Curso 5a

Exercise 1
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present progressive).
1. Look! He (leave) ____________________ the house.
2. Quiet please! I (write) __________________a test.
3. She usually (walk) ______________to school.
4. But look! Today she (go) ________________by bike.
5. Every Sunday we (go) _________________to see my grandparents.
6. He often (go) _________________to the cinema.
7. We (play) _________________Monopoly at the moment.
8. The child seldom (cry) ________________________.
9. I (not / do) ____________________anything at the moment.
10. (watch / he) __________________the news regularly?
Exercise 2
Look at the picture on the right and complete the sentences (Simple Present or Present
Progressive).
1. This (be) _________Marc.
2. He (wear) ____________a t-shirt and shorts today.
3. He (eat) _____________an apple at the moment.
4. Marc (like) ______________fruits and vegetables.
5. He (eat) ________________some every day.
6. Marc (know) _____________that apples (be) ____________good for his
health.

Exercise 3
Progressive).
1. Joe and Dennis (be) ______________best friends.
2. They often (meet) ______________in the afternoon.
3. What (do / they) ______________at the moment?
4. They (play) ______________football.
5. They (love) _________________ football.
6. Joe (practise) _________________with his father every weekend, but Dennis (not /
play) ________________football very often.
Exercise 4
Progressive).
1. These (be) _______________Linda and Jeff.
2. Linda (be) _____________Jeff's little sister.
3. At the moment, the two kids (sit) ____________________on the floor.
4. Jeff (hold) ___________________a book right now, he (read) ___________________a story
to Linda.
5. Look! Linda (listen) __________________carefully and she (look) _______________at the
beautiful pictures.
6. Linda (love) ____________Jeff's stories.
7. He (read) _____________a story to her every day.
8. Jeff sometimes even (write) _____________his own stories.

Exercise 5
Complete the story. Use Simple Present and Present Progressive.
1. It (be) _________early in the morning.
2. Sally (get) ________________-out of bed, (open)___________ the window
and (go) _________________into the bathroom.
3. Then she (have) _____________breakfast.
4. After breakfast, Sally usually (cycle) _________________to school.
5. After school, she (go) _________________back home.
6. Sally usually (eat) _______________her lunch at home.
7. In the afternoons, she first (do) _____________her homework and then
she (meet) _______________her friends in the park.
8. What (do / she) __________________now?
9. She (play) __________________the guitar.
10. Her friends (listen) ____________________and some of
them (sing) ____________________along.
11. When Sally (come) ________________home in the evening,
she (have) ___________________dinner and then she (watch) _________________TV.
12. She (go) ___________________to bed at about 8 o'clock every day.

Exercise 6
Write the verbs in Present Progressive.
1. speak – I _________________
2. jump – you _________________
3. bake – she _________________
4. play – they _________________
5. run – we _________________
Write the verbs in Simple Present, 3rd person singular.
1. be – it ____________
2. have – he ____________
3. eat – she ____________
4. can – he ____________
5. wash – she ____________
Use
When to use which tense?
1. For actions happening regularly, often or never, we use ________________________
2. For actions happening now, we use __________________
3. The verbs 'be', 'have', 'like' and 'want' are normally only used in _____________________
4. The signal word 'usually' indicates that we have to use __________________________
5. The signal word 'now' indicates that we have to use ____________________________

Positive sentences
Complete the sentences. Use Simple Present or Present Progressive.
1. Look! They (leave) ______________________the house.
2. Brian (cycle) _______________________30 km every day.
3. Samantha (do) ____________________her homework at the moment.
4. My parents (shop) ______________________right now.
5. He usually (get up) _________________________early in the morning.
Negative sentences
1. You (see / not) ____________________her every day.
2. The baby (sleep / not) ______________________at the moment.
3. I (read / not) ___________________________a book now.
4. We (go / not) ___________________________to school on Sundays.
5. He (watch / not) _____________________________the news every day.
Question
1. (you / go) ______________________________on holiday by plane sometimes?
2. (they / play) ___________________________ computer games every day?
3. (she / eat) ____________________________dinner at the moment?
4. What (they / do) ___________________________right now?
5. (she / visit) _______________________________her grandma very often?

Text
Choose the correct verbal tense (Simple Present oder Present Progressive).
1. Look! Jenny (go) __________________________to school.
2. On her back, Jenny (carry) _______________________her school bag.
3. The school bag (be) ________________________very heavy
4. Normally, Jenny (wear) _____________________________black shoes, but today
she (wear) ___________________________red wellies.
5. And look, she (wear) ______________________a raincoat because
it (rain) ___________________________outside.
6. Jenny (not / want) __________________________to get wet.
Exercise 7
Present Progressive
Write the ing-form of the following verbs.
1. walk - ________________________
2. make - ________________________
3. wash - ________________________
4. lie ________________________
5. stop - ________________________
Simple Present
Write the form of the following verbs in Third person.
.
1. write – she ________________________
2. kiss – he ________________________
3. must – she ________________________
4. laugh – she ________________________
5. go – he ________________________

