Maariful quran mufti shafi usmani ra vol-7

BY
MAULKNA MUFTI MUIjAMMAD SHAFI',&~J~
SJ

Translated by
Muhammad Shamim

Revised by
MaulZnZ Muhammad Taqi 'UsmZni

Volume 7
(SGrah LuqmGn, As-Sajdah, A1-AhzZb, Saba', Fatir,
YZ Sin, As-SafEt, SSd, Az-zumar, Al-Mu'min,
l$imIm As-Sajdah, ShUrS, Az-Zukhruf, AljSthiyah,
Ad-DukhGn,A l - A h k a

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CONTENTS
1. Preface 19
2. Transliteration Scheme 21

1. Verses 1 - 9: Translation and Commentary 25
The cause of revelation 26
Islamic legal injunctions of 'Lahw wa Lalib'(play and
game) and its equipment 28
The reading of shameless fiction or poetry or writings of the
propoenents of the false is also not permissible 31
Buying and seling of the equipment used in games 31
Allowed and permissible games 31
Games prohibited explicitly 33
The injunctions of music and musical instruments 33
A warning not to be ignored! 35
Reciting morally beneficial poetry in a good voice without
musical instruments is not prohibited 35
2. Verses 10 - 11 : Translation and Commentary 36
3. Verses 12 - 19 :Translation and Commentary 37
The identity of LuqmZn 39
What does the 'hikmah' given to LuqmZn actually mean? 41
Gratitude and obedience to parents is obligatory - but obedience
to anyone counter to divine command is not permissible 43
Islam's peerless law of justice 43
Special note 44
The second bequest of LuqmZn about articles of belief 44
The third bequest of LuqmZn about the correction of deed 45
The fourth bequest of LuqmZn about the
betterment of people 45
The fifth bequest of LuqmZn about social manners 45
Special note 55
The issue of the 'Ilm-ul-ghayb (knowledge of the unseen) 56
A doubt and its answer 58

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The issue of the knowledge of the unssen:
An important note 59
Special note concerning the words of the verse 60

SURAH AS-SAJDAH
Verses 1- 3 : Translation and Commentary 65
Verses 4 - 9 : Translation and Commentary 67
The length of the day of QiyZmah 68
Everything is good in this world as is - Evil comes through
its wrong use 69
Verses 10 - 12: Translation and Commentary 70
Some details about the Exacting of Soul and
the angel of death 72
The soul of animals: Does the angel of death exact that too? - 73
Ruling: 74
The ~alTih tahajjud
of 74
There are some crimes the punishment of which comes even
within the mortal world much before the Hereafter 76
Two conditions for the leader of any people 78
A wise system of irrigation 79

The background of revelation 85
Explanation of verses 87
Ruling 90
Ruling 93
Verse 6 :Translation and Commentary 93
Ruling 95
The Covenant of the Prophets 97
The event of the battle of al-Ah& 103
A lie is no novelty in the arena of politics! 104
A marvel of the forbearance and magnanimity of Allah Ta'ZlZ! 105
The most lethal attack on Madinah 105
Three ingredients of Muslim war effort 106
The digging of trenches 106

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The size of the Islamic 'army' 107
Participant age of maturity was set a t fifteen years 107
Islamic nationality and Islamic unity do not contradict
administrative and social division 107
The job of digging the trenches was spread over the
whole army 108
The discrimination of local and foreign in functional expertise 108
A great miracle 108
Divine reminders 109
Hypocrites throw taunts a t Muslims for believing in
their Prophet's promises 110
Seniors must share every trial with their juniors -
Great guidance for Muslims 111
The master prescription of achieving success against something
hard to accomplish 111
The selfless mutual cooperation of the noble SahEbah 112
Three and a half mile long trench was completed in six days - 112
An open miracle in the feast hosted by SayyidnZ J a i r (&) 112
The Jews of the tribe of Bani Quraizah break their pledge and join
the confederate aggressors 113
A strategic plan of the Holy Prophet (%) 115
The faith, the sense of shame and the granite of a determination
shown by a SahEbi of the Rasiil of Allah 116
The wound received by SayyidnZ Sa'd Ibn Mu'Zdh (&)
and his prayer 117
The Holy Prophet (g) to miss four SalZhs in this Jihad - 118
had
The prayers of the Holy Prophet ($5) 118
The unraveling of the causes of victory 119
The event of SayyidnZ Hudhaifah (A)going into enemy lines and
reporting back about conditions prevailing there 121
Good news after the ambition of the disbelievers is shattered - 123
A special note 124
The battle of Ban5 Quraizah 124
In the difference of Mujtahids, no side is sinful
or blameworthy 124
The Speech of Ka'b, the Chief of BanG Quraizah 125
Return of favour and national pride: Two unique models 127
A special note of caution 128
Special Note 134
Ruling 134

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The particular position of the blessed wives and the rationale of
hard restrictions placed on them 134
Special Note 136
The reward for the good deed of an 'Alim exceeds that of others,
and the punishment of his sin too 136
Special Instructions given to the blessed wives 137
Are the blessed wives superior to all women of the world? - 138
The first instruction 139
Ruling 140
The second instruction 140
Occasions of need have been exempted from the obligation of
'staying in homes' 141
The offensive lapses o_f the rawafid about the journey of Ummul-
Mu'minin Sayyidah 'A'ishah to B a ~ r a h the event
and
of the battle of Jamal 143
The third, fourth and fifth instruction of the Qur'an to
the blessed wives 148
These five instructions apply to all Muslims universally 148
What does Ah1 al-Bayt: "People of the House"
signify in this verse? 149
Special Note 152
The Protection of Qur'Zn and Hadith 152
7. Verse 35 : Translation and Commentary 153
The Qur'Znic addresses in masculine gender normally include
women: The wisdom behind it 153
The injunction of making the dhikr of Allah Abundantly
and its wisdom 154
A subtle point 157
A lesson to remember 158
The injunction to consider the principle of (kuf? in marriage - 159
The Issue of equality in marriage (Kafa'ah) 160
The second event 161
To protect oneself against taunts thrown by people is praiseworthy
unless it affects some objective of the Shari'ah 165
Prefacing a n answer to doubts and objections 167
A wise consideration 167
9. Verse 40 :Translation and Commentary 168
The Issue of termination of prophethood 173
The Holy Prophet's @) being the last Prophet does not negate

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the descent of SayyidnZ 'ISZI)(@ in the last days 174
Distortion of the meaning of prophethood and invention
of new kinds of prophethood 175
Special attributes of the Holy Prophet (&) 183
There are three injunctions regarding divorce in this v e r s e 187
Details of Mut'ah to be given a t the time of Divorce 188
Islam's Matchless teaching in discharging social obligations
gracefully 188
The first injunction 191
The second injunction 191
The third injunction 192
The fourth injunction 193
The fifth injunction 194
The sixth injunctions 195
The wisdom of sixth injunction 196
The pious life of the Holy Prophet (g) the issue
and
of polygamy 197
Seventh injunction 198
The first injunction: Etiquettes for hosts and guests 202
The second injunction - HijZb for women 203
The special importance of women's HijZb 203
The background of the revelation of these verses 204
The third injunction 206
Injunctions of HijZb:
And the Islamic system for prevention of misdeeds 207
The golden Islamic prhciple of barring the ways and means
for prevention of crimes in a moderate manner 209
Important caution 211
The advent of HijZb in historical perspective 212
The difference between the injunctions of Satr-ul-'Awrah and
veiling of women (HijZb) 215
The second issue - the HijZb of women 216
The degrees of Islamic legal Hijab and the injunctions relating
to them 218
The first degree of HijZb from people by virtue of
staying home 219

