Eren Talu Görkem Alkaya Ömer Deveci

1. Russian Media
Television – Radio - Cinema - Telecommunications - Internet

2. Television broadcasting
• Russian TV is dominated by channels that are either run directly by the state or owned by companies with
close links to the Kremlin.
• The government controls Channel One and Russia One - two of the three main federal channels - while
state-controlled energy giant Gazprom* owns NTV.
• TV is the main news source for most Russians. There is a fast-growing pay-TV market, led by satellite
broadcaster Tricolor. The government is undertaking a project to bring digital TV to every Russian home.
• 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional
channels. There are 330 television channels in total.
• Regional television is relatively popular in Russia, and according to a 2005 report by TNS(Taylor Nelson
Sofres), regional audiences rely mainly on news and analysis provided by regional channels.

3. The English-language satellity channel Russia Today (RT) was launched in 2005. It produces in
multiple languages and broadcasts in over 100 countries. A new international multimedia news
service called Sputnik was launched in 2014, merging and replacing previous services.
Dozhd (Rain), the only independent TV channel, came under increasing pressure in 2014. After
a controversy over a historical poll in January, satellite providers started to drop the channel
from their packages - reportedly under Kremlin pressure. In March the CEO announced the
insolvency of the station, which still continued operating, with critical reporting on corruption
and human rights abuses related to the Sochi olympics (2014 Winter Olympics*).
Three main channels have often come under criticism for being biased towards the United
Russia party and the Presidential Administration of Russia. They are accused of providing
disproportionate and uncritical coverage of United Russia and their candidates.

4. Main television channels
• First Channel – national, state-owned channel – news
and entertainment
• Rossiya 1 – national, state-owned channel – news and
entertainment
• Zvezda – national, owned by Russian Ministry of
Defense
• NTV – national 50% state-owned – news and
entertainment
• Russia K – state-owned – culture and arts
• Russia 2 – state-owned, commercial
• Russia 24 – state-owned – news channel
• Petersburg – Channel 5 – state-owned – commercial
• TV Center – owned by Moscow city government – news
and entertainment
• STS – commercial – entertainment
• Domashny – commercial, entertainment
• TNT – state-owned, commercial
• Ren TV – Moscow-based commercial station with
strong regional network
• Russia Today – state-funded, international English-
language news channel
• Dozhd – private independent news channel
• ProRussia.tv – state-owned, in French

5. Radio broadcasting
• There are three main nationwide radio stations in Russia: Radio Russia
(coverage: 96.9% of the population), Radio Mayak (92.4%) and Radio
Yunost (51.0%). Most radio stations focused on broadcasting music but they
also offered some news and analysis. Especially famous had been the
independent Gazprom-controlled station Echo of Moscow, once known
for its political independence.

6. List of Radio Stations
• Radio Russia – national network
• Radio Mayak – state-run national network
• Radio Yunost – youth station
• Echo of Moscow – news and analysis since
1990
• Europa Plus – private national network
• Russkoye Radio – private national network
• AvtoRadio – state-owned/private national
network
• Nashe Radio – rock music
• Radio Record – club/dance radio network
• Voice of Russia – (Golos Rossii) a state-run
external service established in 1929,
broadcasting in English and other languages.

7. Cinema
• Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention in the period
immediately following 1917, resulting in world-renowned films such as The
Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein. Eisenstein was a student of
filmmaker and theorist Lev Kuleshov, who developed the Soviet montage
theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute
of Cinematography. Dziga Vertov, whose kino-glaz ("film-eye") theory—that
the camera, like the human eye, is best used to explore real life—had a huge
impact on the development of documentary film making and cinema
realism.

