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Rehabilitation 國考題_Speech 
R 吳易澄
• 
失語症
失語症 
世界上沒人懂我 
界沒人我
• 一位75 歲男性,因左側腦中風導致右半身麻痺及語言障礙, 
他可以聽懂別人說的話,但是無法回答。若請他重述句子則沒 
有困難;他最可能是下列何種失語症?(97-1-54) 
1. 經大腦皮質運動性失語症(transcortical motor aphasia ) 
2. 經大腦皮質感覺性失語症(transcortical sensory aphasia ) 
3. 運動性失語症(motor aphasia) 
4. 感覺性失語症(sensory aphasia)
• 一位中風後病患可講句子,對話語句順暢 
( fluent),但內容空洞,常併有亂語 
( paraphasia),無法覆誦( repetition),無法 
命名(naming)。請問此病患最可能之病變位置 
為何?(97-2-60) 
1.額葉(frontal lobe ) 
2.顳葉(temporal lobe) 
3.頂枕葉(parieto-occipital lobe ) 
4.角廻(angular gyrus)
• 下列何者為傳導性失語症(conduction 
aphasia)最常發生的病變位置? (102-1- 
57) 
1.弓狀束(arcuate fasciculus) 
2.基底核(basal ganglion) 
3.布洛卡氏(Broca)區 
4.魏尼凱氏(Wernicke)區
• 某腦中風患者語言理解能力與說話流利度皆有 
缺損,但是對於醫護人員給予的口頭指令,皆 
可以完整重複說出。該病患最可能罹患那一種 
類型的失語症?(102-1-69) 
1.Wernicke 氏失語症 
2.傳導性失語症(conduction aphasia) 
3. Broca 氏失語症 
4.皮質間性失語症(transcortical aphasia )
• 某病人於中風後有語言障礙,他表達語法錯亂( 
agrammatic expression),並伴隨著失用症 
( apraxia),除了抽象難度高的事務外,理解 
力甚佳。他是屬於下列何種失語症( aphasia) 
? (99-2-70) 
1.表達性失語( Broca’s aphasia) 
2.理解性失語( Wernike’s aphasia) 
3.全面性失語( global aphasia) 
4.命名性失語( anomic aphasia)
• 有關下列不同失語症(aphasia)患者之預後,何者最差? 
(98-1-69) 
1.說話流暢,但答非所問,併有保存( preservation)現象 
2.說話不流暢,可理解指令,但需費力( effort)說話 
3.說話流暢,理解正常,但命名( naming)困難 
4.說話不流暢,可理解指令,伹有電報式語言( telegraphic 
speech)
• 某中風病人合併失語症(aphasia),不會講 
話也聽不懂,但是他的覆述口(repetition)能力 
卻完全正常,該病人屬於下列那一種失語症? 
(102-2-57) 
1.布羅卡(Broca)失語症 
2.渥尼卡(Wernicke)失語症 
3.傳導型(conduction)失語症 
4.經皮質型(transcortical)失語症
• 下列有關失語症的相關敘述,何者錯誤? 
1. 如中風發生位置在優勢大腦中腦動脈的主幹(middle cerebral 
artery main stem),病患有可能呈現 全面性失語症(global 
aphasia) 
2. 全面性失語症的病患其聽說能力異常,但讀寫能力是正常的 
3. 交叉性失語症(crossed aphasia)係指慣用手為右手的病患, 
當右側腦部有病變時產生典型失語症之症狀 
4. 命名性失語症(anomic aphasia)常由其他類型失語症轉變而 
來
Crossed Aphasia 
• lesion in the right hemisphere in a right-handed 
individual. 
• Occurs in 1-2% of all aphasias, and characterised 
by confusion, memory and attention defects, and 
personality change (in addition to the usual 
language deficits). 
• Agrammatism is common, but comprehension 
and naming tend to be preserved.