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Special note 220
The second degree of HijZb with burqa' 222
The third degree of Islamic legal HijZb about
which jurists differ 223
Ruling 227
The meaning of ~aliih (durood) and sallEm 228
The method of salZih and sa2Zm 229
The wisdom behind the aforesaid method of 23 1
salTih and sa2Zm 231
The injunctions of SalZh and salZm 231
Related Rulings 231
Causing pain to the Holy Prophet (%) in any form or manner
is kufr (id~delity) 237
Ruling 237
Hurting or causing pain to any Muslim without a valid
Islamic legal justification is forbidden (E;IarZm) 237
16. Verses 59 - 63 - Translation and Commentary 238
A necessary point of clarification 240
A person who turns an apostate (murtadd)after having
embraced Islam is killed in punishment 241
Some Rulings 242
Customarily, Allah Ta'ElZ keeps prophets free from
physical defects causing aversion 246
Correct use of one's power of speech is a n effective source of
correcting dl1 deeds issuing forth from
other parts of the body 247
Injunctions of the Qur5n were made easy to follow 24 7
Saying what is right leads to doing what is right both
here and Hereinafter 248
What does!'amanahWmean? 249
An investigation into the manner the 'trust' was 'offered' -251
'The acceptance of the offer of the 'trust' was optional,
not mandatory 252
During which period of time did this event of the offer
of trust take place? 254
For vicegerency on the earth, the ability to bear the
responsibilities of the great trust was necessary 254

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SURAH SABA'
Special note 266
The merit and grace of inventing, making
and producing things 267
I t is a sin to take the labourers as low in rank 267
The wisdom of having SayyidnZ DZwEd (3241) trained into
the making of coat of mail 267
Ruling 268
Special note 269
The matter of the subjugation of Jinns 271
The injunction of having a separate place for making
a M*rZb in Masajid 274
Ruling 275
The prohibition of making and using pictures
of the living in S h a s a h 275
The prohibition of pictures: A common doubt and its answer - 276
A photograph is also a picture 279
The reality of Shukr (gratitude) and its injunctions 280
The strange event of the death of Sayyidnii SulaymZn 1) -( - 281
Special note 285
The people of Saba' and the particular blessings
of Allah upon them 285
The 'flood of the dam' (say1al-brim) and the
Dam of Ma'arib (the sadd of Ma'arib) 288
Special note 292
Consideration of the psychology of the addressee in
debates and avoidance of any approach that may
provoke violant attitude 300
Verse 28 :Translation and Commentary 301
The age-old satanic illusion of taking worldly riches and honours
a s a proof of being loved by Allah 304
Verse 39 : Translation and Commentary 308
There is no promise of a return for spending that is not in

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accordance with the Shari'ah 310
With the decrease in the use of something, its production
also decreases 310
Verses 40 - 42 :Translation and Commentary 311
Call to the disbelievers of Makkah 313

Trust in Allah delivers from all hardships 324
Sequence of the Verses 336
A subtle grammatical point 337
Good deeds likened with trade 343
A peculiarity of the Muslim Community, and that
of its 'Ulama' 346
Three kinds of the Muslim ummah 346
The great merit of the 'Ulama' of the Muslim ummah 349
Special note 350
A person who will use utensils of gold and silver and dresses
of silk will remain deprived of these in Jannah 351

Verses 1- 12 :Translation and Commentary 363
The merits of Stirah I5 Sin 364
About Giving someone the name: (YZ Sin: written a s E s i n ) - 366
The effects of deeds are also recorded like the
deeds themselves 368
The town in which this event took place 372

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What does 'messenger' mean? Who were these people? 373
The event relating to the person coming from the farthest
part of the city 375
The prophetic method of da'wah (preaching) :
Significant guidance for message bearers of Islam 378
Growth of vegetation is not an act of man 383
The particular difference between human and animal food - 384
The prostration of the sun: A look into the phenomenon of the sun
performing sajdah (prostration) beneath the 'Arsh 388
Special note 395
The stages of the moon 396
No wonder if the Qur5n is alluding to the aeroplane! 397
The wisdom behind some people receiving their
sustenance indirectly 399
Gift of God - not capital or labor - is the real wisdom behind the
ownership of things 411

Subjects of the siirah 419
Tauhid: The Oneness of Allah is the first subject 420
Discipline is desirable in Islam 42 1
The importance of making rows come straight
and right in salah 422
Why has the statement been sworn by the angels? 423
Injunctions about sworn statement of Allah Ta'ZlZ
Three questions and their answers 423
The Real Objective 429
The proof of the miracles of the Holy Prophet (g) 432
Verses 41 : 61 : Translation and Commentary 437
An inmate of Jannah and his disbelieving acquaintance 44 1

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An advice to avoid bad company 443
Wondering about not having to die anymore 443
The reality of Zaqqiim 445
Verses 83 98 : Translation and Commentary 449
The purpose of casting a glance a t the stars 451
Astrology: Its status in Islam 453
How to explain the 'indisposition' of SayyidnZ I b r a i r n (Wl) ? 456
The Islamic legal ruling on (equivocation) 458
The sacrifice of a son 460
Explanatory notes on the verses 460
The proof of 'revelation not recited' (wahy ghayr maluww) - 463
Which son was to be slaughtered? Was it SayyidnZ IsmZfl (Wl)?
Or, was it SayyidnZ IshZq (%!3)? 466
Sayyidnii IlyZs (3491) 473
When and where did he appear? 474
SayyidnZ IlyZs (MI): struggle with his people
The 474
Is SayyidnZIlyZs (Wl) alive? 476
Ascribing the attribute of creation to anyone other than Allah
is not permissible 479
The injunction of drawing lots 482
Distress is removed by tasbih (remembrance) and
istighfar (repentance) 483
Exposing the fraud of the QZdyZni imposter 485
An ilzami answer (based on adversary's assumption) is more
appropriate for the obstinate 488
The sense of 'the victory of the people of Allah' 490
- -
SURAH SAD

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The background of the revelation 498
The galah of ad-Duha 502
Natural fear is not contrary to the station of a prophet
or man of Allah 509
Observe patience against contravention of established rules of
etiquette until attending circumstances unfold 510
A man of stature should observe patience to the best of his ability
over errors made by those in need , 510
Soliciting contribution, or event gift, under pressure of
any kind is usurpation 511
Partnership in transactions needs great caution 512
By doing ruku' the sajdah of tilawah (recitation)
stands performed 513
The sajdah of tilawah (recitation): Some rulings 513
When warn, warn with wisdom! 514
Verses 26 : Translation and Commentary 515
The basic function of a n Islamic state is to establish truth - 516
The relationship of the judiciary and the executive 516
The first thing to watch around offices charged with responsibility
is the character of the human being sitting there 517
The delicate order of the verses 518
The story of the return and resetting of the Sun 522
In the event one neglects the remembrance of Allah, some
self-imposed penalty is in order as part of one's remorse 522
The ruler should personally keep watching over the
functions of the state 523
At the time of one act of 'ibadah (worship), engaging
in another is a n error 524
Verse 34 : Translation and Commentary 524
Verses 35 40 : Translation and Commentary 527
Praying for office and power 528
The nature of the ailment of SayyidnZ Ayyiib (ml) 530
Some issues relating to legal aspects of this event are
being identified here 531
The Islamic legal status of stratagems 532
Resorting to a n oath to do what is inappropriate 532

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Concern for ' a h i r a h is a distinct attribute of
the noble prophets 535
The Prophet : (al-Yasa': Elisha) ($2231) 535
Consideration of matching age between spouses is better 536
A gist of the subjects of the siirah 538
The blameworthiness of artificial behavior 540

SURAH AZ-ZUMAR
Acceptance of deeds with Allah depends on unalloyed
measure of sincerity 545
Even the polytheists of that period were better than the
disbelievers of today 546
Both the moon and the sun move 547
Ruling 550
Verses 11- 20 :Translation and Commentary 553
Justice in the court of resurrection: The form in which
the right of the oppressed will be retrieved
from the oppressor 563
All deeds will be given against oppressions and infringement of
rights, but one's ';man (faith) will not be given 565
A lesson, and a good counsel 567
The time to sleep and the time to die: How is the soul exacted
and what is the difference between the two 568
A prayer that is answered 571
An important instruction concerning 'mushajarat'
(disagreements among SahZbah) 572
-
Verses 68 75 :Translation and Commentary 578