8. The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. Eldar Ryazanov's and Leonid
Gaidai's comedies of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catch phrases still in use today.
In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and
Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union.
Russian animation dates back to late Russian Empire times. During the Soviet era, Soyuzmultfilm studio
was the largest animation producer. Soviet animators developed a great variety of pioneering techniques
and aesthetic styles, with prominent directors including Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Fyodor Khitruk and Aleksandr
Tatarsky. Many Soviet cartoon heroes such as the Russian-style Winnie-the-Pooh, cute little Cheburashka,
Wolf and Hare from Nu, Pogodi! (Well, Just You Wait!), are iconic images in Russia and many surrounding
countries. The early years of the 21st century have brought increased viewership and subsequent prosperity
to the industry on the back of the economic revival. Production levels are already higher than in Britain
and Germany. Russia's total box-office revenue in 2007 was $565 million, up 37% from the previous year.
In 2002 the Russian Ark became the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take. The traditions of
Soviet animation were developed recently by such directors as Aleksandr Petrov and studios like Melnitsa
Animation.
Moscow hosts the annual Moscow International Film Festival.

9. Produced Feature Films (2011)
Animated Documantaries Fictional

10. Telecommunications
• The telecommunications system in Russia has undergone significant changes since
the 1980s, resulting in thousands of companies licensed to offer communication
services today. The foundation for liberalization of broadcasting was laid by the
decree signed by the President of the USSR in 1990. Telecommunication is mainly
regulated through the Federal Law "On Communications" and the Federal Law "On
Mass Media«
• The main mobile network operators in Russia include VimpelCom (Beeline) (25.6
percent of the market), MegaFon (23 percent) and MTS (34.2 percent). Other
operators include Tele2, Uralsvyazinform, Sibirtelecom, SMARTS and others.
Mobile phone penetration was of 78% as of 2009 (90% in Moscow), compared to
32% in 2005.

11. Internet
Internet access in Russia is available to
businesses and to home users in various
forms, including dial-up, cable, DSL,
FTTH, mobile, wireless and satellite. In
September 2011 Russia overtook
Germany on the European market with
the highest number of unique visitors
online. In March 2013 a survey found
that Russian had become the second
most commonly used language on the
web.
• Internet in Russia is also sometimes called
Runet, although that term mostly refers to
the Russian-language Internet.

12. In 2009, internet penetration had reached 35% - mainly 18–24 years old in urban areas. While
15% of Russians used internet daily, 54% had never used it. 49% of internet users were in
Moscow - where, as in St.Petersburg, connections are faster and cheaper.[39] Penetration rate
mounted to 71% in 2014, although concentrated in the main towns.
Russians are strong users of social networks, of which Odnoklassniki.ru (used by 75% of 25-
35 y.o. Russians in 2009) and VKontakte are the most popular. LiveJournal has also been long
popular.
A number of Russian Internet resources provide Russian translations of the world press on a
regular basis: InoSmi, InoForum, SMI2, and Perevodika.

13. Vladimir Putin sent Russian
mercenaries to 'fight in Syria
and Ukraine'
• President Vladimir Putin has sent Russian
mercenaries to fight in Syria and Ukraine,
decorating them for their service and
concealing their casualties, according to a
new report.
• An investigation published by Fontanka, an
independent Russian newspaper, found that
the Kremlin had hired members of a private
military company called Wagner to go to
Syria and Ukraine. The use of contractors
gives Mr Putin a deniable way of sending
trained personnel to both countries.
• Yeni bir rapora göre Vladimir Putin Rus
askerleri Suriye ve Ukrayna'da savaşmaya
yolladı, kayıpları gizli tuttu ve askerlere
hizmetleri için madalya verdi.
• Bağımsız Rus gazetesi Fontanka tarafından
yayınlanan soruşturma Kremlin'in Suriye ve
Ukrayna'ya gitmeleri için özel askeri birlik
Wagner'in üyelerini kiraladığını ortaya çıkardı.
Paralı asker kullanımı Sn. Putin'e iki ülkeye de
inkâr edebileceği şekilde eğitimli asker
yollama olanağını tanıdı.
Vladimir Putin Rus askerleri
'Suriye ve Ukrayna'da
savaşmaya' yolladı