Use
1. For present actions happening one after another, we use ____________________________.
2. For actions happening while speaking, we use _____________________________________.
3. For arrangements for the near future, we use ______________________________________.
4. For actions set by a schedule or timetable, we use __________________________________.
5. Which tense do you have to use with the following signal words: sometimes, never, every
day_____________________________________________.
6. Which tense do you have to use with the following signal words: Listen!, at the moment, right now?
_______________________________________.
Positive sentences
1. The lesson (start) _________________________________at 9 o'clock.
2. He often (wear) ______________________________a black cap.
3. I (meet) ___________________________my friends in the youth club tonight.
4. My friend (move) ______________________________house tomorrow.
5. My birthday (be) _____________________________in September.
Negative sentences
1. She (not / ride) _______________________her bike right now.
2. We (not / stay) ___________________________at home tonight.
3. I (not / like) __________________________bananas.
4. They (not / know) ____________________________the answer.
5. I (not / sit) ________________________________in the garden at the moment.

1. When (arrive / the plane) _________________________________?
2. (visit / you) ____________________________________Jane in hospital today?
3. What time (get up / you) _______________________________in the mornings?
4. Why (cry / she) _________________________________now?
5. (swim / they) _______________________________in the pool at the moment?
Text
1. I (live) ________________________in London.
2. This weekend, I (visit) ____________________________my friends in Brighton.
3. The train to Brighton (leave) _____________________________London at 6.45 in the morning.
4. In the early afternoon, we (want) ___________________________to go on a sightseeing tour.
5. In the evening, we (go) ________________________________to a concert.
6. The concert (start) _____________________________________at 8 o'clock.
1. I (come) ______________________________back to London on Sunday.
2. My train (arrive) _______________________________in London at 7.50 in the evening.
Exercise 8
Present Progressive
Write the ing-form of the following verbs.
1. Fly _______________________________
2. book _______________________________
3. hit _______________________________
4. take ______________________________
5. lie _______________________________

Simple Present
Write the 3rd person singular of the following verbs (in Simple Present).
1. do – he ____________________________
2. worry – she ____________________________
3. play – she ____________________________
4. watch – he ____________________________
5. might – she ___________________________
Use
1. Which tense do you have to use with the following signal words: Look!,
now?___________________________________________________.
2. Which tense do you have to use with the following signal words: often, seldom,
never?___________________________________________________.
3. For actions happening at the moment of speaking, we
use________________________________________________________.
4. For actions set by a timetable or schedule, we use______________________________________.
5. In a story, for present actions happening one after another, we use
________________________________________________.
6. For arrangements for the near future, we use________________________________________.
Positive sentences
1. We (help)________________________________in the canteen this week.
2. Martin usually (drive)_______________________________ to work.
3. But today, he (take)___________________________________the bus.
4. Listen! She (practise)_________________________________ the piano.
5. My friend (play)_____________________________________the guitar every evening.

Negative sentences
1. He (not / spend) _____________________________his holidays in Spain each year.
2. I (not / meet) __________________________________Francis tonight.
3. They (not / fly) ________________________________to London tomorrow.
4. We (not / work) ________________________________this week.
5. The film (not / begin) _______________________________at 7 o'clock.
Question
1. (leave / you) ___________________________the party now?
2. (have / you) ____________________________any brothers or sisters?
3. (love / she) ________________________________him?
4. Who (cook) ________________________________dinner tonight?
5. (send / he) _________________________________you an e-mail every day?
Text
1. Maria (want) _______________________________to improve her English.
2. Therefore, she (do) __________________________a language course in London at the moment.
3. She (stay) __________________with a host family and (must) ____________________take the
tube to get to her language school.
4. It (be) ________________________________only a five-minute walk to the nearest tube station.
5. The tube (leave) _________________________________at half past eight.
6. The first lesson (begin) __________________________________at 9 o'clock.
7. In the afternoons, the school (offer) __________________________sightseeing tours in and around
London.
8. Tomorrow, the students of the language school (go) ________________________to Windsor.

Responden a preguntas tales como "to what degree?", e indican con qué intensidad se
realiza una acción: very, completely, greatly, extremely.
much - mucho
so much - tanto
too much - demasiado
very little - muy poco
so little - tan poco
too little - demasiado poco
 I miss you so much!
¡Le echo de menos tanto!
 My son didn't like the soup much because it was cold.
A mi hijo no le gustó mucho la sopa porque estaba fría.
 You've done too much for me.Thank you.
Usted ha hecho demasiado por mí. Gracias.
 We still know very little about insects.
Todavía sabemos muy poco sobre insectos.
 Tony knows so little about biology that he failed the test.
Tony sabe tan poco sobre biología que él no aprobó el examen.
 Evidently, Alexander worked too little on his project.
Claramente, Alexander trabajó demasiado poco en su proyecto.
Adverbs of Degree

more más
much more - mucho más
far more - mucho más
less menos
much less - mucho menos
far less - mucho menos
 Liz likes geography more than history.
A Liz le gusta la geografía más que la historia.
 Alex proofread the text much more carefully than Greg did.
Alex corrigió el texto con mucho más con cuidado que Greg.
 You need to drive far more to get to San Francisco.
Usted tiene que conducir mucho más para llegar a San Francisco.
 Houses in Texas are less expensive than in Hawaii.
Las casas en Texas son menos caras que en Hawaii.
 This textbook is much less difficult than that one.
Este libro de texto es mucho menos difícil que aquel.
 Antarctica is far less inhabited than Patagonia.
La Antártida está mucho menos habitada que la Patagonia.

