. Survey Information
• 76 enumerators and 19 supervisors were
selected to implement the survey
• The survey was conducted between March
20th, 2012 and April 25th, 2012
• The data entry program was written in CSPro,
with internal consistency checks. The files
were then converted to Stata and SPSS

7. Survey Instruments
• Separate instruments to collect information at
household and village levels
• Household-level questionnaires
– Male questionnaire
– Female questionnaire
– Young persons questionnaire (18-35 years)
• Village-level questionnaires
– Community questionnaire
– School questionnaire
– Price questionnaire

8. Modules in Household Level Questionnaires

9. Survey to Track Old Panel Households
• Track households in four districts surveyed by the IFPRI panel during
1986-1991
– Attock, Faisalabad, Dir, and Badin
• A two page questionnaire was designed to find out:
– If old household is still in the village
– Information on new members of the household
– Information on the move-out (migration) members of the households
– Reasons of moving-out
• We will be linking to the original panel from 1986-1991 and tracking
the split households as well
• This will make one of the most unique data sets in the developing
world

10. Population Pyramid
Age
95 to 99
90 to 94
85 to 89
80 to 84
75 to 79
70 to 74
65 to 69
60 to 64
55 to 59
50 to 54
45 to 49
40 to 44
35 to 39
30 to 34
25 to 29
20 to 24
15 to 19
10 to 14
5 to 9
Under 5
Number of Individuals
Male Female

11. Household Composition by Per Capita
Expenditure Quintile
9
8.36
8 0.36 7.33
6.69
7 0.45 6.49
# of People in Household
0.43 0.40
5.65
6
0.44 4.53
5
# Elderly
4.04 0.33 # Working Age
4
# Children
3 4.03
3.69 3.60
2 3.34
2.96
1
3.96 2.85 2.57 1.87 1.24 2.49
0
Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Overall

12. Economic Factors
(work, income, livelihoods)

13. Type of Households in Rural Pakistan
100
8
90
16
19
80
Percentage of Households
13 29 29
70 14
10 Non Farm Enterprise
60 5
Non Agricultural Wage
11 8
50 22
28 Agricultural Wage
40 6
11 Tenant
30
29 Land Owner
20
10
37 21 50 34
0
Punjab Sindh KPK Overall

14. Proportion of Farmers by Size of Farms
and Province
100
90
90 87
80
Percentage of Households
70
70
60
50
40
30
20
20
12
10 7 7
3 1 0 2 1
0
Punjab Sindh KPK
Marginal farmers Small farmers Medium farmers Large farmers

15. Nature of Non-Agricultural Wage Work
Overall
Construction labor
KPK Factory worker
Government/parastatal
Private enterprise
Sindh Maid servant
Teacher/professor
Other
Punjab
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage of Non-Agricultural Waged Workers

16. Non-Agricultural Occupations in Rural
Pakistan by Gender
Construction labor
Factory worker
Government
Private enterprise
Female
Teacher/professor Male
Maid servant
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Percentage of Non-Agricultural Waged Workers

17. Connectivity with markets:
Distance to Work (non farm employment)
> 15 km
28%
up to 5 km
53%
5-15 km
19%

18. Nature of Non-Agricultural Enterprise
Overall 40.5 17.8 41.7
KPK 52.4 47.6
Trade
Production
Sindh 31.5 30.3 38.1 Services
Punjab 44.8 11.8 43.4
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage of Non-Agricultural Enterprises

19. Connectivity with markets:
Location where non-agricultural products are sold
City in different
district
4%
City in same
district
22%
Village in different
district In own village
3% 60%
Different village
same district
11%

20. Labor Force Participation Rates
50
45
45 44
40 41
Labor force participation rate (%)
40 38
35
35
31 31
30
26 Male
25 22
21 Female
20
Overall
15
10
5 3
0
Punjab Sindh KPK Overall

