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1. TSUNAMISHOW BAD ARE THEY?

2. WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?

3. BEGINNING
The word is Japanese and means "harbor wave,”because
of the effect on the low coastal areas. A Tsunami is a
giant, or series of big waves caused by an immediate
vertical disturbance that displaces the water from its
normal position. This causes the water mass to try to
regain normality by pushing away the displaced water.
"The main factor which determines the initial size of a
tsunami is the amount of vertical sea floor deformation"
(WACTC). Tsunamis are not created from the wind!
Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions,
and even an impact from space, such as meteorites, can
generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can destroy coastlines,
causing property damage and loss of life. A lot of the loss
of life is caused by drowning.

4. MIDDLE
When a tsunami crosses the ocean its length (from crest to
crest) can be 100 miles or more, and its trough won’t be any
higher than two feet. A tsunami travels at speeds of 600
miles per hour in the deepest ocean. But once it reaches the
shoaling water of the coastline its speed decreases, and the
wave becomes increasingly higher. It is in the shallow
waters that waves can be 100 feet high. Tsunamis are not
created from the wind. Wind-created waves have a period
of five to twenty seconds, and about 100 to 200 meters
wavelengths. While tsunamis have periods that range from
ten minutes to two hours and 300 mile long wavelengths.

5. END
As the tsunami leaves the deeper water of the open ocean
and travels into the more shallow waters near the coast,
As the tsunami heads toward the shallow water the speed
of the tsunami will decrease but the energy of the tsunami
will stay the same and the wave grows bigger this
happens because its called a "shoaling" effect.
As the tsunami reaches the shore, a rapidly falling or
rising tide may appear. Undersea features and the slope of
the beach helps change the tsunami as it approaches the
shore. Not very often are tsunamis large breaking waves.
Sometimes they break far offshore. If the tsunami moves
into a bay or river a bore (a step-like wave with a steep
breaking front) can occur. landslides.

6. The water level will rise from 50-100 feet. This
flood can travel 1000 feet or more inland. When
the water retreats back out to the ocean all the
damaged objects will get drag back into the
ocean . Run-up height is the maximum vertical
height onshore above sea level. Since tsunamis are
caused by earthquakes, A tsunami is caused by a
earthquake therefore we can
not predict when there gonna happen and the
intensity of the tsunami. You can never tell
exactly when it’s finished because there are after
shocks more earthquakes and local tsunamis from

7. ART WORK
Great Wave off the
Coast of Kanagawa,
by Hokusai, a
Japanese artist. This
piece of art work is
misleading Because
tsunami are not
always huge breaking
waves as depicted in
the print.

8. Most Destructive recent Tsunamis
1975 Hawaii1929 Grand Banks
1960 Chile 1996 Peru
1964 Prince William Sound
1946 Aleutian
1957 Aleutian
1952 Kamchatka
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9. 1929 GRAND BANKS TSUNAMI
November 18, 1929, at approximately 5:00pm, Newfoundland
experienced an Earthquake off the coast of Grand Banks, Newfoundland. That's
when a tsunami was started by an under water landslide and the earthquake, which
was a Richter magnitude of 7.2 with an epicenter of 44.5°N, 56.3°W. After the
tsunami hit it caused $400,000 in damage and killed 29 people, the biggest death
rate to occur an in Canada from an earthquake.
This tsunami`s most damage was caused by the underwater landslide. The
landslide added to the size of the tsunami and damaged many kilometers of 12
different transatlantic cables. The most of the economy`s money was spent on the
repair costs the for transatlantic cables. Unaware of the danger coming from the
sea, the communities of Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, there was a huge amount
of damage and loss of 29 lives. The tsunami was spotted as far as South Carolina
and Portugal.

10. In 1952 American scientists from Columbia University put
together the pieces of the broken cables that led to the
landslide and the first documentation of a turbidity current.
Scientists are looking at layers of sand believed to be
deposited by other tsunamis in an effort to determine the
occurrence rates of large earthquakes. One sand layer,
were thought to be deposited by the tsunami in 1929, in
Taylor's Bay they found 13 cm below the turf line. The
occurrences of large tsunamis, such as the one in 1929, are
dependent upon deposition of sediments offshore because
it was the landslide, which made the tsunami so powerful.
The deposition of such a large volume of sediments will
take awhile before there is enough to for an underwater
landslide of size as in 1929.