almost - casi
nearly - por poco
barely - apenas
scarcely - apenas
hardly - apenas, casi no
not at all - para nada, en absoluto
even - incluso, aún
even more - aún más
even less - aún menos
not even - ni siquiera
 Dinner is almost ready.
La comida está casi lista.
 The sculptor said that the statue is nearly finished.
El escultor dijo que la estatua está casi terminada.
 I can barely hear what you're saying.
Puedo oír apenas lo que usted dice.
 The cottage was scarcely visible in the distance.
La casita de campo era apenas visible en la distancia.
 Dr. Pierce hardly knows Mr. Johnson.
El doctor Pierce apenas conoce al Sr. Johnson.
 “Am I boring you?” “Not at all.”
¿“Estoy aburriéndolo?” “En absoluto.”
 I'm freezing even with a scarf and gloves.
Me estoy congelando incluso con una bufanda y guantes.
 When the truth was disclosed, I liked her even more.
Cuando la verdad fue revelada, me gustó ella incluso más.
 Prices in this store aren't high, but the ones across the street are even less expensive.
Los precios en esta tienda no son altos, pero los que están cruzando la calle son aún menos caros.
 Mark did not even visit Sue when she was in hospital.
Mark ni siquiera visitó a Sue cuando ella estuvo en el hospital.

partially - parcialmente, a medias
partly - en parte
entirely - enteramente
completely - completamente
absolutely - absolutamente
relatively - relativamente
at least - al menos
at most - como máximo
 The boulevard was partially blocked by a parade.
El bulevar fue parcialmente bloqueado por un desfile.
 Mr. Brown is partly responsible for the car crash.
El Sr. Brown es en parte responsable del accidente de coche.
 We entirely agree with you.
Estamos enteramente de acuerdo contigo.
 I'm afraid you're completely wrong.
Me temo que usted está completamente equivocado.
 Norman is absolutely right.
Norman tiene razón absolutamente.
 This apartment is relatively small for the three of us.
Este apartamento es relativamente pequeño para nosotros tres.
 At least, Harold sent you a bunch of flowers for your birthday.
Al menos, Harold te envió un ramo de flores para tu cumpleaños.
 I'll be there at 4 o'clock at most.
Estaré allí a las 4 como máximo.

largely - en gran parte
mostly - en su mayor parte
mainly - principalmente
totally - totalmente
extremely - sumamente
altogether - en total
 Argentina is largely a Catholic nation
Argentina es en gran parte una nación católica.
 The orchestra played mostly classical music.
La orquesta tocó sobre todo música clásica.
 This law firm has mainly foreign clients.
Este bufete de abogados tiene principalmente clientes extranjeros.
 I was totally shocked when I heard the news.
Estaba totalmente impresionado cuando oí la noticia.
 Mr. Allen is extremely skillful at dealing with customers.
El Sr. Allen es extremadamente hábil en tratar con clientes.
 The seminar was attended by 300 participants altogether.
El seminario fue concurrido por 300 participantes en total.

so - tan
very - muy
too - demasiado
enough - suficiente
just - justo, apenas, sólo
only - sólo, solamente
 It's so cold that I'll turn on the heater.
Está tan frío que encenderé el calentador.
 Ms. Wayne's communications skills are very good.
Las habilidades de comunicaciones de la Sra. Wayne son muy buenas.
 It's too late to worry about it.
Es demasiado tarde para preocuparse por ello.
 This house isn't big enough to lodge three guests.
Esta casa no es lo suficientemente grande para alojar a tres huéspedes.
 Just do it later.
Sólo hágalo más tarde.
 I was only trying to help you.
Yo sólo trataba de ayudarle.
pretty - bastante
quite - bastante, completamente
fairly - bastante
rather - más bien
 It's pretty hot in Costa Rica.
Está bastante caluroso en Costa Rica.
 My husband's new car is quite costly.
El nuevo coche de mi marido es bastante costoso.
 I know my daughter's classmates fairly well.
Conozco a los compañeros de clase de mi hija bastante bien.
 This recipe is rather complicated and requires lots of ingredients.
Esta receta es más bien complicada y requiere muchos ingredientes.