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SURAH AL-MU'MIN
SErah Al-Mu'min: characteristics and merits 586
Protection against everything unwelcome 587
Protection against a n enemy 587
A strange event 588
The effect of these verses in reforming people, and a great
directive of Sayyidnii 'Umar (&) 588
A warning 589
Punishment in graves 607
The reality of duZ'(supp1ication) and its merits, levels and
conditions of acceptance 610
Merits of duZ' 613
Ruling 614
DuZ'and the promise of acceptance 614
Conditions of the acceptance of duZ' 614

SURAH HAMIM AS-SAJDAH
An offer by the infidel's of Makkah to the Holy Prophet (B) - 629
Prophetic reply to the Denial and ridicule of disbelievers 633
Are Non-Muslims required to follow the practical
injunctions of Shari'ah? 633
The order of creation of the skies and the earth, and the
Days of Creation 636
The evidence of man's limbs and organs after resurrection 647
It is W j i b (necessary) to listen quietly while Qur'En is being

16
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recited; It is infidels way not to remain quiet 648
The sense of being upright 650
I t is Not permissible to prostrate before anyone
except Allah Almighty 654
Description and rules of Ilhzd- A particular kind of kufr -657
Removal of a misunderstanding 658

SURAHSHURA
Establishing the dTn is obligatory duty and dissension in
it is forbidden 675
Differences in the ancillaries between leading Mujtahidh is not
covered by the dissension forbidden in this verse 676
Verses 19 - 20 : TransIation and Commentary 682
Respect and love for the Holy Prophet's (%) family
and progeny 685
The reality of 'Taubah' (repentence) 688
Sequence and background of revelation 690
General abundance of wealth in the world is cause of tumult - 691
The difference between paradise and the world 692
Importance of consultation and its process 698
The moderate decision between forgiveness and revenge 700

SURAH AZ-ZUKHRUF
The Gold
1. Verses 1- 8 :Translation and Commentary 709

17
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A Preacher must not give up his preaching
due to disappointment 710
Supplications of a traveler 713
The Natural system of distributionof wealth . 719
The truth about economic equality 720
The meaning of Islamic equality 723
Superiority is not based upon wealth and property 725
.Good fame is liked by Islam 728
Teachings about oneness in the scriptures of
the earlier prophets 729
The only real friendship is that which is in the sake of Allah - 736
10. Verses 78 : 89 :Translation and Commentary 738

SURAHAD-DUKHKN
(The Smoke)
1. Verses 1- 9 : Translation and Commentary 743
The merit of the siirah 744
Weeping of the sky and the earth 755
The story of Tubba 758
Punishment and reward of the Hereafter 761
Punishment of the dwellers of Hell 761
Reward of the inmates of Paradise 762

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(kneeling)
Verses 1- 11: Translation and Commentary 767
The status of previous Shari'ahs for us 774
The Hereafter: Divine requital is rationally necessary 775
Reviling time is inappropriate 778

SURAH AL-AHKAF
(The Sand-dunes)
Dictate of etiquette regarding the knowledge of the
Holy Prophet (g) about unseen matters 789
Mother has more rights than father 795
Conclusion 796
Different views of Jurists about maximum period
of pregnancy and maximum period of suckling 797
Incentive for avoiding worldly delights and luxuries 802

Index 813

Preface
With the name of Allah, the All-Merciful, the Very-Merciful
By t h e grace of Allah Almighty, t h e s e v e n t h volume of
Ma'iiriful-Qur'an is now in t h e hands of t h e readers'. But while
presenting it to them, I am unable to suppress my sentiments of
sorrow and grief on a shocking event t h a t took place during the
process of i t s completion. I t was t h e sad demise of Professor
Muhammad Shamim, who h a s been the vital spirit behind this
project for about a decade. After completing the translation of the
fifth volume, he had resumed his work on this seventh volume, the
sixth volume being undertaken by Mr. I s h r a t Husain. He left
Pakistan for USA on the request of his sons, so that they might look
after his medical treatment. In spite of his deteriorating health
during his stay in New York, he spared no effort to accomplish this
volume. He worked day and night in his fervent zeal to serve the
Holy Qur'iin up to his last breath, often ignoring that he was a heart
patient. He s t a r t e d from s u r a h Luqman and concluded SErah
Mu'min on 7th March 2002. Immediately after he started Siirah Ha
Mim As-Sajdah, he encountered a severe heart attack and, within a
couple of days, passed away. InnE ZiZlEhi W E inn; ilEihi rEji5n.
During his illness he used to express his desire to accomplish the
work he had in hand, but a few days before his demise, he borrowed
the words of the author of Ma'iiriful-Qur'Zn and said "I submit to
Allah's will, because t h e Holy Qur'an i s not something to be
finished, rather one should finish his life in the service of the Holy
Qur'Zn". Allah Ta'ZlZ has, perhaps, fulfilled his noble desire, and he
consumed his life in carrying on this remarkable service of the Holy
Book.
This seventh volume is thus appearing a t a time when he is no
more with us to see it. May Allah approve his sincere efforts and

Preface 20
bless him with eternal rewards in the Hereafter
The translation from Siirah & Mim As-Sajdah was undertaken
by my learned friend Mr. Shamshad Siddiqi, except for siirahs
Ad-DukhZn and AljZthiyah t.hat are translated by MoulEnZ Ahmad
Khalil 'Aziz of South Africa.
Another change that took place in the course of preparation of
this voiume is that the translation of the text of the Holy Qur'Zn, as
mentioned in the beginning of the first volume, was carried out by
t h e joint effort of a committee, but when Professor Muhammad
Shamim left for USA, the committee decided that the translation of
the text of t h e Holy Qur'Zin should be undertaken by me alone.
Accordingly, I a m responsible for t h e t r a n s l a t i o n from Stirah
Al-AnbiyZ onwards, and I am pleased to say that AlhamdulillZh the
task has now been completed to the last Siirah of the Holy Qur'Zn.
The t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e e i g h t h volume of t h e c o m m e n t a r y i s
undertaken by MoulZniiAhmad Khalll 'Aziz of South Africa and is
close to its completion.
I a m extremely thankful to Mrs. Shamim a n d h e r sons Mr.
Shama'il a n d Mr. Sadim whose sincere efforts facilitated t h e
preservation of the script of the book and its transmission to us.
Acknowledgements a r e also due to Mr, Yousuf Noor, Mr. IshZq
Noor, Mr. Yousuf Ghanl, MoulGnG 'Abdullah Memon, Mr. Rafat
SaghTr F5rooqui and Mr. Ibrahim NafTs whose valuable assistance
made i t possible to present this volume. May Allah approve all
these efforts and make it beneficial for the readers.

Muhammad Taqi UsmZni
6.7.1424A.H.