• 一位中風病患,理解能力完全正常,講話時啟動困 
難,且需費力才能講出,講話語暢不順 
(dysprosody),同樣的字詞構音錯誤不一致 
(articulatory inconsistency ),但會自我糾正。此 
位病患最可能為下列何 種語言障礙?(101-2-70) 
1.渥尼克失語症(Wernicke’s aphasia ) 
2.布洛克失語症(Broca’s aphasia) 
3.構音障礙(articulation disorder ) 
4.語言失用症(apraxia of speech )
• 關於言語失用症(apraxia of speech )的敘述,何 
者錯誤?(99-1-69) 
1.較常出現於優勢大腦(dominant hemisphere )的 
病變 
2.常伴隨構音上的錯誤 
3.言語失用症並不是運動計劃(motor planning)執 
行的問題 
4.自發性說話(automatic speech)的能力比起有目 
的性的說話(purposeful speech)能力受到的影響 
較少
Apraxia of speech(AOS) 
• neurogenic communication disorder affecting 
the motor programming system for speech 
production. 
• By the definition of apraxia, AOS only affects 
volitional(willful or purposeful) movement 
patterns, however in AOS usually also 
automatic speech is affected
• Stroke-associated AOS is the most common 
form of acquired AOS, making up about 60% 
of all reported acquired AOS cases. 
• Individuals with acquired AOS demonstrate 
hallmark characteristics of articulation and 
prosody (rhythm, stress or intonation) errors.
Apraxia of speech 
the following five speech characteristics that an individual with apraxia 
of speech may exhibit: 
•Effortful trial and error with groping 常出現搜尋構音動作 
•Self correction of errors 自我糾正 
•Abnormal rhythm, stress and intonation 講話語暢不順 
•Inconsistent articulation errors on repeated speech productions of 
the same utterance 構音錯誤不一致 
•Difficulty initiating utterances 啟動困難
• 有關「失用症」(apraxia)的敘述,下列 
何者最為正確? (103-1-59) 
1.言語功能也可能發生失用症 
2.病人因不了解指令所以無法執行動作 
3.病人多伴有感覺神經功能缺失 
4.多因小腦受傷引起
TM or Broca’s 
有些失語症患者因無法提取想要表達 
的詞彙,就會使用能說出的詞語迂迴 
描述「目標物」的特色,而不自覺。 
Transcortical sensory 
亂語症患者會說出很長且流利的話語, 
TS or Wenicke’s 
Broca’s 
Broca’s 
Angular gyrus 
Arcuate fasciculus 
無力 
語法 
缺失 
迂迴語 
模仿 
多言癖 
新語症 
文法倒錯 
言語錯亂 
但卻不關連、缺乏語意且難以理 
解。
吞嚥困難 
Dysphagia
吞嚥困難 
我是Oral phase 
dysphagia!!
• 一位吞嚥困難病患,臨床主訴胸部灼熱感 
(heart burn),且併有食物卡住(food 
sticking)之感覺,依吞嚥期分期,下列那一 
期最可能受損?(101-2-55) 
• 口腔期(oral stage) 
• 口腔準備期(oral preparatory stage) 
• 咽喉期(pharyngeal stage) 
• 食道期(esophageal stage)
• 一位中風病人自中風發作後即出現吞嚥障礙, 
他目前僅能緩慢地吞嚥半固體食物,喝水或果 
汁時則很容易嗆到。此病人之吞嚥障礙應發生 
在下列何階段? (102-2-69) 
1.口腔階段(oral phase) 
2.咽喉階段(pharyngeal phase ) 
3.食道階段(esophageal phase) 
4.鼻腔階段(nasal phase )
• 一位腦中風患者喝水很容易嗆到,但吃較黏稠 
的食物則沒有問題,且水溫較低較不容易嗆到 
,此一患者最可能伴有下列那一種吞嚥障礙? 
(100-2-68) 
1.口腔動作不靈活 
2.吞嚥反射(swallowing reflex)延遲 
3.會厭軟骨(epiglottis)閉合不全 
4.環咽肌(cricopharyngeal muscle)閉鎖
• 某老先生中風後常有喝水會嗆到的現象, 
吃稀飯則不會。如要評估其吞嚥功能,下 
列那一種檢查應優先考慮?(99-2-69) 
1.Videofluorographic swallowing study 
2.Chest X-ray 
3.Brain MRI 
4.Laryngoscopy
• 一位腦中風病患發生明顯吞嚥困難(dysphagia) 
,下列何種診斷檢查對吞嚥復健治療最有幫助? 
