Antibiotics synthesised by fungus

2. We’ll discuss the following:
 Introduction.
 History of Cyclosporine.
 Scientific Classification.
 Structure of Cyclosporine.
 Uses of cyclosporine.
 Plaque Psoriasis Patients.
 How Does Cyclosporine Work?
 Negative Effects of Cyclosporine.
 Forms of Cyclosporine.

3. Introduction
 is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ
transplantation to prevent rejection.
 It reduces the activity of the immune system by interfering
with the activity and growth of T cells.
 It was initially isolated from the fungus Tolypocladium
inflatum (Beauveria nivea), found in a soil sample.
 Most peptides are synthesized by ribosomes, but
 ciclosporin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of
 11 amino acids and contains a single D-amino acid,
 which are rarely encountered in nature.

4. History of Cyclosporine
 Comes from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum which was
discovered in 1970.
 Tolypocladium inflatum was isolated from Norwegian soil samples.
 Found to be immunosuppressant-- cyclosporine in 1976 by J. F. Borel
 Cyclosporine was approved for use in 1983 to prevent graft
rejection in transplants.
 Approved for the treatment of severe psoriasis in 1997.

5. Scientific Classification
 Kingdom: Fungi
 Phylum: Asomycota
 Class: Sordariomycetes
 Subclass: Sordariomycetidae
 Order: Hypocreales
 Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
 Genus: Tolypocladium
 Species: T. inflatum

6. Structure of Cyclosporine
 It was shown to have 11 amino acids
and was determined to play a
significant role in organ transplants.
 Cyclic polypeptide .
 Ciclosporin is synthesized by a non-
ribosomal peptide synthetase,
ciclosporin synthetase.

7. Uses of cyclosporine
 Is an immunosuppressant which suppress or reduce the strength of the
immune system
 Cyclosporine is used to prevent transplant rejection in people who have
undergone kidney, heart and liver transplants.
 It is approved in the US for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,
severe psoriasis and as an ophthalmic emulsion for the treatment of dry eyes
(Restasis).
 Also used in severe atopic dermatitis ,Kimura's disease, pyoderma
gangrenosum, chronic autoimmune urticaria

8. Plaque Psoriasis Patients
 Plaque psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is partially due to an
overactive immune system. It causes the body to grow skin cells at a rapid rate
causing these skin cells to pile on top of each other forming red patches--- plaque.
 In 1997, the Federal Drug administration approved Neoral (cyclosporine) for the
treatment of patients with severe psoriasis.
 Usage of cyclosporine suppresses the growth of skin cells
 Only used for SEVERE plaque psoriasis if prior methotrexate use is insufficient.
 Cyclosporine is highly effective in clearing psoriasis and can prevent relapse.
 Not recommended for people who have a weak immune system since cyclosporine
is an immunosuppresant.
 Side effects
 Kidney problems
 High BP
 Skin cancer

9. How Does Cyclosporine Work?
 As cyclosporine enters the body, it suppresses T- cell
function.
 Reducing T- cell function will enable successful
transplantation since T cells purpose of function is to kill
off objects viewed as foreign.
 Cyclosporine reduces the T cell function without
affecting B cell function and the production of
antibodies. Therefore, suppressing T-cell function allows
for the transplanted organ to be accepted without a
problem.
 Not all organ transplants will be rejected by the body.
However, cyclosporine is used as precautionary
measures.

10. Negative Effects of Cyclosporine
 Because cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant, it may cause patients to
be vulnerable to OTHER health problems. IT IS VERY TOXIC!!!
 Usage of cyclosporine may cause high BP, kidney problems. It also
encourages cancerous tumor growth.
 Side effects: headache, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, upset stomach,
cramps, increased hair growth, tremor, swollen/red/painful gums,
dizziness.
 Serious side effects: dark urine, persistent nausea/vomiting, severe
stomach/abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin/eyes, vomit that looks like
coffee grounds, change in the appearance or size of skin moles/lesions,
changes in skin color, loss of consciousness, mental/mood changes,
vision changes, swollen glands, unusual lumps, night sweats

11. Forms of Cyclosporine
 This medicine is usually given 4 to 12 hours before organ
transplantation via needle placed in a vein
 Comes in the form of oral capsule and solution (liquid)
 Solution must be mixed with a liquid such as orange juice or milk.
NO GRAPE FRUIT OR GRAPEFRUIT JUICE!!!
 Comes in the brand name Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune Capsules,
Sandimmune Oral solution

12. Done by:
 Mohammed Abdo Amer
 Ahmed Adeeb Al-Shami
 Idrees Abdul-Rahman Al-Hassani
 Mohammed Al-Ahnomi
 Jalal Mo3eedh Khamousi
 Assad Al-Najjar
 Ahmed Saleh Al-Farrari
Supervised by:
 Dr. Hassan A. Al-Shamahy