21. Women who do not Participate in Labor Force
Spent More Hours Per Week on Household
Chores than the Non-Participating Women
household agricultural activities
house maintenance Participating
women
shopping
preparing dung cakes
Non
participating
stitching and craft work for her own house women
washing and pressing clothes
collecting firewood and fodder
collecting water
helping and caring children and elders
cleaning own house
washing and cleaning utensils
cooking food for home
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Hours

22. Sources of Income in Rural Pakistan
Non- Remittances Other
Agricultural 1% 4%
Enterprise
7%
Own Farm
28%
Non-
Agricultural
Employment
24%
Own Livestock
4%
Agricultural
Employment
32%

23. Source of Income by Per Capita
Expenditure Quintiles
Quintile 5
Quintile 4 Own Farm Income
Own Livestock Income
Agricultural Employment
Quintile 3
Non-Agricultural Employment
Non-Agricultural Enterprise
Quintile 2 Remittances
Other
Quintile 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage of Income

24. Major Expenditure Heads
Education Others
1% 7%
Medical
5%
Clothing and
laundary
8%
Housing, Fuel
and lighting Food, beverage
16% and tobacco
63%

25. Percentage of Food Expenditure
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
Wheat & wheat
flour
Rice & rice flour
Milk & milk
products
Pulses
Meats
Oils
Sweeteners
Food Items
Fruits
Vegetables
Spices
Tea and Coffee
Quintile 5
Quintile 1
Miscellaneous
Share of Food Expenditure on Major

26. Human Factors
(education, health, living conditions)

27. Distribution of Individuals by the Level
of Literacy Across Gender and Province
60
51 Male
% individuals older than 10 years
50 47
Females
39 Both
40 37
30 27 27
22
20 19
15
10 7
6
4
0
Illiterate Fully literate Literate with difficulty Partially literate

28. Completed Years of Education by
Gender and Province
80
72
70
% individuals currently not in school
Male
60
Females
50
42
40
30
22
20
15 14
13
10 5 7
5 4
0
No schooling Primary Middle Matric Higher than matric

29. Gross Enrollment Rate at Primary Level
160
140 136
121
120 115
Enrollment rate (%)
98
100 92
80 74
60 52
40 31
20
0
Punjab Sindh KPK Overall
Boys Girls

30. Nearly 40% of Children Attending Primary
School Are More Than 9 years old
13-14 years
7%
10-12 years
35%
5-9 years
58%

31. Gross Enrollment at Middle Level
80
75
70
59
60
Enrollment rate (%)
51
50 48
42
40
33
30 28
20
10 7
0
Punjab Sindh KPK Overall
Boys Girls

32. Reasons for Leaving School by Gender
Others
No resource/poverty
No interest in studying
Family pressure
Uselessness of education Female
Male
School was far away
To earn livelihood
Got available/desired level education
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
% individuals

33. % Villages
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
11
Basic Health Unit
9
Rural Health Center
29
Clinic/Dispensary
55
Midwife service (private)
1
Hospital
Lady health
46
visitor/supervisor
Presence of a Health Facility
43
Hakeem/quack doctor
Proportion of Villages Reporting the

34. Supply of Drinking Water to Household
Overall 2 57 24 7 10
Own Tubewell
Hand pump
KPK 2 33 8 22 36
Motor pump
Sindh 3 77 5 7 8 Piped Water inside
house
Other
Punjab 2 52 32 5 8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of Households

35. Garbage Disposal Facilities
Overall 3.28 30.75 3.68 62.04 Thrown into fixed place
(regular garbage disposal)
Thrown into fixed place (no
KPK 2.51 62.65 0.33 34.51 regular garbage disposal)
Burn garbage
Sindh 1.40 26.39 4.12 68.08
Throw where convenient
Punjab 4.07 28.55 3.92 63.10 Sell garbage
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of Households

36. Daily Power Outages
KPK 42 49 9
Sindh 10 72 16 3
0-6 Hours
7-12 Hours
Punjab 10 27 39 24 13-18 Hours
18+ Hours
Overall 9 38 35 18
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of Households