Underline the adverb of degree in each sentence.
 They were almost finished.
 She doesn't quite know what she'll do after university.
 This cake is absolutely wonderful.
 They are completely exhausted from the trip.
 The temperature was barely above freezing.
 I disagree completely with John Taylor.
 He told me a rather long and complicated story.
 Our driveway is completely frozen.
 He hardly noticed what she was saying.
 We felt incredibly lucky after winning tickets to the World Series.
 I very much wanted to take it with me.
 Are you saying that simply because I am here?
 I don'tthink it's worth going just for a day.
 My teacher is terribly grumpy today
 I am too tired to go out tonight.
 Mr. Jeffry strongly criticized the Bank of England.
 John is so interesting to talk to.
 That argument doesn't convince me totally.
 He almost crashed into a lorry.
 Science is changing so rapidly.
 Really, I didn't know that!
 Seaford is rather a pleasant town.
 My father gave me quite a large sum of money.
 I think he's absolutely wonderful.
 Nadia want to do so many different styles.
 I waited until my daughter was old enough to read.
 The prices in that shop are too high.
 We've got enough money to buy that car now.
 There was such a noise we couldn't hear.
 They said such nice things about you.
 I've been paying too much compensation.
 Reina didn't work quickly enough.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate adverbs of degree.
1. Today is ____________________ colder than yesterday. (very, much, much or very much)
2. She finished the day ____________________ exhausted. ( a bit / totally )
3. It was a ____________________ simple invention. ( quite / remarkably )
4. Gerard lives a ____________________ stressful life. ( quite / very )
5. Ecuador is a ____________________ great country. ( really / very )
6. My boyfriend is ____________________ older than me. (very, much)
7. The Serrano Towers in Valencia are ____________________ high. ( absolutely / pretty )
8. The situation is____________________ serious. ( very, much, very much)
9. Taylor Swift isn't a good singer. He’s ____________________ fantastic. ( absolutely / very )
10. The concert was ____________________ wonderful. ( absolutely / extremely )
11. Maria is a ____________________ skilled computer technician. ( completely / highly )
12. That boy of yours is ____________________ lazy. ( absolutely / extremely )
13. It was ____________________ freezing this morning. ( a bit / absolutely )
14. Victor, in my opinion, is ____________________ mad. ( completely / highly )
15. Rodin's sculptures are ____________________ well-known. ( absolutely / very)
16. I have been to ____________________ too many countries recently.(very, rather, quite)
17. Angelina Jolie looked ____________________ gorgeous at the Golden Globe Awards ceremony.
( absolutely / totally )
18. Samantha is ____________________ nice. ( absolutely / really )
19. Sean cooks ____________________ well. ( absolutely / fairly )
20. High-definition televisions are much _____ expensive for the average American consumer. (too, very,
enough)

Adverbof degree Modifying Example
extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was justleaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fastenough.
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it
is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both in positive and negative
sentences.
EXAMPLES
 Is your coffee hot enough?
 This box isn't big enough.
 He didn't work hard enough.
 I got here early enough.
Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
EXAMPLES
 He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
 Is your coffee hot enough to drink?
 She's not old enough to get married.
 I got here early enough to sign up.

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
EXAMPLES
 The dress was big enough for me.
 She's not experienced enough for this job.
 Is the coffee hot enough for you?
 He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.
ENOUGH AS A DETERMINER
Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies.
It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
EXAMPLES
 We have enough bread.
 You have enough children.
 They don't have enough food.
 I don't have enough apples.
"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
TOO MEANING "ALSO"
Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
EXAMPLES
 I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
 Can I go to the zoo too?
 Is this gift for me too?
 I'm not going to clean your room too!
Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can
be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
EXAMPLES
 This coffee is too hot.
 He works too hard.
 Isn't she too young?
 I am not too short!

Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
EXAMPLES
 The coffee was too hot to drink.
 You're too young to have grandchildren!
 I am not too tired to go out tonight.
 Don't you work too hard to have any free time?
Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
EXAMPLES
 The coffee was too hot for me.
 The dress was too small for her.
 He's not too old for this job.
 Sally's not too slow for our team.

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
EXAMPLES
 The girl was very beautiful.
 The house is very expensive.
 He worked very quickly.
 She runs very fast.
There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact while
"too" suggests there is a problem.
EXAMPLES
 He speaks very quickly.
 He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
 It is very hot outside.
 It is too hot outside to go for a walk.

OTHER ADVERBS USED LIKE "VERY"
Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the degree of adjectives and
adverbs.
Expressing very strong
feelings
Expressing strong feelings Expressing somewhat
doubtful feelings
extremely, terribly,
amazingly, wonderfully,
insanely
especially, particularly,
uncommonly, unusually,
remarkably, quite
pretty, rather, fairly,
not especially, not
particularly
The movie was
amazingly interesting.
The movie was particularly
interesting.
The movie was fairly
interesting.
She sang wonderfully
well.
She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.
The lecture was terribly
boring.
The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather
boring.
INVERSION WITH NEGATIVE ADVERBS
Adverb Normal word order Inversion
Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not
only
She did not only the cooking but
the cleaning as well.
Not only did she do the cooking, but
the cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he
started talking.
Scarcely did I close the door before he
started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross theriver after
sunset.
Seldom do we cross the river sunset.