11. 1946 ALEUTIAN
April 1, 1946, at 12:29 GMT, an earthquake shook the Aleutian Islands of
Alaska. There was a Pacific-wide tsunami that had been started by the
earthquake, The tsunami had a surface-wave magnitude of 7.8, an epicenter of
52.8° N, 163.5° W, and a focal depth of 25 km. The tsunami took the lives of
more than 165 people.
There was one structure affected by the tsunami it was a new built Scotch Cap
lighthouse on Unimak Island, Alaska. In the Hawaiian Islands was one of the
hardest hit locations, by the tsunami. Pololu Valley it recorded the highest run-
up of 12.0 m. Hilo was the city that received the most costly damage on the
Island of Hawaii. The tsunami arrived at Hilo 4.9 hours after it originated in the
Aleutian Islands and the run-up was measured at 8.1 m. Hilo received
approximately $26 million in damage and 96 people lost their lives.

12. 1952 KAMCHATKAOn November 4, 1952, at approximately 5:00pm, an earthquake occurred off the coast of the
Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The tsunami was started by the earthquake that traveled pacific wide, it
had a focal depth of 30 km, a magnitude of 8.2, and an epicenter of 52.8° N, 159.5° E. In Hawaii six
cows died but no human lives were lost. Damage was estimated in the range of $800,000- $1,000,000
(in 1952).
.

13. The Hawaiian Islands had far worse damage. The waves
destroyed piers and boats, knocked over telephone poles alone
with their lines, washed away beaches, and flooded
homeowners lawns. A cement barge was thrown into a freighter
in Honolulu Harbor. In Hilo Bay the bridge that connects
Coconut Island to the shore, was lifted off its foundation and
then smashed down into the water. This was caused by one of
the waves.
At Coconut Island the run-up was 12 feet. At Hilo the run-up
was 11 1/2 feet a new record. At Reed's Bay, the water level
was as high as 11 feet. Most all the other coastal cities of
Hawaii, the water rise wasn’t noticeable. The destruction vary
from place to place. Without knowing the size of damage,
Hawaii had to warn homeowners to keep them away from the
shoreline until was safe to go home

14. 1957 ALEUTIAN
March 9, 1957, at 2:22 GMT, an earthquake hit south of Andrean of Islands, in the Aleutian
Islands of Alaska. It was Pacific-wide tsunami that was started by the earthquake, which had a
surface-wave magnitude of 8.3, an epicenter of 51.5° N, 175.7° W, and a focal depth of 33 km.
In this event there were no lives lost, the Hawaiian Islands had received approximately 5 million
dollars.
The Island of Kauai, Hawaii, was hit by this tsunami twice as bad than by the Aleutian Islands
tsunami in 1946. Houses were washed out and destroyed at Wainiha and Kalihiwai. At Haena,
The heights of the waves reached about 16 m. At Hilo, Hawaii, the run-up was reached 3.9 m. In
Hilo Bay, Coconut Island was covered by 1 m of water and the bridge connecting it to shore was
destroyed.
There was major a wave at Laie Point on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The northwest side of the
Hawaiian Islands received high levels of water. Both the 1946 and 1957 tsunamis occurred at
pretty much the same place (the Aleutian Islands). The 1957 earthquake released more energy
than the earthquake of 1946. The tsunamis force by this 1957 event caused less damage than the
tsunami of 1946. This potential of destructive power of a tsunami forces Pacific Tsunami.
These pictures are in a series of three sequential photos show the arrival of a major wave at Laie Point
on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical
Data Center.

15. 1960 CHILEAN TSUNAMI
On May 22, 1960, at 7:11 , an earthquake occurred off the coast of South
Central Chile. There was a tsunami triggered by the earthquake, which had a
surface-wave magnitude of 8.6, an epicenter of 39.5° S, 74.5° W, and a focal
depth of 33 km. The number of deaths caused by both the tsunami and the
earthquake and approximately 490 to 2,290. The Damage cost was estimates
well over a half billion dollars.
The inhabitants, feared the earthquake, they were in boats to escape the shaking.
The trough of the tsunami arrived just 10 to 15 minutes after the earthquake,
along more than 500 m of the coast. After the tsunami had gone
by the Hawaiian Islands had damage costs that were approximately at $24
million and 61 people had lost here lives. Hilo, on the main island of Hawaii,
was the hardest hit city in the islands. The tsunami arrived at Hilo 14.8 hrs after
it was created off the coast of South Central Chile. The waves at Hilo was
measured at 10.7 m. An aerial view of the coast of Isla
Chiloe, Chile, showing the tsunami
damage.