(96-1-70) 
1.光纖內視鏡檢查(fiberoptic endoscopic examination 
of swallowing) 
2.錄影螢光攝影檢查(videofluorographic swallowing 
study) 
3.口腔咽喉反射檢查(oropharyngeal reflex test ) 
4.咽喉肌電圖檢查(electromyographic examination of 
laryngeal muscles)
swallowing reflex test: 
病人需是清醒,且可配合指令動作。 
患者SaO2 > 90%,無明顯的呼吸急迫或聲帶/咽喉功不足,不需 
使用氧氣面罩或呼吸器。 
患者近3天內無疑似吸入性肺炎症狀。 
在測試前先依標準程序清潔口腔,以避免在測試中嗆入食物/分 
泌物。 
先給病人2 ml的水,觀察否有問題,並重複相同步驟3次 
若無發生吞嚥障礙,再將測試的水量依序增加至 
2~4ml、5~9ml 、 > 10 ml 
若受測者在任一過程中會嗆到,則中止測試並記錄吞嚥時的反應 
hyoid elevation 
cough 
voice gagling
螢光吞嚥攝影檢查 
• 目的: 確定患者吞嚥功能上,解剖與神經肌肉生理之障礙 
• 方法:利用食物混合鋇劑,讓病人吞嚥不同濃度之鋇鹽液的流 
向(稀鋇液(thin liquid)、濃鋇(thick liquid) 、膏狀鋇液 
(paste)、餅乾,再用X光螢光機看看食物在吞嚥時的動作是否 
順利,以了解口腔期、咽喉期、食道期中,食物移動的協調有 
無異常的情況。 
• 優點:可觀察不同階段之完整動態吞嚥及吞嚥反射資料,可觀 
察不同食物濃度對吞嚥的影響。 
• 限制:需病人可坐姿並配合吞嚥,有可能造成吸入性肺炎,需 
暴露於X光。
光纖鼻咽內視鏡吞嚥檢查 
• 目的: 評估鼻咽、口咽、下咽與喉部聲門解剖構造與神經 
感覺,及吞嚥反射前後之生理機轉 
• 方法: 將光纖鼻咽喉鏡由鼻腔底部置入 
• 缺點: 無法觀察口腔階段及吞嚥反射當時之情況,獲得完 
整之動態吞嚥生理資料
• 下列有關吞嚥困難(dysphagia)之敘述,何 
者最不正確? (95-1-72) 
1.吞嚥困難的病患常發生吸入性肺炎 
2.吞嚥困難的腦中風病人,一般而言其功能性活 
動較差 
3.單側腦中風的病人一邊口腔咽喉正常,故不會 
發生吞嚥困難 
4.吞嚥困難常發生於腦幹中風(brain-stem 
stroke)的病人
• Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) has an overall prevalence of 25– 
65% in stroke patients: 
– 67% of brainstem strokes 
– 28% of all left hemispheric strokes 
– 21% of all right hemispheric strokes 
• More common in bilateral hemisphere lesions than in unilateral 
hemisphere lesions. 
• More common in large-vessel than in small-vessel strokes. 
• Delayed pharyngeal swallow is the most common cause (Veis, 
1985).
• 下列何種姿勢可以最有效地改善中風偏癱病人 
的吞嚥障礙(dysphagia)?(94-1-94) 
1.將頭部前傾、下巴收攏(chin tuck) 
2.將頭部轉向健側邊(turning the head to the 
stronger side) 
3.將頭部傾向患側邊(tilting the head toward the 
affected side) 
4.將頭部後仰,下巴前伸(neck extension)
吞嚥障礙治療 
吞嚥障礙原因進食姿勢原理最容易進食的 
食物性質 
舌頭後推食團能 
力下降 
頭向後仰使用重力以排空口腔液體 
延遲啟動咽部期 
吞嚥 
低頭擴大會厭谿並預防食團進入 
呼吸道窄縮呼吸道入口 
濃稠液體 
舌底部後送不足 
,會厭谿有殘留 
物 
低頭將舌根往後推向咽壁液體 
直接治療
以口腔進食方式,選擇最佳的吞嚥姿勢,依患者吞嚥 
困難原因,調整進食方式
吞嚥障礙類別進食姿勢原理最容易進食的 
食物性質 
單側喉部功能 
異常 
低頭 
頭轉向患側 
將會厭軟骨推向後方的保護位 
置,窄縮呼吸道入口 
藉外部推力增強聲帶閉合,窄 
縮呼吸道入口 
液體 
喉部閉合不足低頭將會厭軟骨推向後方的保護位 
置,窄縮呼吸道入口 
布丁和糊狀食 
物 
咽部收縮不良側躺改變咽部殘留物的重力方向液體 
單側咽部麻痺頭轉向患側扭轉咽部,減少食物通過咽部 
患側 
液體 
環咽功能異常低頭將環咽軟骨推離後咽壁,將地 
環咽縮靜止的壓力 
液體
特殊吞嚥治療法 
A.上聲門吞嚥法: 