Transformthefollow sentences into questions using questions words, butalso questions
to “YES and NO”
1. My mother makes delicious cakes.
2. My sister works at a bank.
3. He spends a lot of time working on his computer.
4. My father goes to office by car.
5. The children practice the piano every morning.
6. Our team played well yesterday.
7. I met your dad yesterday.
8. He wants to go abroad.
9. Susie sings well.
10. Maya bought a new car last week.
Arrange the words below to make questions.
1. she / to collect / stickers _____________________________________________________
2. they / to play / a game _______________________________________________________
3. the cat / to sleep / in the cat's bed ______________________________________________
4. she / often / to dream ________________________________________________________
5. he / to play / streetball _______________________________________________________
6. you / to be / from Paris _______________________________________________________
7. the pupils / to wear / school uniforms ____________________________________________
8. you / to go / to the cinema ____________________________________________________
9. she / to have / friends ________________________________________________________
10. he / to read / books _________________________________________________________

1.
The boys ride their bikes on the hills.
2.
Mary sleeps at her desk because she is very tired.
3.
My mother buys shoes for my birthday.
4.
My family has dinner at home every Saturday night.
5.
Susan drinks water because she is very thirsty.
6.
Grandpa always reads the newspaper after breakfast.
7.
The mother and her baby sit on a bench in the park.
8.
I always wash my hands before eating my meal.
9.
Lilly’s uncle works as a dentist.
10.
Her children play football well.
11.
The children make a snowman in the backyard.
12.
I always wash my teeth in the morning.
13.
We have a pajama party scheduled for Friday.
14.
My cousin works in a travel agency.
15.
The children take care of the garden all the time.
16.
Vicky washes her cat in the bathroom.
17.
I water my plants every other Monday.
18.
Mary draws the portrait of her cat.
19.
Eva talks on the phone all day long.
20.
Your brother plays the piano beautifully.
Use WH – words to make questions for the underlined words in the following answers
and then match the sentences to the pictures.

1. Read the following text and make questions.
Dear European Friends,
Hi there! I am a 12 year old boy from Washington DC, the
capital of the USA. I am in the 6th
grade at Jefferson Junior
High School and I’m doing a project on school life in other
countries. Can you help me?
In the States school always starts at 8 am and each lesson
lasts 50 minutes. We start our school day by saluting the
American flag, the beautiful stars and stripes. Lunch is at
midday. I have lunch in the school cafeteria because I usually
take my own packed lunch. I love hot-dogs and popcorn and I
don’t like the food in the school canteen. After lunch we have
more classes. School is over at 2.30 pm and then it’s time to
go home on the school bus.
My favourite subject is Maths, but I also love sports, especially basketball. I belong to the school
basketball team and also to the Maths Club. There aren’t many students in the club, but it is real fun:
we solve math quizzes and we often enter state competitions. It’s challenging!
Jefferson Junior High School is a state school, so I don’t have to wear a uniform. It’s great because
I love my jeans and trainers. My half sister Minnie (from my father’s second marriage, my parents
are divorced) goes to a private school and she wears a uniform. Poor kid, she hates it!
When I come home after school, I always take Mrs. Gump’s dog – Dollie – for a walk. Mr. Gump is a
nice old neighbour of mine. She pays me 6 dollars a week. That’s how I get the money to buy new
computer games and comics. In the evening, when my mum comes back from work – she is a doctor –
we have dinner together in the kitchen. The TV is always on, but we also talk. We sometimes play
Buzz or Monopoly – she loves it! And at 9.30 pm it’s time to go to bed. I never go to bed late on
school days.
Please write me soon because I have to have my project ready in ten days. Besides, I would like to
have a European pen pal. Oh, I almost forgot, my name’s Matt Williams, but my schoolmates call me
Mad Math. I bet you know why…
Please write back,
Matt

DEFINITION OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and
finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not
actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in
mind.
Examples:
 I saw a movie yesterday.
 I didn't see a play yesterday.
 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
 Did you have dinner last night?
 She washed her car.
 He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past.
These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to
swim.
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
and met the others at 10:00.
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in
the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions
such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
 I lived in Brazil for two years.
 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
 They sat at the beach all day.
 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
 A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in
the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear
that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as:
always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger,
etc.
Examples:
 I studied French when I was a child.
 He played the violin.
 He didn't play the piano.
 Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
 She worked at the movie theater after school.
 They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Politeness
We can use the past forms to talk about the present in a few polite
expressions:
 Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for York.
 I just hoped you would be able to help me.
USE 6 Historic Context
a) Queen Victoria died in 1901.
b) The Titanic sank when it hit an iceberg
c) I told you not to drink too much.
d) Next, they went and cooked dinner.
USE 7 To refer to the present or future in conditions
a) John could get a job if he really tried.
b) If Jack were playing they would probably win.
USE 8 Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
 You just called Debbie.
 Did you just call Debbie?