37. Political Factors
(empowerment, rights, voice)

38. Perceptions of Major Business
Constraints
Crime, theft and social disorder
A dysfunctional legal system
Poor access to markets/market information
Loan procedure too tedious
Corruption
Poor quality roads
Lack of access to formal credit
Inadequate access or poor quality of
electricity
0 20 40 60 80 100
% focus groups

39. Major Source of Credit
Commercial Banks
Others 9%
2%
Landlord
7%
Govt Bank/ NGOs/
Microfinance
Institutions
11%
Aarthi/Beopari/Trade
r
9%
Relatives and Shopkeeper
Friends 11%
51%

40. Availability of Public Services in
Selected Villages
Availability of any health awareness program in village
Availability of any family planning awareness…
Availability of any immunization program in village
Availability of garbage collection system in village
Availability of sewerage channel for waste water
Availability of cellular phone service in village
Availability to fixed-line phone service in village
Availability to sui gas in village
Availability to cylinder gas in village
Village electrified
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% villages

41. Villages Reporting the Presence of a
Social Welfare Program
90
82
80
71
70
61
60 57
% villages
50
40
27 29
30
20 14 14 14
12 12
10 6
0
BISP Watan Card NRSP Others
Punjab Sindh KPK

42. Socio-Cultural Factors
(status, dignity)

43. Score of “life right now” on a ten-step
ladder
30.0
25.6
25.0
20.0
18.2
% respondents
17.3
15.0 14.2
9.8
10.0
6.5
5.0 4.1
3.3
.6 .4
.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Steps of ladder

44. Level of Trust
80
71
70
60
49
50
% respondents
44 43
40
30
29
24 23
20
20
10
0
Neighbours Judiciary Health People Govt. official Police National Parliment
institutions govt members

45. Status and Dignity
Extremely Risk Averse 51%
Openness to Change 39%
Poverty Seen as Due to
58%
External Factors
Rivalry/ Envy 42%
Trust 51%
Religiosity 49%
Self-esteem 52%
Internal Locus of Control 40%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Percentage of Individuals

46. Protective Factors
(insecurity, risk, vulnerability)

47. Food Security: Worry About Having
Enough to Eat
Sometimes Often
7% 4%
Rarely
10%
Did Not Worry
About Not Having
Enough to Eat
79%

48. Negative Economic Shocks
Experienced by Households
Medical expenses due to illness or injury
Lost home/ repair cost due to flood
Other costs of wedding
Major loss of crops due to flood
Loss or destruction of other consumption assets
Cut-off or decrease of regular remittances
Loss of livestock due to flood
Loss of income due to illness or injury
Cost of court case
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Percentage of Households

49. Most Common Coping Strategies for
Negative Economic Shocks
Other 6
Sale/mortgae of assets 4
Borrowing 5
Assistance from people/NGOs 6
Cut in non-essential expenses 9
Substitution for inferior food 9
Extra hours work/more members at work 12
None 48
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percentage of households

50. 23% households in 2010 and 18% in 2011 were
affected by floods
Flood Coping Strategies Used by Households
Saved more money in case of natural disasters
Built storage room for crops/seeds
Reduction in agricultural machinary investment
Move toward more non-farm activities
Seasonal migration
Some family members migrated
Helped community build barrages
Rebuilt house away from watercourse
Invested in a better house
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Percentage of Households

51. Summary of Findings
• Size of rural non-farm sector is larger than farm sector
• Wages and salaries are important sources of income especially for
the individuals in lower expenditure quintile
• Non farm enterprises are constrained by poor electricity and lack of
credit
• A large proportion of adult population is either illiterate or do not
have formal education
• Females are far behind males
• Levels of internal locus of control, self-esteem, and trust are low

52. Way Forward
• Detailed analysis of data is ongoing on many
fronts
– Markets
– Linkages and connectivity
– Clusters and urban agglomeration
– Employment and income diversification
– Migration
– Decision making
– Aspirations

53. Thank You so much