14. Wagner is believed to have a membership of around
1,000 mercenaries, but officially the group does not exist
since Russian law forbids private military companies. But
Wagner is registered in Argentina and has a training
camp in the Russian village of Molkino – the same
village that hosts a training site of the 10th special forces
brigade of the GRU military intelligence.
The Russian defence ministry has announced the deaths
of six servicemen in Syria. But former members of
Wagner interviewed by Fontanka claim there were several
dozen fatalities in the unit last year alone.
A high-ranking member of Russia's intelligence services
then distributed posthumous military honours, signed by
Mr Putin.
Photographs of the awards, all signed by Mr Putin, are
included in the report. The decorated men were
confirmed as fighters in Wagner by other members of
the unit. Others were killed in eastern Ukraine in 2014
and 2015.
Wagner'in yaklaşık 1.000 paralı asker üyeliği olduğu
düşünülüyor, ancak Rus kanunları özel askeri birlikleri
yasakladığı için grup resmi olarak tanınmamakta. Ancak
Wagner Arjantin'de kayıtlanmış ve grubun aynı zamanda
GRU(Ana İstihbarat Direktörlüğü) askeri istihbaratı 10.
özel kuvvetler tugayının eğitim alanını da barındıran
Molkino'daki Rus köyünde bir eğitim kampı bulunuyor.
Rus savunma bakanlığı Suriye'de 6 askerin şehit edildiğini
duyurdu. Ancak Fontanka'nın görüştüğü eski Wagner
üyeleri birlikten sırf geçen sene birkaç düzine kayıp
verildiğini iddia etti.
Ardından Rus istihbarat servisinin yüksek rütbeli bir
üyesi Sn. Putin tarafından imzalanan ölüm sonrası onur
madalyalarını dağıttı.
Tamamı Sn. Putin tarafından imzalanan ödüllerin
fotoğrafları raporda bulunuyor. Madalya alan askerler
birliğin diğer üyeleri tarafından Wagner üyesi savaşçılar
olarak doğrulandılar. Diğerleri ise 2014 ve 2015'te doğu
Ukrayna'da şehit edildiler.

15. Pictures have emerged of Maksim Kolganov, a mercenary
with Wagner, when he was in the city of Luhansk in
eastern Ukraine and the port of Latakia in Syria. He is
believed to have been killed in Syria on Feb 3 after which
he received a posthumours “For Courage” medal from
the Kremlin.
Another photograph of Kolganov shows him at the
Wagner training facility in Molkino, where he stands in
front of a door reading: “Anyone who doubts our
peacefulness will choke to death on blood. Because our
mercy is ruthless!”
Several Wagner fighters took part in the battle for control
of the Ukrainian town of Debaltseve in January and
February 2015. This also involved hundreds of regular
Russian troops and involved one of the heaviest artillery
bombardments in recent history, dealing a decisive blow
to Ukraine’s army.
Wagner’in bir paralı askeri olan Maksim Kolganov’un
bir Doğu Ukrayna kenti olan Luhansk ve Suriye’deki
Lazkiye limanında çekilmiş fotoğrafları ortaya çıktı.
Şubat 3’de Suriye’de öldürüldüğüne inanılıyor,
sonrasında ise Kremlin’den Cesaret madalyası aldı.
Bir diğer fotoğrafta ise Molkino’daki Wagner eğitim
tesislerinde üzerinde şunlar yazılı bir kapının önünde
duruyor: “Barış yanlılığımız hakkında tereddütleri
olan herkes kan içinde boğulacaktır. Çünkü bizim
merhametimiz acımasızdır.”
Birkaç Wagner savaşçısı Ocak ve Şubat 2015’te
Ukrayna’nın Debaltseve kentinin kontrolü için olan
savaşta yer aldı. Bu aynı zamanda yüzlerce Rus
askerini ve yakın tarihteki en ağır bombardımanları
içererek Ukrayna ordusunu büyük bir hüsrana uğrattı.

16. Mr. Putin has publicly spoken of how private
military companies can be used by the Kremlin to
conduct deniable operations. As prime minister in
2012, he called for such companies to be legalized,
describing them as a “tool for the implementation
of national interests without direct participation of
the state”.
Bay Putin açık bir şekilde özel askeri şirketlerin Kremlin
tarafından inkâr edilebilir operasyonlar gerçekleştirilmesi için
kullanılabileceğini söyledi. 2012’de Başbakan sıfatıyla bu tarz
şirketlerin yasallaştırılmasını onları şu şekilde tanımlayarak
savundu: “Ulusal çıkarların yürürlüğe sokulmasında devletin
doğrudan bir katılım gerçekleştirmemesi için kullanılabilecek
araçlar.”