He is tall. He is short. He is average / normal / medium height.
She is skinny. (negative) She is fat. (negative)
She is anorexic. (medical) She is tubby. (negative)
She is underweight. (negative) She is overweight. (negative)
She is thin. (negative) She is plump. (neutral)
She is slim. (positive) She is stocky. (neutral)
She is slender. (positive) She is bonny. (positive)
Note! - if a man is fat (especially round the waist) we often say he has a beer belly.
blonde/fair hair brown hair red hair black hair grey hair
blonde brunette redhead -
grey eyes green eyes blue eyes brown eyes dark eyes
Note!
This is a black eye!
She has long hair.
She has long black hair.
She has long, straight, black hair.
Her hair is long, straight and black.
She is white. She has very pale skin.
She has shorthair.
She has short,blackhair.
She has short,straight,blackhair.
Her hairis short,straightand black.
She isblack.
She has dark skin.

 attractive
 bald
 beautiful
 blonde
 chubby
 curvy
 fat
 fit
 flabby
 gorgeous
 handsome
 large
 muscular
 obese
 ordinary
 plain
 plump
 presentable
 redhead
 scruffy
 shapely
 short
 skinny
 slender
 stocky
 tattooed
 unkempt
 well-built
He has nohair.
He isbald.
He iswhite.
He has fairskin.
She has mediumlengthhair.
She has mediumlengthblonde hair.
 She has medium length, straight, blonde hair.
Her hair is medium length, straight and
blonde.
She iswhite.She haslightlytannedskin.

1.- You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/providing
you don't damage it.
(I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.)
2.- Although/even though he is rich, he lives in a small house.
(In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.)
3.- He is poor and has no house, but even if he had money, he wouldn't buy a house.
(Supposing he had the money, he still wouldn't buy a house.)
4.- Take an umbrella in case it rains.
(It might rain, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella.)
5.- In spite of/despite the rain, she walked to the station.
In spite of/despite being blind, he walked to the station.
(without being affected by the rain or by being blind.)
6.- She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues.
(She arrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.)
7.- You can count on me whatever you decide to do.
(No matter what your decision is, you can count on me.)
8.- Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor.
(Tom is rich; in contrast Jack is poor.)
9.- I will lend you my car whenever you need it.
(No matter when you need my car, I will lend it to you.)
10.- My thoughts will be with you wherever you go.
(No matter where you go, my thoughts will be with you.)
11.- Prices were reduced by 20%. As a result, sales increased.
The company is expanding. Consequently, there are jobs on offer.
A hurricane has been announced. Therefore, air traffic will be disrupted.
12.- The trip is too expensive. Besides, I don't really like hot weather.
Computers are cheaper nowadays; furthermore, they are lighter.
You haven't paid the rent yet. In addition, you owe me money.
The report is badly presented. Moreover, it contains inaccuracies.
13.- There are several problems to consider; for instance/for example,
there is a lack of public transport.
14.- Northern European countries had a great summer.
On the contrary/conversely, southern Europe had poor weather.
Laptops are convenient; on the other hand, they can be expensive.

15.- The hotel was open. However, nobody came to the reception desk.
He had severe injuries; nevertheless, he completely recovered.
The weather was bitterly cold. He went hiking nonetheless.
16.- Alex enjoys telling jokes; in the same way/similarly/likewise,
his son adores funny stories.
Teenagers should be more respectful; by the same token, parents should be more understanding.
17.- I've covered the main events of the year.
To sum up/briefly, our team is now one of the best in the world.
To conclude, I want to wish you all a very happy holiday season.
(Exercises:http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/grammar/linking-words.html )
Introduction
An embedded question is a question that is included inside another question or statement.
They are common after introductory phrases, such as:
1.- I wonder
2.- Could you tell me
3.- Do you know
4.- Can you remember
5.- Let's ask
6.- We need to find out
7.- I'd like to know
9.- I'm not sure
10.- Would you mind explaining

Five Rules for Using Embedded Questions
Rule One
If the embedded question is part of a statement, use a period and not a question mark at the
end of the sentence. Also, if the question is in the present or past simple verb tense, omit the
auxiliary verbs do, does, and did and change the verb to its appropriate form, as in the example
below.
Direct Question “What time did he leave?”
Embedded Question I wonder what time he left.
Rule Two
If the embedded question includes an auxiliary verb or the verb "to be", reverse the positions of
the subject and the auxiliary verb, as in the examples below.
Direct Question “What did he say?”
Embedded Question Could you tell me what he said?
Direct Question “Can you help me?”
Embedded Question I wonder if you could help me.
Direct Question “Is he a doctor?”
Embedded Question Do you know if he is a doctor?