將咀嚼好的食物含在口中,深呼吸並屏住呼吸,然後用 
力吞,吞嚥後馬上咳嗽。 
B.用力吞嚥法: 
吞嚥時,使用口腔與咽喉肌肉用力向後吞。 
C.低頭吞嚥法: 
將食物放入口腔,咀嚼食物後,低頭用力吞嚥。 
D.孟德生吞嚥法: 
吞嚥時深呼吸,將喉部上抬到最高位置的時間拉長,以 
爭取吞嚥時呼吸道的安全時間。
• 下列有關於吞嚥困難的敘述,何者錯誤?(102-2-68) 
1. 頭頸部接受放射線治療後,可能造成附近組織纖維化而導致呑 
嚥困難 
2. 如發生胸部吞嚥困難(thoracic dysphagia),其由食道功能障 
礙所造成的機率極高 
3. 孟德森手法(Mendelsohn maneuver)會減少上食道括約肌打 
開的程度及打開的時間 
4. 吞嚥中有大於五十條肌肉(more than 50 muscles)序列性的興 
奮及抑制(sequential excitation and inhibition)
• Compensatory Strategies 
– Chin tuck: provides airway protection by 
preventing entry of liquid into the larynx 
– Head rotation: Turn the head to the paretic side. 
– Head tilt: uses gravity to guide bolus into 
ipsilateral pharynx.
• Compensatory Strategies 
– Supraglottic swallow: concomitant breath holding and 
swallowing closes the vocal folds to protect the 
trachea. 
– Super supraglottic swallow: adds Valsalva maneuver 
to maximize vocal fold closing. 
– Mendelsohn maneuver: patient voluntarily holds the 
larynx at its maximal height to lengthen duration of 
cricopharyngeal opening.
• 一位腦中風導致右側半身麻痺及吞嚥障礙 
的病人,餵食時應將食物置於口腔之何處 
最為恰當?(93-2-36) 
1.右側 
2.左側 
3.舌尖 
4.舌根
• 下列何者屬於嗓音疾病(voice disorder)? 
(103-1-71) 
1.發音障礙(dysphonia) 
2.失用症(apraxia) 
3.構音困難(dysarthria) 
4.失語症(aphasia)
Rehabilitation國考題 speech

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Rehabilitation國考題 speech

  • 2.
  • 5. • 一位75 歲男性,因左側腦中風導致右半身麻痺及語言障礙, 他可以聽懂別人說的話,但是無法回答。若請他重述句子則沒 有困難;他最可能是下列何種失語症?(97-1-54) 1. 經大腦皮質運動性失語症(transcortical motor aphasia ) 2. 經大腦皮質感覺性失語症(transcortical sensory aphasia ) 3. 運動性失語症(motor aphasia) 4. 感覺性失語症(sensory aphasia)
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. • 一位中風後病患可講句子,對話語句順暢 ( fluent),但內容空洞,常併有亂語 ( paraphasia),無法覆誦( repetition),無法 命名(naming)。請問此病患最可能之病變位置 為何?(97-2-60) 1.額葉(frontal lobe ) 2.顳葉(temporal lobe) 3.頂枕葉(parieto-occipital lobe ) 4.角廻(angular gyrus)
  • 9. • 下列何者為傳導性失語症(conduction aphasia)最常發生的病變位置? (102-1- 57) 1.弓狀束(arcuate fasciculus) 2.基底核(basal ganglion) 3.布洛卡氏(Broca)區 4.魏尼凱氏(Wernicke)區
  • 10.
  • 11. • 某腦中風患者語言理解能力與說話流利度皆有 缺損,但是對於醫護人員給予的口頭指令,皆 可以完整重複說出。該病患最可能罹患那一種 類型的失語症?(102-1-69) 1.Wernicke 氏失語症 2.傳導性失語症(conduction aphasia) 3. Broca 氏失語症 4.皮質間性失語症(transcortical aphasia )
  • 12.
