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Iron/Caffeine as a Catalytic System for
Microwave-Promoted Benzamide Formation
Chemistry of Amide; nature, application,
synthetic method
アミドの化学;性質、応用、合成方法
Microwave Chemistry; principle, feature
マイクロ波化学; 原理や特徴
Application of microwave to chemical reactions
マイクロ波の化学反応への応用
Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 417
2015/05/22 Isamu Katsuyama
アミドの化学
自然界では、タンパク質、生理活性天然物などに存在
R1
N
O
R2
R3
R1
N
O
R3
R2
• 化学的に安定
• ほとんどのアミドは平面構造
• アミド基は極性が高い(水素結合、静電相互作用)
性質
生理活性化合物の活性発現に関与していることが多い。
合成医薬品への応用例
アミドの主な合成法
“One-pot” oxidative amidation from alcohols with amines
Coupling reaction from calboxylic acids with amines
R1
N
O
R2
R3
R1
OH
O
+R2
R3
NH
Cuplingagent
(>1.0eq)
waste
優れた方法だが、環境面にやや問題あり
近年注目され、今後の発展に期待 今回の論文でも検討
マイクロ波化学
 マイクロ波
周波数0.3-300GHzに対応する電磁波
Ex) 電子レンジや化学反応用には2.45GHz
1秒間に24億5千万回もの電場の強弱の波が発生
 マイクロ波照射による発熱原理
分子の双極子が電場の向きにそろう
電場の向きが反転して分子も反転
-
 H H
O
→周波数の分だけ分子の反転運動が起こる。激しい運動
で他の分子との摩擦により発熱する。
電場中
マイクロ波使用反応の特徴
熱的効果
1. 選択加熱
高極性分子→加熱されやすい (水、アルコールなど)
低極性分子→加熱されにくい(ヘキサン、トルエンなど)
2. 急速加熱
原理的に分子自体が発熱するため、温度上昇が極
めて迅速
メリット; 反応時間の大幅短縮、反応物の分解抑
制、省エネなど
3. 内部加熱
容器の内部が高温、外部へ行くほど温度が下がる
(従来加熱では外部が高温、内部へ行くほど温度が下がる)
メリット; 従来加熱で起こりがちな、容器壁面で
の触媒の分解・失活の抑制など
その他
 スーパーヒーティング
急激な温度上昇により、溶媒の沸点以上の加熱が可能
 ホットスポット
吸収体や反射体があるとエネルギー分布が不均一になり
、局所的な高温場が生じる事がある
非熱的効果; Arrhenius則k=Aexp(-⊿G/RT)による考え方
 分子の衝突頻度(A)の向上
電場中では極性分子の互いの向きがそろうため
反応活性化エネルギー(⊿G)の減少
電場中では分極した活性複合体が生成しやすくなるため
明確な実証はされておらず、近年
はこの効果を否定する実験結果が
幾つか報告されている。
例えば、J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 36.
A+B
AB
AB
電場中
電場中
Results and Discussion
Previous work Tetrahedron, 2014, 70, 5093.
以前に開発した触媒系を用いたアミド合成反応に、マイクロ波を
使ってさらなる効率化を狙った。
ただし、アミン塩酸塩2aーqの中和用に用いた炭酸カルシウム(Base)は
CO2発生のため、マイクロ波を使用した反応系では危険
This work
TBHP; t-butyl hydroperoxide
Baseの探索
Stronger base Weaker base
従来加熱では
収率激減
1.5eq of
1a
2eq of
1a
カフェイン1/10量で
もよい!Baseの役
割ではないのか?
l
3
tlt
ffi
3,
i,
反応機構の考察
(Entry13よりbaseは不要)
カフェインは、baseとしてではなく、Feを安定化する配位子と
して働いているのかもしれない (?)
Tetrahedron Lett., 2013, 54, 4922.
Fe, TBHPによる酸化機構
今回のTOF=14.7-33.6 (h-1)
従来のTOF < 11 (h-1)
(3ah; 従来加熱では収率59%)
R1, R2の変更
Arの変更
 TOF (Tornover frequency) =
(mmol of product/[(mmol of catalyst)x reaction time]
単位時間当たり、触媒が不活性化するまでにどれ
だけの基質を生成物に変換したかを現す値。この
値が大きいほど効率が良い。
例えば、
TOF=1 (h-1); 1時間の反応で、触媒1mmolから生
成物1mmol
TOF=10 (h-1); 1時間の反応で、触媒1mmolから
生成物10mmol
カフェインを含む天然素材を使った反応
カフェイン使用の時より収率低下。天然素材に含まれる他の成分が、
反応剤や触媒と反応しているのかもしれない。
Summary
 Combination of a catalytic system
with microwave activation
The unique Fe/caffeine with microwave →
efficient benzamide formation;
TOFs ; up to 33.6 (h-1)
30-45min yields; up to 84%
( 幾つかの例では、マイクロ波照射の方が従来加熱
より良いことも確認した)

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Microwave-Promoted Amide Formation