Rule Three
Do not use a verbal contraction at the end of the sentence.
Direct Question “Where is she?”
Correct Embedded Question Do you know where he is?
Incorrect Embedded Question Do you know where he's?
Rule Four
Embedded questions are introduced by whether, whether or not, and if when there is no
question word in the sentence (yes/no questions).
Direct Yes/No Question “Will he be there?”
Embedded Question
Do you know if he will be there?
Do you know whether or not he will be there?
Do you know whether he will be there or not?
Rule Five
The infinitive can follow a question word or whether in embedded questions, as in the following
example.
Direct Question “What should I do?”
Embedded Question Please tell me what I should do.
Embedded Question with an Infinitive Please tell me what to do.

Using Embedded Questions
There are times when native English speakers prefer to use embedded rather than direct
questions. Here are two examples.
1. Politely Asking for Information
Direct Question “What time does the bus arrive?”
Embedded Question
Could you tell me what time the bus arrives?
(more polite)
2. Talking About Something Which Is Unknown to the Speaker
Direct Question “Why did she decide not to come with us?”
Embedded Question I don't know why she decided not to come with us.
Note: The embedded question is in a statement , so it ends with a period, not a question mark.

Embedded Questions Exercise 1
1.- Choose the correct sentence.
a) Have you decided what are you going to order from the menu?
b) Please tell me what your plans are after you graduate.
c) I was wondering if you knew what time is it.
a) I was wondering are they going to get married.
b) Please tell me what did he say about my project.
c) Do you know what the weather is supposed to be like on the weekend?
a) I wish I knew where I left my glasses.
b) Does anyone know why was today's meeting postponed until next week?
c) Does anyone know what is the colour of an eagle's egg?
I have no idea how long does it take to get there.
I wonder how long it takes to get there.
Do you know how long it is taking to get to the university from here?
Could you tell me when the next train is supposed to arrive?
Are you are of the reason why is he not in class today?
I wish I knew where is the best place in Victoria to buy shoes.
a) Can anyone remember what did we learn about coordinate conjunctions
in class yesterday?
b) Does anyone know what the topic of today's lecture is?
c) Have you decided will you accept the offer or not accept it?

7. Choose the correct sentence.
A. Can you remember what the name of the author who wrote "The Old Man
and the Sea" was?
B. Have the decided how long are they going to stay in Hawaii?
C. Does anyone know is the test tomorrow going to be very difficult?
A. I wish I knew what is the time now.
B. Does anyone know why Carol was absent from class yesterday?
C. Have you decided whether or not are you going to buy a new car?
A. Do you know if many people are coming to the party?
B. Have you decided when are you returning to your country?
C. I wonder what should I buy my girlfriend for her birthday?
10.Choose the correct sentence.
A. Do you know whether or not they are going to have a large wedding?
B. Do you know where are they going to stay while they are visiting Vancouver?
C. I wonder why is the cafeteria is so crowded today?

Embedded Questions 2
In this exercise, find the sentence with the correctly embedded question.
1. Choose the sentence which is correct.
A. Could you tell me which of these two watches do you like the best?
B. I'd like to know why did the car not start this morning.
C. I wonder whether we will have enough time to visit all the places we want to see during
our trip to Europe.
A. Excuse me. Could you tell me what is the time, please?
B. Let's find out when is the first available flight to Toronto.
C. Can you tell me how to get to your apartment from the train station?
A. We need to find out can they deliver the new furniture on Friday.
B. Could you please show me how does this new copy machine work?
C. I can't decide what I should wear to the graduation ceremony.
A. Let's ask someone if he knows the way to the train station.
B. Can you remember how long did it take us to get here from the airport?
C. Do you know how often should I water this plant? I don't want it to die.
A. Do you remember when did your friend from Brazil arrive in this country?
B. Have you any idea how long will it take to finish the project?
C. I was wondering how long you two have known each other.
A. I'd like to know what made him so angry.
B. Could you please tell me when will you be ready to leave?
C. I'm not sure what time are we supposed to meet them at the restaurant.

A. Can you tell me why are you packing so many things for such a short trip?
B. Let's ask the teacher how can we prepare for the final exam.
C. Let's find out how much it would cost to remodel our kitchen.
A. I don't know whether they are planning to join us for the hike or not.
B. I can't remember what time does this coffee shop close.
C. I haven't seen Ken for a long time. I wonder how is he doing these days.
A. That man is familiar, but I can't remember where did I meet him.
B. I've seen this movie before, but I can't remember how does it end.
C. This pie is delicious. Could you tell me how to make it.
A. I've never eaten at this restaurant. Can you tell me what should I order?
B. I've never eaten this before. Do you know what is in it?
C. I wonder how much will it cost to take a taxi home after the annual office party.