TRANSLITERATIONSCHEME
Arabic L e t t e r Name of L e t t e r English Transliteration
-- Alif
-- b5
-- t z
-- thZ
-- jim
-- h a
-- kh5
-- diil
-- dhzl
-
-- ra
-
-- za
-- sin
-- shin
-- Sad
-- diid
-- tz
-
-- ?a
-- 'ayn
-- ghayn
-- f
%
-- qzf
-- kZf
-- lam
(CP -- mim
39 -- nun
sLa --ha
3 ~3 -- wzw
s ojels -- Hamzah
-
LS el! -- ya
Short Vowels
: Fathah
: Kasrah
: Dammah
Long Vowels
I :Shortened Alif
: Maddah Alif
LS : Maddah E
j : Maddah WW
Dipthongs
4 : Alif and E ay (also ai in some cases)
j1 : Alif and K w aw (also au in some cases)

SGrah LuqmZn : 31 : 1- 9 25

Siirah LuqmZn
Siirah LuqmZn is Makki. It has 34 Verses and 4 Sections

With the name of Allah, the All-Merciful, the Very-Merciful

Verses 1 - 9

Alif Lam MTm. [I] These are verses of the Wise Book, [2]
a guidance and mercy for those good in deeds [3] who
are steadfast in QalZh and who pay ZakZh and do have
faith in the Hereafter. [4] It is these who are on guidance
given by t h e i r Lord, a n d i t is j u s t t h e s e who a r e
successful. [5]
And from among the people, there is he who buys the
d i s t r a c t i n g amusement of things, so t h a t he, being

Siirah LuqmEn : 31 : 1- 9 26

devoid of knowledge, may mislead (people) from the
Way of Allah and make a mockery of it. Such people are
the ones for whom there is a disgraceful punishment. [6]
And when Our verses are recited to him, he turns away
in arrogance as if he did not hear them, as if there is
heaviness in his ears. So give him the 'good' news of a
painful punishment. [7]
Surely, those who believe and do righteous deeds, for
them there are gardens of bliss [8] where they shall live
-
forever an absolute promise of Allah. And He is the
Mighty, the Wise. (91

Commentary
The words: ; (pay ZakZh) in Verse 4 carry the injunction of
;5
ZakZh, although t h e verse is Makki.. This tells u s t h a t t h e original
injunction of Zakah had already been revealed before Hijrah, right there
i n Makkah al-Mu'aqgamah. As for t h e popular assumption t h a t t h e
injunction of ZakZh was enforced in the second year of Hijrah, it refers to
t h e arrangement of fixing i t s nisab (threshold), providing details of
obligatory amount to be paid, collecting and disbursing it on authorized
heads b i t h e IslZmic government. This was done in the second year of
Hijrah.

The word: 6 9 1 (ishtirz) in: ++I&

'doing a n act instead of another' - as in:

and in some other verses.
The Cause of Revelation
. +G
Ibn Kathh while commenting on verse 20 of Siirah Al-Muzzammil:
5g-3 y:, j : (Establish SalZh and pay ZakEh - 73:20) has arrived a t
the same conclusion, because SCrah Al-Muzzammil as one of the Makki
Siirahs was revealed during the very initial period of the revelation of the
Qur'Zn. This tells us that the way Salah and ZakZh have been described
mostly side by side in the verses of the Qur'an, its obligation had also
taken effect side by side. Allah knows best.
, ,'*,',
j U.bl
''3 ,.
2; (And from among
the people who buys the distracting amusement of things - 31:6) literally
means 'to buy.' And on occasions, the same word is used in the sense of
& lu
d! 1;3 &-$ (These
29
are the people who have bought error a t the price of guidance - 2:16, 2:175)

This verse was revealed because of a particular event relating to Nadr
Ibn HZrith. He was one of the top businessmen from among the Mushriks

of Makkah who used to travel to different countries in connection with his
business. Once he bought a n d brought back a collection of historical
stories featuring Cyrus and other Persian kings from Iran. Thus armed,
he said to the Quraish of Makkah: "Muhammad @ tells you the stories of
the people of 'Ad and Thamiid and others. I shall tell you better stories,
those of Rustam, IsfandyZr a n d other kings of Persia. They s t a r t e d
listening to his stories eagerly simply because they contained no lessons to
learn a n d no work to do. I t was nothing b u t some delicious stories.
Because of these, many Mushriks who had some measure of interest in
the Divine Word because of its miraculous nature, rather listened to it
stealthily, found a n excuse to draw away from the Qur'an. (3 C3 0x5 j
&I &IjA >+dl ,dl jo+ (i j 3Lj Lsl'-l+U Jj$I
; +I+)

And according to a narration of SayyidnE Ibn 'AbbEs & in Ad-Durr
al-Manthur, the businessman mentioned above h a d brought in a singing
bondwoman he bought in a foreign country. I t was through her that he
devised a plan to stop people from listening to the Qur'En. When he found
anyone intending to go and listen to the Qu'Zn, he would have him hear
his bondwoman sing before him. He used to say: 'Muhammad @ makes
you listen to the Qur'iin, then goes on to ask you to pray and fast which
make life difficult for you. Come, you listen to this music and enjoy the
fun.'
The verse of t h e Qur'an being referred to h e r e w a s revealed in
relation to this very event. Here, the ishtirEY(buying) of lahw al-hadith
(the distracting amusement of things) means either those tales of the
Persian kings, or this singing bondwoman. In terms of the event in the
background of the revelation, the word: CIS! (ishtirZ') has been used in
the real sense for buying.
And in terms of the general sense of (lahw al-hadith: the
distracting amusement of things) being enunciated later, the word:
. J

(ishtira') is also i n i t s general sense a t this place, t h a t is, to opt for,
something instead of something else, This includes the buying of things of
'lahw' (amusement) as well.
/As for the word: && (fiadith) in t-l'?;jl$ (lahw al-hadith), it is there
in the sense of tales told and things said and done. Then the word 'lahw'
itself literally means to become heedless. In other words, things that make

one become negligent of what must be done are also called 'lahw.' Then
there are occasions when things that bring no worthwhile benefit, rather
serve as pastime or entertainment only, are also referred to as 4
'lahw. '
As regards the meaning and exegetical explanation of the expression:
&+dl$ (lahw al-hadith: distracting amusement of things - 4) in t h e
cited verse, sayings of commentators differ. In a narration of SayyidnZ
Ibn Mastiid, Ibn 'AbbZs and JZbir 1- p65 &J, it has been explained
a s music, vocal or i n s t r u m e n t a l (reported and verified by al-Hakim, a n d
al-Baihaqi in ash-Shu'ab).

And in the view of the majority of SahZbah, TZbi'h and commentators
a t large, t h e expression: &$'la(lahw al-hadith: t h e distracting
amusement of things) applies generally to everything which makes one
fall into a state of heedlessness as to the remembrance and worship of
Allah. Included therein i s music accompanied by i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d
obscene or absurd fictional narratives as well. Imam al-BukhZri in his
book, al-'Adab al-Mufrad, and al-Baihaqi in his Sunan have both elected
to go by this Tafsk. Al-Bukhari has said:

'Lahw al-hadith' means playing music and things similar to it (which
make one heedless to the worship of Allah).
And it appears i n S u n a n al-Baihaqi t h a t opting for or buying t h e
distracting amusement of things (&A$ : ishtirz' Eahw al-hadith)
CIS!
m e a n s b u y i n g a b o n d m a n or bondwoman who s i n g s a n d p l a y s
instruments, or buying similar other immodest things which make one
heedless to the remembrance of Allah. Ibn Jarir has also taken to this
general sense. The same generality is proved by a narration of TirmidhT
where the ~ oProphet l ~ has been reported to have said, 'Do not buy or
sell singing bondwomen,' after which he said, > j j LYI OL j i i i i a J;r
d
k?: (About such things this verse [ i.e. verse 6 which is under discussion]
was revealed)
Islamic Legal Injunctions of 43
'4 'Lahw wa'lacib'(play and
game) and its Equipment
Full details of these injunctions supported by proofs from the Qur'iin
a n d S u n n a h have been provided in a treatise contained inalpll f G ~

(AhkZm ul-Qur'an) w r i t t e n by t h i s humble writer. I t also carries a n
equally detailed discussion on music and musical instruments i n the light
of the Qur'Zn and HadTth along with the sayings of Muslim jurists and
mystics. This t r e a t i s e i n Arabic* h a s been published i n volume V of
&kZm ul-Qur'Zn. Learned readers may consult i t a t their discretion. A
gist is being given here for others interested in the subject.
First of all, i t should be borne i n mind wherever t h e Qur'Zn h a s
mentioned Lahw and La'ib, it is in the context of its disparagement and
degradation, t h e lowest degree of which is k a r a h a h (repugnance or
reprehensibility) (R$ ul-M'Zni and al-Kashshzf) and the cited verse is open
and clear in declaring it a s vice.
And in KitZbul-Jihad of al-HZkim's Mustadrak, i t has been reported
by Sayyidna AbG Hurairah & that the Holy Prophet @ said:

Every Lahw (play) of the world is false except three things: (1)
that you play with your bow and arrow (2) and that you play
while training your horse and (3) that you play with your wife -
because these are among acceptable rights.
(HZkim has said that this Hadith is Sahih on the condition set forth by Muslim.
But, adh-Dhahab; and others have not accepted it as mutta~il, an uninterrupted
(of
chain) Instead, he calls it a mursal (of an interrupted chain). But, in the sight of the
majority of Hadith experts, a mursal hadith is also authentic).
In this HadTth, every 'lahw' or play has been declared a s false with
the exception of three. These, in reality, are just not included under the
definition of 'lahw' because 'lahw' is supposed to be something in which
there is no worthwhile religious or worldly benefit. And these three things
are worthwhile. Many religious a n d worldly advantages a r e attached
with them. As for archery and training of horses, they a r e part of the
preparation for J i h a d . T h e n , playfulness with one's wife serves t h e
purpose of procreation. That they have been named a s 'lahw' is simply
because of outward similarity. I n t e r m s of reality, t h e y a r e just not
included under 'lahw. ' Similarly, other than these three, there are many
things that yield religious or worldly benefit while, seen outwardly, they
a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e 'lahw' o r play. T h e s e too h a v e b e e n r a t e d a s

permissible in other narrations of HadTth; in fact, some of these have been
declared to be commendable. Relevant detail will follow.
In gist, the doing of things which are 'lahw,' in real terms, that is, in
which there is no benefit, neither religious nor worldly, are all necessarily
blameworthy and makriih (repugnant, reprehensible) after all. Then,
there are details about them. Some reach the extent of kufr (infidelity).
Others are explicitly haram (forbidden) the lowest degree of which is their
being makriih tanzihi, t h a t is, counter to the preferred choice (khilaf
al-awl$. No 'lahw,' which really qualifies as 'lahw,' is exempt from it. As
for the plays exempted i n HadTth, they just do not fall u n d e r t h e
definition of 'lahw' as it has been already clarified in Hadhh itself. I n Abii
DZwGd, Tirmidhi, An-NasE'T and Ibn MZjah, there is a narration from
Sayyidna 'Uqbah Ibn '~mir*. It appears in Kitsb ul-Jihad in the words:
'4;; "'?,'
&j e-$ '&! L+ Sj '422 $21 -?li A%
,,"*-'
a( 2 3 (Three things do not
fall under 'lahw:' (1) Man training his horse and (2) playing with his wife
and (3) shooting with his bow and arrows (Nasbur-RSyah, p. 273, v. 4). This
HadTth has itself made it clear that these three things that have been
exempted a r e simply not included in '1ahw.'- a n d t h a t which is really
' l a h w ' i s f a l s e a n d b l a m e w o r t h y . T h e d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s of i t s
blameworthiness follow next:
1. Playing that becomes a conduit of going astray from one's Religion,
or making others turn away from it, is kufr (infidelity) - as stated
, ,,
j, 3 Jh 2; - 6. There it has been
,',>' " 5
in the cited verse: +
declared to be a n act of grave error and infidelity, the punishment
of which is painful, a punishment particular to those who have
disbelieved (kuffir). The reason is t h a t this verse was revealed
following a n event relating to Nadr Ibn Harith in which he had
used this 'lahw' to divert people from IslTim. Therefore, this 'lahw'
(distracting amusement) did not remain simply haram (forbidden),
in fact, it went to the extent of becoming kufr (infidelity).

2. The second form is that which does not make people go astray from
Islamic Beliefs, but does make them get involved with something
forbidden and sinful. This, then, would not be kufr a s such. But,
patently unlawful and gravely sinful it shall remain - a s do all
those games played with bets. In other words, these may be games
where the element of gambling (qimar) is present with giving or

taking of money on winning or losing, or recreational activities that
impede t h e performance of religious duties such a s prayers a n d
fasting etc.

The reading of Shameless Fiction or Poetry or Writings of the
Proponents of the False is also Not Permissible.
I n our time, a n alarming number of young people get introduced to
shameless fiction, stories and novels based on plots featuring people who
fancy a n d f l i r t w i t h crimes, a n d poetry composed of i n d e c e n t a n d
shameless couplets. All t h e s e things a r e included u n d e r t h i s kind of
distracting amusement which is forbidden 'lahw.' Similarly, t h e study of
ideas dished o u t by t h e wayward proponents of t h e false i s also not
permissible for common people, because this could become a n active agent
in misleading them from the straight path. Should the 'Ulama' who are
well grounded in religious knowledge study them for rebuttal, i t does not
matter.
3. As for playing g a m e s t h a t h a v e n e i t h e r a n e l e m e n t of kufr
(infidelity) nor of open sinfulness, they are makruh (repugnant) in
that one would be wasting his energy and time in a n activity that
yields no benefit.

Buying and Selling of the Equipment used in Games
From the details given above, we have also come to know the rule
operating in the buying and selling of equipment used i n games. The rule
is t h a t t h e t r a d i n g , buying a n d selling of equipment u s e d i n games
characterized by infidelity, error, unlawfulness and sin is also haram
(forbidden). And t h a t which is used in makruh lahw, its trading is also
makruh; a n d t h e equipment t h a t is used i n permissible a n d exempted
games, its trading is also permissible; and the equipment t h a t is used in
permissible and impermissible activities both, its trading is permissible.
Allowed and Permissible Games
As already explained in detail, what is blameworthy and prohibited is
t h a t p a r t i c u l a r 'lahw' or a m u s e m e n t or play or game which h a s no
religious or worldly benefit i n it. Games played to m a i n t a i n physical
health and mobility, or for some other religious or worldly need, or a t the
least, are for relief from fatigue without any excessive indulgence to the
extent of causing disruption in necessary duties, then, such games are

allowed by the ShaG'ah. And should the participation in them be with the
intention of fulfilling a religious need, then, they are thawab-worthy as
well.
Also mentioned in the Hadith appearing above was the exemption of
three game forms from the prohibition: Shooting of arrows, riding horses
and playing with 'ahl' (wife). And in a marfi' hadith (attributed to the
Holy Prophet g)
from SayyidnZ Ibn 'Abbas &,it appears: yj.Al+s_l , +
J+I iiprjd , - L I (The best game for a believer is swimming and the
+, G
best game for a woman is the spinning wheel) (al-Jam? as-Saghir, from Ibn
'Adiyy, with weak chain of narrators).

According to a narration, SayyidnE Salamah Ibn Akwa' &, says,
"Someone from among the AnsZir of Madinah was a great sprinter. No one
could win a race against him. Once he publicly threw a challenge if there
was anyone who would run a race against him. I sought the permission of
the Holy Prophet if I could compete against him. When he gave me the
permission, I was the one who went ahead in the race.' This tells us that it
is also permissible to practice foot racing.
Once, when a well-known wrestler called RukZnah challenged the
Holy Prophet to wrestle against him, he accepted the challenge and
won the bout (AbGD'liwTid i n al-marZs2).
Some Ethiopian young men used to play with spears a s a rehearsal.
The Holy Prophet @ let Sayyidah 'xishah b hi &) see their game of
m a r t i a l skill while s h e stood behind h i s back a n d h e s a i d to t h e
performers, " 3 ; 1 13)'' wal-'abii: have fun, keep playing) [Reported by
1(ilhu
al-Baihaqi in Ash-Shu'ab, a s in al-Kanz, Bab ul-Lahw). In some narrations, the
following words also appear along with it: '&&A? 3
2 ;ii>1 b J l j 9 (I do not
,.,,>,