  • 13. • 某病人於中風後有語言障礙,他表達語法錯亂( agrammatic expression),並伴隨著失用症 ( apraxia),除了抽象難度高的事務外,理解 力甚佳。他是屬於下列何種失語症( aphasia) ? (99-2-70) 1.表達性失語( Broca’s aphasia) 2.理解性失語( Wernike’s aphasia) 3.全面性失語( global aphasia) 4.命名性失語( anomic aphasia)
  • 14. • 有關下列不同失語症(aphasia)患者之預後,何者最差? (98-1-69) 1.說話流暢,但答非所問,併有保存( preservation)現象 2.說話不流暢,可理解指令,但需費力( effort)說話 3.說話流暢,理解正常,但命名( naming)困難 4.說話不流暢,可理解指令,伹有電報式語言( telegraphic speech)
  • 15. • 某中風病人合併失語症(aphasia),不會講 話也聽不懂,但是他的覆述口(repetition)能力 卻完全正常,該病人屬於下列那一種失語症? (102-2-57) 1.布羅卡(Broca)失語症 2.渥尼卡(Wernicke)失語症 3.傳導型(conduction)失語症 4.經皮質型(transcortical)失語症
  • 16. • 下列有關失語症的相關敘述,何者錯誤? 1. 如中風發生位置在優勢大腦中腦動脈的主幹(middle cerebral artery main stem),病患有可能呈現 全面性失語症(global aphasia) 2. 全面性失語症的病患其聽說能力異常,但讀寫能力是正常的 3. 交叉性失語症(crossed aphasia)係指慣用手為右手的病患, 當右側腦部有病變時產生典型失語症之症狀 4. 命名性失語症(anomic aphasia)常由其他類型失語症轉變而 來
  • 17. Crossed Aphasia • lesion in the right hemisphere in a right-handed individual. • Occurs in 1-2% of all aphasias, and characterised by confusion, memory and attention defects, and personality change (in addition to the usual language deficits). • Agrammatism is common, but comprehension and naming tend to be preserved.
  • 18. • 一位中風病患,理解能力完全正常,講話時啟動困 難,且需費力才能講出,講話語暢不順 (dysprosody),同樣的字詞構音錯誤不一致 (articulatory inconsistency ),但會自我糾正。此 位病患最可能為下列何 種語言障礙?(101-2-70) 1.渥尼克失語症(Wernicke’s aphasia ) 2.布洛克失語症(Broca’s aphasia) 3.構音障礙(articulation disorder ) 4.語言失用症(apraxia of speech )
  • 19. • 關於言語失用症(apraxia of speech )的敘述,何 者錯誤?(99-1-69) 1.較常出現於優勢大腦(dominant hemisphere )的 病變 2.常伴隨構音上的錯誤 3.言語失用症並不是運動計劃(motor planning)執 行的問題 4.自發性說話(automatic speech)的能力比起有目 的性的說話(purposeful speech)能力受到的影響 較少
  • 20. Apraxia of speech(AOS) • neurogenic communication disorder affecting the motor programming system for speech production. • By the definition of apraxia, AOS only affects volitional(willful or purposeful) movement patterns, however in AOS usually also automatic speech is affected
  • 21. • Stroke-associated AOS is the most common form of acquired AOS, making up about 60% of all reported acquired AOS cases. • Individuals with acquired AOS demonstrate hallmark characteristics of articulation and prosody (rhythm, stress or intonation) errors.