16. 1964 PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND
On March 28, 1964, at 03:28 GMT, an earthquake occurred in Prince William Sound
of Alaska triggering a Pacific-wide tsunami. The earthquake had a surface-wave
magnitude of 8.4, an epicenter of 61.1° N, 147.5° W, and a depth of 23 km. The
tsunami was responsible for taking more then 122 people and causing over $106
million in damage.
Whittier incurred $10 million in property damage. One of the waves, probably the
same one that caused the major damage in Whittier, reached a height of 31.7 m above
low tide They also caused great damage to the small boat harbor. The tsunami took
the lives of thirteen people at Whittier, then a community of 70 people The greatest
damages suffered by any location was Alaska. In Alaska 106 people lost their lives
and $84 million in damage.
The Tsunami left a 2 x 12 inch plank of wood through a
truck tire at Whittier, Alaska. Whittier incurred $10
million dollars in property damage.

17. 1975 HAWAII
November 29, 1975, at 2:48 GMT, a tsunami was created by an
earth quake off the shore of Hawaii. The tsunami had a
magnitude of 7.2, an epicenter of 19.3° N, 155.0° W, and a focal
depth of 8 km. At Halape, there was 32 campers. Out of the 32,
19 were injured and 2 died. It sounded like boulders falling, there
was a second earthquake that woke the campers. They all ran to
the coconut grove which was closer to the ocean. The campers
were awaken by a second quake that sent large boulders down the
cliff and the rest of the campers to fleed toward the sea. These
campers had to go back to cliffs when the other campers at the
coconut grove fleeing the rising ocean with there cries of a
tsunami. The tsunamis first wave that alarmed the campers was
only 1.5 m. The second wave, however, was 7.9 m carried
campers into a ditch near the base of cliff where they remained
until the end. There were two campers that died from this.

18. 1996 PERU
February 21, 1996, at 12:51 p.m. GMT (7:51 a.m. local time), there was a
large
Earthquake that struck approximately 130 Km off the northern coastal
region of Peru (9.6S, 80.2W). The earthquake had a Harvard Mw estimate
of 7.5 and USGS Mw estimate of 7.3. The earthquake generated a tsunami
that reached the center of Peru on the city of Chimbote. The Effects of the
tsunami were observed from Pascasmayo, in the department of La
Liberated, to the Port of Callao near Lima. The straight line distance
between these two locations is approximately 590 Km. The tsunami was
recorded by mid-Pacific tide gages, 60 cm at Easter Island, and 25 cm at
Hilo, Hawaii. The aftershock pattern ranged from 120 to 180 Km offshore
near the Peru-Chile trench and appeared to parallel the Peruvian coastline.
The International Survey
Team who gathered the data.

19. WHICH IS WORST? REGIONAL OR LOCAL
TSUNAMIS?
Regional tsunami are very destructive
but local tsunamis also cause significant
damage. Local tsunamis are created by
landslides, which are started by
earthquakes. At the Valdez Inlet a giant
landslide started by the earthquake
created a tsunami that had a run-up of
67.0 m at the inlet. In areas where local

20. WHAT IS THE HIGHEST KNOWN TSUNAMI?
The highest tsunami, with a
reliably measurement on record
occurred on July 9, 1958 in
Lituya Bay, Alaska. This was
caused by a landslide that fell
into the bay. This unusual
happening, caused by a wave to
surge up the slope on the
opposite side of the bay to a
height of 518 m(1,700 ft).
Scientists believe that bigger
tsunamis happened a long time
ago by asteroids, or large
meteors, falling into the ocean.
Two places their looking for
evidence of these tsunamis are
Hawaii and the coast on the Gulf
of Mexico. The landslide came
from the mountain(A) into the
bay(B).

21. THE AMERICAN RED
CROSS
The American red crosses guild toThe American red crosses guild to
help you prepare, get through, andhelp you prepare, get through, and
survive a tsunami.survive a tsunami.

22. HOW TO PREPARE FOR A TSUNAMI?
Avoid building or living in buildings within several hundred feet of the
coastline. These areas are more likely to experience damage from tsunamis,
strong winds, or coastal storms.
Make a list of items to bring inside in the event of a tsunami. A list will help
you remember anything that can be swept away by tsunami waters.
Elevate coastal homes. Most tsunami waves are less than 10 feet. Elevating
your house will help reduce damage to your property from most tsunamis.
Follow flood preparedness precautions. Tsunamis are large amounts of water
that crash onto the coastline, creating floods.
Have an engineer check your home and advise about ways to make it more
resistant to tsunami water. There may be ways to divert waves away from your
property. Improperly built walls could make your situation worse. Consult with a
professional for advice.