3
I.

like that people see harshness in your religion).
Similarly, it has been reported from some SahZbah that they, when
tired after their duties relating to the Qur'Zn and Hadith, would once in a
while relax with Arab poetry or historical events (from Sayyidnii Ibn 'AbbZs
4 in Kaff ar-Ra'a').
In a Hadith, it was said: "&d &@I i ;" ] (Let your hearts rest
ki g;
now and then).[Reported by AbGDiiwiid i n his MarZs2 from Ibn ShihZb 'mursalan',
that is, attributed to the Holy Prophet by the studeAt of one of the SahZbah with

the name of t h e narrating S a h a b i not mentioned] T h i s h a d i t h proves t h e
permissibility of recreation meant to relax one's mind and heart and the
need to spare some time for it.
However, when doing all these things, the aim should be to achieve
the correct and sound objective of those games. Playing for the sake of
playing should never be the objective. Even that too is restricted to the
m e a s u r e of need. Any indulgence t h a t s t r e t c h e s t o u n r e a s o n a b l e
proportions or touches the limits of excess would not be in order. Thus, the
reason behind the justification of all these games is no other but that they
have to be within their limits. If so, they would just not be counted a s
'lahw.'
Games Prohibited Explicitly
Along with t h e games mentioned above, there a r e others t h e Holy
Prophet has prohibited particularly - even though, some benefits may
be seen therein - such as, chess, backgammon and others played with
counters and pieces. If accompanied by giving and taking of money on
winning a n d losing, t h e n , t h i s is gambling, a n d is absolutely h a r a m
(forbidden). And should this not be the case and they may be played just
for enjoyment, even then, they have been prohibited in Hadith. According
to a narration of SayyidnZ Buraidah in the Sahlh of Muslim, the Holy
Prophet & said, "A person who plays backgammon is like the one who
$
!
has smeared his hands with the blood of pig." Similar to this, there is
another narration where words of curse appear against t h e player of
chess. ('Uqaili in ad-Du'afE' from SayyidnZ AbE Hurairah & as in Nasbur-RZyah)

Similarly, the Holy Prophet has declared playing with pigeons a s
impermissible. [AbE DZwEd in al-MarasT1 from Shuraih a s in al-Kanz] T h e
apparent reason for the prohibition of this type of pastimes is that the
player of these games becomes so preoccupied with them t h a t h e would
turn heedless towards other things he must do, even to SalZh, and other
religious obligations.

The Injunctions of Music and Musical Instruments
Some S a h Z b a h h a v e explained t h e expression: &&I$ ( l a h w
a l - h a d i t h : t h e distracting amusement of things) i n t h e cited verse a s
singing and playing of musical instruments. Then, there a r e others who
have explained it in the general sense and consider every such playful

activity t h a t makes one heedless towards Allah to be t h e meaning of:
-412 (lahw al-hadith). But, even in their view, singing and playing of
instrumental music are included therein.
,,,, '
And in another verse of the Qur'an: ;I,L&Y (those who do not
witness falsehood - Al-Furqan, 25:72), the word: ... (az-ziir: falsehood, the
false) has been explained by Imam Abii Hanifah, MujZhid, Muhammad
I b n a l - H a n a f i y y a h a n d o t h e r s a s ' g h i n a (singing a n d playing of
instrumental music).
And AbE DZiwCd and Ibn MZjah in Sunan and Ibn HibbZn in his
Sahih have reported from SayyidnE AbE MElik al-Ash'ari & t h a t the
Holy Prophet said:

Indeed some people from my community will drink wine giving
it a name other than the name it already has. Music will be
played right on their faces with instruments and singing
women in attendance. Allah Ta'ala will make the earth sink
with them, while He will make some of them monkeys and pigs.
And according to a narration from Sayyidna 'AbdullZh Ibn 'AbbZs &,
the Holy Prophet said, "Allah Ta'ZlE has forbidden wine, gambling,
drum and sarangi (string instrument like violin) and he said, "Everything
that intoxicates is haram (forbidden, unlawful) [Reported by Imam Ahmad,
Abu Dawiid and Ibn Hibban]

I t has been reported from SayyidnZ AbE Hurairah & that the Holy
Prophet $ said:
$
!

When spoils are taken as personal property and trust property

a s spoils a n d ZakZh a s penalty, a n d religious l e a r n i n g is
acquired for worldly objectives, and when man starts obeying
his wife and disobeying his mother, and keeps his friend near
and his father far, and when voices rise in mosques and the
chief of a tribe becomes its worst sinner and when the chief of a
people becomes their lowest of the low and when wicked people
are respected out of fear for them, and when singing girls and
musical instruments appear all over and when wines of all sorts
are consumed and when the later of this Ummah s t a r t cursing
the former - then, a t that time, you wait for a red storm, and
e a r t h q u a k e , a n d t h e s i n k i n g of t h e e a r t h , a n d t h e
metamorphosis of figures and faces, and missiles, and t h e signs
of Doomsday following each other, one after t h e other, like a
broken necklace with its beads scattered simultaneously.
(Reported by Tirmidhi calling it a Hasan-Gharib Hadith)

A Warning Not to Be Ignored!
Read the words of this Hadith again and again, and you will start
seeing a blueprint of the world of our time spread out before you. Here is
a n advance warning given by t h e Holy Prophet $& almost fourteen
hundred years ago, against sins prevailing among Muslims, and which
are increasing day by day. He has reminded Muslims that they have to
remain vigilant against such conditions and take full precautions to avoid
such sins both personally and socially. Otherwise, once these sins become
accepted common practice, such s i n n e r s will be visited by Divine
punishments. Then, the very last signs of Qiyamah will appear squarely
before them. Since, t h e singing of women a n d t h e playing of musical
instruments are included under those sins, this narration h a s been cited
in the present context.
For t h a t matter, there a r e many more authentic AhZdith where
singing and playing of musical instruments have been declared unlawful
and impermissible. Severe warnings have been given against indulging
in these. This humble writer has cited all these narrations in his treatise
entitled: $1 -3 2 d which is in Arabic and has been published
'

as Part V of AhkZm ul-Qur'an. Only some of those have been given here.
Reciting morally beneficial poetry in a good voice without
musical instruments is not prohibited
In contrast to what has been stated above, there are narrations that

seem to hint towards permissibility of 'ghina" (singing). Such narrations
have also been collected and included in the treatise referred to here. To
bring t h e two kinds of narration i n harmony, i t can be said t h a t t h e
singing of a non-mahram woman, or a song accompanied by musical
instruments are forbidden. This is in accordance with what has been
proved on the authority of the cited verses of the Qur'an and from the
&Edith of the Holy Prophet $$. However, if some poetic compositions are
recited in a pleasing voice, and the reciting person is not a woman or a
beardless young man, and the subject of the poetry recited is also not
vulgar or indecent a n d is not inclusive of a n y o t h e r sin, t h e n , i t i s
permissible.

As for the reports attributed to some revered ~Ufis, that they listened
to 'ghina" (sama'), it is based on this kind of permissible 'ghina"- because,
it is certain that they followed the S h a d a h and Sunnah faithfully. That
they would ever commit some such sin, simply cannot be imagined. Those
learned among t h e SGfk have themselves explained i t explicitly. The
treatise mentioned earlier carries the sayings of t h e jurists of t h e four
schools of jurisprudence a s well a s those of the SEf: authorities. At this
place, the summary as given has been considered sufficient i n the present
context."

Verses 10.- 11

He has created the skies without the pillars that you
may see, and placed mountains on the earth, lest it
shakes with you, and spread over it all kinds of
creatures. And We sent down water from the heavens
and caused to grow in it every noble pair. [lo] This is
*. The original work in Arabic and its Urdu translation with exhaustive notes under
t h e title, " I s l a m aur Mausiqi" (Islam a n d Music) h a s been published by
Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom, Jamia Darul-Uloom, Korangi, Karachi-75180, Pakistan.
Those interested in a detailed discussion of the subject would find both versions
useful.

- -
-

the creation of Allah. Now, show me what is created by
those others, besides Him. Rather, the transgressors
are in open error. [ll]

Commentary
Verse 10 opens with the words: $ +Z& +$I & (He h a s created
;
> , ,
the skies without the pillars that you may see). Another verse on the same
2;
s ,$,
subject: 6;;: & , 9 9 1
,, ( Allah is the One who raised the
heavens without pillars. You see them. 13:2) h a s appeared earlier i n
SGrah Ar-Ra'd ( with a different translation). Analyzed grammatically,
the text admits two alternative meanings.