  • 22. Apraxia of speech the following five speech characteristics that an individual with apraxia of speech may exhibit: •Effortful trial and error with groping 常出現搜尋構音動作 •Self correction of errors 自我糾正 •Abnormal rhythm, stress and intonation 講話語暢不順 •Inconsistent articulation errors on repeated speech productions of the same utterance 構音錯誤不一致 •Difficulty initiating utterances 啟動困難
  • 23. • 有關「失用症」(apraxia)的敘述,下列 何者最為正確? (103-1-59) 1.言語功能也可能發生失用症 2.病人因不了解指令所以無法執行動作 3.病人多伴有感覺神經功能缺失 4.多因小腦受傷引起
  • 24. TM or Broca’s 有些失語症患者因無法提取想要表達 的詞彙,就會使用能說出的詞語迂迴 描述「目標物」的特色,而不自覺。 Transcortical sensory 亂語症患者會說出很長且流利的話語, TS or Wenicke’s Broca’s Broca’s Angular gyrus Arcuate fasciculus 無力 語法 缺失 迂迴語 模仿 多言癖 新語症 文法倒錯 言語錯亂 但卻不關連、缺乏語意且難以理 解。
  • 27. • 一位吞嚥困難病患,臨床主訴胸部灼熱感 (heart burn),且併有食物卡住(food sticking)之感覺,依吞嚥期分期,下列那一 期最可能受損?(101-2-55) • 口腔期(oral stage) • 口腔準備期(oral preparatory stage) • 咽喉期(pharyngeal stage) • 食道期(esophageal stage)
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. • 一位中風病人自中風發作後即出現吞嚥障礙, 他目前僅能緩慢地吞嚥半固體食物,喝水或果 汁時則很容易嗆到。此病人之吞嚥障礙應發生 在下列何階段? (102-2-69) 1.口腔階段(oral phase) 2.咽喉階段(pharyngeal phase ) 3.食道階段(esophageal phase) 4.鼻腔階段(nasal phase )
  • 32. • 一位腦中風患者喝水很容易嗆到,但吃較黏稠 的食物則沒有問題,且水溫較低較不容易嗆到 ,此一患者最可能伴有下列那一種吞嚥障礙? (100-2-68) 1.口腔動作不靈活 2.吞嚥反射(swallowing reflex)延遲 3.會厭軟骨(epiglottis)閉合不全 4.環咽肌(cricopharyngeal muscle)閉鎖
  • 33. • 某老先生中風後常有喝水會嗆到的現象, 吃稀飯則不會。如要評估其吞嚥功能,下 列那一種檢查應優先考慮?(99-2-69) 1.Videofluorographic swallowing study 2.Chest X-ray 3.Brain MRI 4.Laryngoscopy
  • 34. • 一位腦中風病患發生明顯吞嚥困難(dysphagia) ,下列何種診斷檢查對吞嚥復健治療最有幫助? (96-1-70) 1.光纖內視鏡檢查(fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing) 2.錄影螢光攝影檢查(videofluorographic swallowing study) 3.口腔咽喉反射檢查(oropharyngeal reflex test ) 4.咽喉肌電圖檢查(electromyographic examination of laryngeal muscles)
  • 35. swallowing reflex test: 病人需是清醒,且可配合指令動作。 患者SaO2 > 90%,無明顯的呼吸急迫或聲帶/咽喉功不足,不需 使用氧氣面罩或呼吸器。 患者近3天內無疑似吸入性肺炎症狀。 在測試前先依標準程序清潔口腔,以避免在測試中嗆入食物/分 泌物。 先給病人2 ml的水,觀察否有問題,並重複相同步驟3次 若無發生吞嚥障礙,再將測試的水量依序增加至 2~4ml、5~9ml 、 > 10 ml 若受測者在任一過程中會嗆到,則中止測試並記錄吞嚥時的反應 hyoid elevation cough voice gagling
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39. 螢光吞嚥攝影檢查 • 目的: 確定患者吞嚥功能上,解剖與神經肌肉生理之障礙 • 方法:利用食物混合鋇劑,讓病人吞嚥不同濃度之鋇鹽液的流 向(稀鋇液(thin liquid)、濃鋇(thick liquid) 、膏狀鋇液 (paste)、餅乾,再用X光螢光機看看食物在吞嚥時的動作是否 順利,以了解口腔期、咽喉期、食道期中,食物移動的協調有 無異常的情況。 • 優點:可觀察不同階段之完整動態吞嚥及吞嚥反射資料,可觀 察不同食物濃度對吞嚥的影響。 • 限制:需病人可坐姿並配合吞嚥,有可能造成吸入性肺炎,需 暴露於X光。
  • 40.