23. WHAT TO DO DURING A TSUNAMI?
If you feel an earthquake that lasts 20 seconds or longer when you are on
the coast; the Red cross advises you to;
Drop, cover, and hold on. You should first protect yourself from the
earthquake.
When the shaking stops, gather your family members and evacuate
quickly. Leave everything else behind. A tsunami may be coming within
minutes. Move quickly to higher ground away from the coast.
Be careful to avoid downed power lines and stay away from buildings and
bridges from which heavy objects might fall during an aftershock.

24. WHAT TO DO AFTER A TSUNAMI?
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25. Continue listening to a NOAA Weather Radio, Coast Guard emergency frequency station, or other
reliable source for emergency information. The tsunami may have damaged roads, bridges, or other
places that may be unsafe.
Help injured or trapped persons. Give first aid where appropriate. Call for help. Do not move
seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury.
Help a neighbor who may require special assistance--infants, elderly people, and people with
disabilities. Elderly people and people with disabilities may require additional assistance. People who
care for them or who have large families may need additional assistance in emergency situations.
Use the telephone only for emergency calls. Telephone lines are frequently overwhelmed in disaster
situations. They need to be clear for emergency calls to get through.
Stay out of the building if waters remain around it. Tsunami waters, like flood waters, can undermine
foundations, causing buildings to sink, floors to crack, or walls to collapse.
When re-entering buildings or homes, use extreme caution. Tsunami-driven flood waters may have
damaged buildings where you least expect it. Carefully watch every step you take.
Wear sturdy shoes. The most common injury following a disaster is cut feet.
Use battery-powered lanterns or flashlights when examining buildings. Battery-powered lighting is
the safest and easiest, preventing fire hazard for the user, occupants, and building.
Examine walls, floors, doors, staircases, and windows to make sure that the building is not in
danger of collapsing.
Inspect foundations for cracks or other damage. Cracks and damage to a foundation can render a
building uninhabitable.
nextnext

26. Look for fire hazards. There may be broken or leaking gas lines, flooded electrical circuits, or submerged furnaces or
electrical appliances. Flammable or explosive materials may come from upstream. Fire is the most frequent hazard
following floods.
Check for gas leaks. If you smell gas or hear a blowing or hissing noise, open a window and quickly leave the building.
Turn off the gas using the outside main valve if you can, and call the gas company from a neighbor's home. If you turn off
the gas for any reason, it must be turned back on by a professional.
Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or frayed wires, or if you smell burning insulation, turn
off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker. If you have to step in water to get to the fuse box or circuit
breaker, call an electrician first for advice. Electrical equipment should be checked and dried before being returned to
service.
Check for sewage and water line damage. If you suspect sewage lines are damaged, avoid using the toilets and call a
plumber. If water pipes are damaged, contact the water company and avoid using water from the tap. You can obtain
safe water from undamaged water heaters or by melting ice cubes.
Use tap water if local health officials advise it is safe.
Watch out for animals, especially poisonous snakes, that may have come into buildings with the water. Use a
stick to poke through debris. Tsunami flood waters flush snakes and animals out of their homes.
Watch for loose plaster, drywall, and ceilings that could fall.
Take pictures of the damage, both of the building and its contents, for insurance claims.
Open the windows and doors to help dry the building.
Shovel mud while it is still moist to give walls and floors an opportunity to dry.
Check food supplies. Any food that has come in contact with flood waters may be contaminated and should be thrown
out.

27. HELP
There is no real place for the people
to go after a tsunami hit. This is
because mostly everything along the
coast is destroyed, costing millions
of dollars of damage. The people
can go farther in shore for help
because the tsunami doesn’t go far
in shore.There is no real aid from
the government to help them, but
there is the red cross that helps
anyone after a disaster hits. The
disaster usually destroys everything
in it’s path. But the red cross is
always there to help.

28. EFFECTS ON PEOPLE
On July 12. 1993, a powerful earthquake west of Hokkaido
in the Sea of Japan unleashed a tsunami that devastated
nearby Okushiri Island. The video you will see here shows
Aonae Cape, a small peninsula that points south off of
Okushiri. The peninsula was completely overtopped by the
giant wave, to heights of over 10 m. (the largest recorded
wave run-up on the island was nearly 30 m!) In the image
above, the wave approached from the left and swept over
the land. Structures remaining after the wave attack were
destroyed by the fires that engulfed the area due to broken
gas lines and toppled fuel containers.