1. If we were to take 4;; ( t a r a w n a h 3 to be the attribute of G ('am-
ad) and revert its pronoun to 'amad, it would mean that Allah Ta'ZlZ
created the skies without pillars that' you may see, t h a t is, had the pillars
been there, you would have seen them. When pillars a r e not seen, i t is
clear that this great roof of the sky has been erected without pillars. This
explanation has been reported from Sayyidnz Hasan & a n d QatZdah.
(Ibn Kathir)

2. And if we w e r e to t a k e t h e pronoun of: $j> ( t a r a w n a h a ) a s
reverting to: i 1
. (as-samawat: the skies) and this sentence a s standing
9
independently, then, it would mean that 'Allah Ta'alii created the skies
without pillars as you see.' Then, there is yet another option i n the case of
the first grammatical analysis whereby it could also be taken to mean that
'The skies stand on pillars that you cannot see - they are invisible.' This
last explanation has been reported from SayyidnZ Ibn 'Abbas, 'Ikrimah
and MujZhid m i dl d J Kathir).
(Ibn

No matter what the option, the verse does point out to t h e particular
sign of the perfect power of Allah Ta'ZlZ that He has made this extensive,
high and magnificent roof in a way that no column and pillar is seen
thereunder.

Verses 12 - 19

And We gave wisdom t o Luqman, ( a n d said), "Be
grateful to Allah." And whoever is grateful is, in fact,
grateful for his own benefit, and whoever is ungrateful,
then Allah is free of all needs, worthy of all praise. [12]
And when L u q m a n said t o his son while h e was
advising him, "My dear son, do not ascribe partners to
Allah. Indeed, ascribing partners to Allah (shirk) is
grave transgression." [13]
Wf commanded man (to be good) about his parents. His
mother carried him facing weakness after weakness,
and his weaning is in two years: "Be grateful to Me and
to your parents. To Me is the ultimate return. [14] And
if t h e y force you to ascribe to Him p a r t n e r s a b o u t
whom you have no knowledge, do not obey them. And be
with them in this world, with due fairness, and follow
the way of the one who has turned himself towards Me.
Then, towards Me is your r e t u r n , so I shall tell you
about what you had been doing." [15]

"My d e a r son, i n fact, if t h e r e be a n y t h i n g t o t h e
measure of a grain of rye, and it be (hidden) in a rock or
in the heavens or in the earth, Allah will bring it forth.
Surely, Allah is All-Fine, All Aware. [16] My dear son,
establish Saliih, and bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair,
and observe patience on what befalls you. Surely, this
is among the matters of determination. [17] And do not
turn your cheek away from people, and do not walk on
the earth haughtily. Surely, Allah does not like anyone
arrogant, proud. [ l a ] And be moderate in your walk, and
lower your voice. Surely, the ugliest of voices is the
voice of the donkeys." [19]

Commentary
.
Who was LuqmZn a mentioned in verse 12: WI
.I

G aj (And
Y
r

We gave wisdom to LuqmZn)? According t o a r e p o r t of Wahb I b n
Munnabih, LuqmZn, % 8 was a nephew of Sayyidna Ayytib (Job)
$1
wkile MuqZtil identifies him as his brother from his maternal aunt. I t
appears in Tafsb ul-BaidZwi and elsewhere that he lived long, a s long as
the time of SayyidnZ DZwiid '=I. I t is proved by other reports too that
LuqmZn, appeared during the time of SayyidnZ DZwGd ,%I.
And t h e report of SayyidnZ Ibn 'AbbZs & appearing i n ad-Durr
al-Manthur s a y s t h a t h e w a s a n Ethiopian slave who worked a s a
carpenter (narrated by Ibn Abi Shaibah and &mad in az-Zuhd, and Ibn Jarir and
Ibn al-Mundhir and others). When the SahZbi, SayyidnZ JZbir Ibn 'AbdullZh
& was asked about his background, he said that he was a n Ethiopian of
low height and flat nose. And MujZhid said that he was a thick-lipped,
cracked-footed Ethiopian slave (al-ZajjZj).(Ibn Kathir)
An Ethiopian came to Sa'id Ibn al-Musayyab looking for a n answer to
some religious problem. The famous TZbi'l consoled him by telling him
that he should not worry about the dark color of his skin, because there
were three highly revered persons from among the black people who were
regarded as the best of any people anywhere. Then he cited the names of
SayyidnZ BilZl al-Habash;, Sayyidn5 Mahja', the freed slave of SayyidnZ
'Umar Ibn ul-KhattZb -1 /r65 hi dJ, LuqmZn .1-
and
The Identity of LuqmZn
According to Ibn Kath:, the majority of the elders concur that he was
not a prophet. T h a t h e was a prophet h a s been reported only from

'Ikrimah , b u t t h e a u t h o r i t y of t h i s report i s weak. T h e n , I m a m
al-Baghawi reports a consensus on the fact that he was a man of wisdom
and knowledgeable in religious law, but not a prophet. (Maqhari)
Ibn Kathb has also pointed out to a n unusual report from SayyidnZ
QatZdah about him saying that Allah Ta'ZlZ had given LuqmZn a
choice between prophethood (nubuwwah) a n d wisdom (hikmah). He
opted for wisdom. And in some reports, it appears that he was given the
option to be a prophet. But he had submitted that he would be honored to
accept it if that was a command, otherwise he should be excused.
Again, it has also been reported from Sayyidna Qatadah that someone
asked Luqman, =I: 'Why did you prefer wisdom over prophethood while
you were given a choice between t h e two?' He said, 'The office of a
prophet carries great responsibilities. Had that been given to me without
my choice, Allah Ta'alZ would have been sufficient to see t h a t I am
enabled to discharge its responsibilities as due. And if I had asked for it
with my choice and volition, the responsibility would have been mine.' (Ibn
Kathir)

Now, i t already s t a n d s established t h a t LuqmZn qil! s not a
wa
Nabiyy or prophet. This is as held by the majority of the scholars. So, we
can say that the command mentioned in the present verse (i.e.Be grateful
to Allah) could have been given to him through IlhZm (inspiration)
attributed to men of Allah (awliya' Allah).
Before the time of SayyidnZ DZwGd Luqman $&@I used to give
FatwE (religious rulings on questions asked by people). When Sayyidna
DZwiidI@&$ was invested with prophethood, h e stopped t h i s practice
believing that he was not needed anymore. According to some reports, he
was a judge among the Bani Isra'a. Many words of wisdom have been
reported from him. Wahb Ibn Munnabih says that he has read more than
ten thousand of these. (Qurtubi)
On a certain day, while sage LuqmZn was addressing a big gathering
of people sharing his wisdom with them, there came a person and asked
him point blank: 'Are you not the same person who used to graze goats
with me in such and such forest?' LuqmEn 1,- said: 'Yes, I am the same
person." The man asked, 'How then, could you achieve this status that
such multitudes of people hold you in reverence and come to hear your

words from far a n d wide?' LuqmZn w,
1 said: 'The reason lies in two
ihings I do: (1) Always telling the t r u t h a n d (2) avoiding t h e useless
things. It appears in another report that he said: 'I tell you about a few
things that have given me this station in life. If you were to take to these,
you too will have the same rank and status. These are as follow: (1)Lower
your gaze and hold your tongue. (2) Stay content with lawful sustenance.
(3) Guard your private parts. (4) Tell the truth and uphold it. (5) Fulfill
the pledge. (6) Honor the guest. (7)Protect the neighbor. (8) Observe
silence against wasteful speech and leave off all useless indulgences.' (Ibn
~athir)