  • 41. 光纖鼻咽內視鏡吞嚥檢查 • 目的: 評估鼻咽、口咽、下咽與喉部聲門解剖構造與神經 感覺,及吞嚥反射前後之生理機轉 • 方法: 將光纖鼻咽喉鏡由鼻腔底部置入 • 缺點: 無法觀察口腔階段及吞嚥反射當時之情況,獲得完 整之動態吞嚥生理資料
  • 42. • 下列有關吞嚥困難(dysphagia)之敘述,何 者最不正確? (95-1-72) 1.吞嚥困難的病患常發生吸入性肺炎 2.吞嚥困難的腦中風病人,一般而言其功能性活 動較差 3.單側腦中風的病人一邊口腔咽喉正常,故不會 發生吞嚥困難 4.吞嚥困難常發生於腦幹中風(brain-stem stroke)的病人
  • 43. • Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) has an overall prevalence of 25– 65% in stroke patients: – 67% of brainstem strokes – 28% of all left hemispheric strokes – 21% of all right hemispheric strokes • More common in bilateral hemisphere lesions than in unilateral hemisphere lesions. • More common in large-vessel than in small-vessel strokes. • Delayed pharyngeal swallow is the most common cause (Veis, 1985).
  • 44. • 下列何種姿勢可以最有效地改善中風偏癱病人 的吞嚥障礙(dysphagia)?(94-1-94) 1.將頭部前傾、下巴收攏(chin tuck) 2.將頭部轉向健側邊(turning the head to the stronger side) 3.將頭部傾向患側邊(tilting the head toward the affected side) 4.將頭部後仰,下巴前伸(neck extension)
  • 45. 吞嚥障礙治療 吞嚥障礙原因進食姿勢原理最容易進食的 食物性質 舌頭後推食團能 力下降 頭向後仰使用重力以排空口腔液體 延遲啟動咽部期 吞嚥 低頭擴大會厭谿並預防食團進入 呼吸道窄縮呼吸道入口 濃稠液體 舌底部後送不足 ,會厭谿有殘留 物 低頭將舌根往後推向咽壁液體 直接治療 以口腔進食方式,選擇最佳的吞嚥姿勢,依患者吞嚥 困難原因,調整進食方式
  • 46. 吞嚥障礙類別進食姿勢原理最容易進食的 食物性質 單側喉部功能 異常 低頭 頭轉向患側 將會厭軟骨推向後方的保護位 置,窄縮呼吸道入口 藉外部推力增強聲帶閉合,窄 縮呼吸道入口 液體 喉部閉合不足低頭將會厭軟骨推向後方的保護位 置,窄縮呼吸道入口 布丁和糊狀食 物 咽部收縮不良側躺改變咽部殘留物的重力方向液體 單側咽部麻痺頭轉向患側扭轉咽部,減少食物通過咽部 患側 液體 環咽功能異常低頭將環咽軟骨推離後咽壁,將地 環咽縮靜止的壓力 液體
  • 47. 特殊吞嚥治療法 A.上聲門吞嚥法: 將咀嚼好的食物含在口中,深呼吸並屏住呼吸,然後用 力吞,吞嚥後馬上咳嗽。 B.用力吞嚥法: 吞嚥時,使用口腔與咽喉肌肉用力向後吞。 C.低頭吞嚥法: 將食物放入口腔,咀嚼食物後,低頭用力吞嚥。 D.孟德生吞嚥法: 吞嚥時深呼吸,將喉部上抬到最高位置的時間拉長,以 爭取吞嚥時呼吸道的安全時間。
  • 48. • 下列有關於吞嚥困難的敘述,何者錯誤?(102-2-68) 1. 頭頸部接受放射線治療後,可能造成附近組織纖維化而導致呑 嚥困難 2. 如發生胸部吞嚥困難(thoracic dysphagia),其由食道功能障 礙所造成的機率極高 3. 孟德森手法(Mendelsohn maneuver)會減少上食道括約肌打 開的程度及打開的時間 4. 吞嚥中有大於五十條肌肉(more than 50 muscles)序列性的興 奮及抑制(sequential excitation and inhibition)
  • 49. • Compensatory Strategies – Chin tuck: provides airway protection by preventing entry of liquid into the larynx – Head rotation: Turn the head to the paretic side. – Head tilt: uses gravity to guide bolus into ipsilateral pharynx.
  • 50. • Compensatory Strategies – Supraglottic swallow: concomitant breath holding and swallowing closes the vocal folds to protect the trachea. – Super supraglottic swallow: adds Valsalva maneuver to maximize vocal fold closing. – Mendelsohn maneuver: patient voluntarily holds the larynx at its maximal height to lengthen duration of cricopharyngeal opening.
  • 52. • 下列何者屬於嗓音疾病(voice disorder)? (103-1-71) 1.發音障礙(dysphonia) 2.失用症(apraxia) 3.構音困難(dysarthria) 4.失語症(aphasia)