What does the 'hikmah' given to LuqmZn actually mean?
The word: & (hikmah) h a s been used i n t h e Qur'Zn (20 times)
conveying several meanings such a s wisdom, knowledge, reason,
forbearance, patience, prophethood, and correctness of opinion.
Commentator Abii Hayyan has said: 'Hikmah means a statement in
words, a statement that teaches people a lesson, a lesson that goes down
their hearts and which they conserve and communicate to others.'
And the famous SahZbT, SayyidnZ 'AbdullZh Ibn 'AbbZs & said:
'Hikmah means intellect, understanding and intelligence' while some
others have said t h a t acting in accordance with knowledge is w h a t
Hikmah is. In reality, there is no contradiction here. All these ingredients
are included under the purview of Hikmah. Those who have seen the
abridged Tafsir of moulana Ashraf Ali ThZnavi in t h e original Urdu
version of the present Tafsb will notice that he has translated Hikmah in
the sense of prudence and wisdom and explained it as being knowledge
that h a s been p u t into practice. This is very comprehensive a n d very
clear.
After having mentioned the giving of Hikmah to LuqmZn, on whom
be peace, in this verse (12), it was said: "Be grateful to Allah." Here, the
first probability is to take the word: (qulnE: We said) a s understood.
The sense would be that 'We gave Hikmah to LuqmZn and commanded
him to be grateful to Allah.' Then, there are others who have also said
4
that the statement: $1 > (anishkur lillah: Be grateful to Allah) is in
itself a n explanation of ~ [ k m a h .In other words, the Hikmah given to
LuqmEn was that 'We gave him the command to be grateful which he

Siirah LuqmZn : 31 : 12 - 19 42

carried out.' I n t h a t case, i t would mean t h a t being grateful to t h e
blessings of Allah Ta'ZlZ is the greatest wisdom (hikmah). Soon after, it
was explicitly clarified that this command to be grateful was not given by
Allah Ta'ElZ to earn some benefit for Himself. He needs no gratefulness
from anyone. I n fact, it has been done in the interest of human beings
and for their benefit - because, according to the law of Allah, whoever is
grateful to Him, He causes a n increase in the blessings given to a person.

Mentioned after that there are some words of wise counsel spoken by
LuqmZn to his son. These have been reported by t h e Qur'Zn so t h a t
others may also benefit from these.
Out of these wise advices, first comes the soundness of beliefs, the
primary article of which is t h a t one believes i n Allah Ta'ElZ to be t h e
Creator a n d m a s t e r of t h e entire universe without a n y association or
partnership of anyone or anything. In consequence, one should not take
anyone other than Allah a s a n object of worship, for no injustice can be as
grave in this world a s the act of one who stoops to equate some creation of
Allah Ta'ZlE with the Creator. Therefore, it was said: s! 3S.j3
&L ,
,
'4 (My dear son, do not ascribe partners to Allah. Indeed, ascribing
partners to Allah is (shirk) grave transgression - 13). Later, follow other
words of good counsel a n d wisdom spoken by LuqmZn to h i s son. I n
between, t h e r e appears another command to highlight t h e gravity of
S h i r k a n d t h a t i t h a s to be avoided u n d e r a l l circumstances.This
command is as follows:

And We commanded man (to be good) about his parents. His
mother carried him facing weakness after weakness, and his
weaning is in two years: "Be grateful to Me and to your parents.
To Me is the ultimate return. [14] And if they force you to
ascribe to Him partners about whom you have no knowledge, do
not obey them. And be with them, in this world, with due
fairness, and follow the way of the one who has turned himself
towards Me. Then, towards Me is your return, so I shall tell you

about what you had been doing." [15]

Gratitude and Obedience to Parents is Obligatory - but,
Obedience to anyone Counter to Divine Command is not
Permissible
I n effect, t h e command quoted above means: 'No doubt, We have
asked children to be grateful and obedient to their parents. We have even
commanded them to be grateful to Us, and along with it, to be grateful
and obedient to their parents. But, Shirk (the ascribing of partners in the
pristine divinity of Allah Ta'ZlG) is so grave a transgression a n d so serious
a sin that it does not become permissible for anyone, not even if one's
parents command or force someone to commit it. If the parents of a person
start forcing him or her to take someone as a partner of Allah Ta'ZlZ, even
in that case, i t is not permissible to obey their command.'
Now, a t this place, where command has been given to be grateful to
parents and fulfill their rights, also pointed out is its efficient cause. Is it
not that one's mother has undergone great trial in the phenomena of his
or her life a n d survival? She h a s kept the child i n h e r body for nine
months remaining vigilant and protective all the time. Because of this,
day by day, h e r weakness a n d discomfort k e p t increasing. This s h e
braved through. Then, even after the birth of the child, she handled the
task of feeding the child, a task that demanded painstaking attention day
and night and which also added to the already receding graph of her
weakness. Since, i t is t h e mother who faces most of t h e h a r d s h i p i n
bringing up the child, therefore, the right of mother has been made to
precede even the right of father in the Shari'ah of Islam. What has been
s a i d i n : $6 2 >j ~ll;. 'k;
&j C G$(> Gjj ( A n d We
commanded man [to be good] about his parents. His mother carried him
facing weakness after weakness, and his weaning is in two years - 14)
comes to mean exactly this. After that, in: & C 5!j (And if they force you
L;
- 15), it was pointed out that the matter of ascribing anyone other than
Allah with Him is serious. In it, even the (otherwise essential) obedience
to parents is haram (unlawful).

IslZm's Peerless Law of Justice
Now in a situation under which the parents force a son or daughter to
take to Shirk and Kufr while the command of Allah Ta'ZlE tells them not
to do what they say, things become difficult. One naturally fails to stay

within limits. I n this case, while implementing the Divine injunction, the
probability did exist that the son or daughter would have used improper
language or manners in their response to parents and thus insulted them.
IslZm is a law, just and equitable. Here, everything has a limit. Therefore,
right along with the command of not obeying parents in matters of Shirk,
also given there was the command: ij; G ~2IC& (And be with them,
. d
in this world, with due fairness - 15).

I t means: 'In t h e m a t t e r of t h e contravention of your f a i t h a n d
religion, do not obey parents. But, when i t comes to worldly matters, such
a s s e r v i n g p a r e n t s physically or financially o r i n a n y o t h e r way
necessary, do not fall short about it. Instead, deal with them in mundane
matters according to recognized custom. Show no disrespect to them. Do
not respond to what they say in a manner that hurts them unnecessarily.
In other words, the pain you cause them by not accepting their insistence
on Shirk and Kufr is something you will have to bear by, since you have
no choice there. But, let this necessity stay within its functional limits and
keep abstaining from causing any pain to them in other matters.'

S p e c i a l Note
As for the weaning period of two years for a child mentioned in the
v e r s e , i t i s i n accordance w i t h c u s t o m a r y practice. I t c a r r i e s n o
clarification concerning the injunction relevant to any additional period of
suckling the child. A detailed explanation of this issue will, insha'Allah,
appear under the commentary on the verse: I&
6 , '.,',I
'&;'4ih;; (And his
carrying and weaning is (in) thirty months - Al-Ahqaf, 46:15).

T h e S e c o n d B e q u e s t of LuqmZn a b o u t Articles of Belief
One should irrevocably hold the belief that the knowledge of Allah
Ta'ZlZ surrounds every single particle of whatever there is in and around
the expanses of the heavens and the earth with His most perfect power.
Nothing can - be it the smallest of the small not commonly visible, or be it
the farthest of the far, or be it behind layers upon layers of darkness and
curtains - simply nothing can hide from the knowledge and view of Allah
Ta'ZlZ. And He can, when He wills, cause it to be present, where He wills.
11' * > a ,
, 0
This is what is meant by verse 16: J , 3 >+ j
& $1 I &-(My dear
&!
son, in fact, if there be anything to the measure of a grain of rye, and it
be [hidden] in a rock or in the heavens and the earth, Allah will bring it
forth. Surely, Allah is All-Fine, All Aware). T h e n , t h e all-covering

Maariful quran mufti shafi usmani ra vol-7

Maariful quran mufti shafi usmani ra vol-7

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