Change the normal question into an embedded question using:
1.- I wonder
3.- Do you know
4.- Can you remember
5.- Let's ask
6.- We need to find out
7.- I'd like to know
9.- I'm not sure
10.- Would you mind explaining
a) Where does Julia live?
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) What arrived in the post?
_____________________________________________________________________________
c) How did John and Mark know about my plans?
_____________________________________________________________________________
d) When is Sophie working?
_____________________________________________________________________________
e) Why did Connor leave?
_____________________________________________________________________________
f) Has Peter eaten?
_____________________________________________________________________________
g) Have your parents found a flat?
_____________________________________________________________________________
h) Did the teacher go on the training course?
_____________________________________________________________________________

i) Did Elisabeth like school?
_____________________________________________________________________________
j) Will David get a new job soon?
_____________________________________________________________________________
k) Did Albert go to the movies last night?
_____________________________________________________________________________
l) Where is Victor’s office?
_____________________________________________________________________________
m) What did Margaret do yesterday?
_____________________________________________________________________________
n) Who drinks coffee in this house?
_____________________________________________________________________________
o) How did the accident happen?
_____________________________________________________________________________
p) Why will Nadia be sleeping at 7am?
_____________________________________________________________________________
q) Will I pass the exam?
_____________________________________________________________________________
r) Does Jenny own a car?
_____________________________________________________________________________
s) Had I had dinner before I met Jack?
_____________________________________________________________________________
t) Is the boss coming today?
_____________________________________________________________________________
u) Does Amanda have a new job?
_____________________________________________________________________________

1. A: What's her name?
B: I don't know __________________________________.
2. A: When does the game start?
B: I'm not sure ___________________________________.
3. A: Why is she mad?
B: I have no idea _________________________________.
4. A: Where do they live?
B: I can't remember _______________________________.
5. A: How does this cell phone work?
B: Don't ask me __________________________________.
6. A: What does she think about my idea?
B: I don't know __________________________________.
7: A: What's the answer to the question?
B: No one knows _________________________________.
8. A: How much does this cereal cost?
B: I'm not sure ___________________________________.
9. A: Why does it take so long for them to get ready?
B: Who knows ___________________________________.
10. A: Where are my shoes?
B: I have no idea _________________________________.
11. A: What time is it?
B: I wonder _____________________________________.

1. A: Where was she yesterday?
B: I don't know ___________________________________.
2. A: How did the movie end?
B: I can't remember ________________________________.
3. A: Where did they have the party last year?
B: No one can remember ____________________________.
4. A: When did you wake up?
B: I'm not sure ____________________________________.
5. A: What did she do?
B: I'm not sure ____________________________________.
6. A: How many people were there?
B: She can't tell ____________________________________.
7. A: What time did class start?
B: I have no idea ___________________________________.
8. A: How much money did you make last year?
B: I don't want to tell you ____________________________.
9. A: When were they here last?
B: He doesn't know ________________________________.
10. A: What was the problem?
B: They're not sure ________________________________.
11. A: Where did my watch go?
B: I’m not sure ____________________________________.

Adjectives can have three degrees:
a) Positive
b) Comparative
c) Superlative
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
a) Superiority
b) Equality
c) Inferiority
a) most
b) -est
As + adjective + as

Positive form
1.- Daniela’s house is as big as Victor’s.
2.- My mother makes as much money as my father.
3.- Mark is as fast as his brother.
4.- John isn’t as tall as Arnie.
5.- My best friend doesn’t speak as good English as my sister.
6.- Henry isn’t as good at math as his cousin Paul.
7.- Willian hasn’t been as responsible as Samantha with his studies.
8.- Jacky doesn’t eat as much sugar as her mother.
9.- People with diabetes aren’t as sick as people with cancer.
10.- Your hair isn’t as long as mine.
as + adjective + as
a) as big as
b) as tall as
c) as high as
d) as expensive as
e) as cheap as
f) as smart as
g) as beautiful as
h) as tired as
a) not as clever as
b) not as kind as
c) not as humble as
d) not as hardworking as
e) not as exciting as
f) not as interesting as
g) not as efficient as
h) not as rich as

Comparative form: Superiority
Short adjectives: -er long adjectives: more
Examples: Examples:
cold colder
big bigger
warm warmer
tall taller
nice nicer
funny funnier
thin thinner
thick thicker
small smaller
old older
young younger
fast faster
short shorter
hot hotter
happy happier
easy easier
long longer
deep deeper
important more important
interesting more interesting
expensive more expensive
intelligent more intelligent
delicious more delicious
boring more boring
modern more modern

Comparative form: Inferiority
1.- Peter is less happy than Mary.
2.- Cristina is less tall than you.
3.- Y our parents are less frightened than your sister.
4.- Marc ela has less energy than you.
5.- Blake has less proble ms than I.
6.- My math teac her plays less basketball than my father.
Comparative form: Superlative
important less important
interesting less interesting
expensive less expensive
intelligent less intelligent
delicious less delicious
boring less boring
modern less modern
cold coldest
big biggest
warm warmest
tall tallest
nice nicest
funny funniest
thin thinnest
thick thickest
small smallest
old oldest
young youngest
fast fastest
short shortest
hot hottest
happy happiest
easy easiest
long longest
deep deepest
important most important
interesting most interesting
expensive most expensive
intelligent most intelligent
delicious most delicious
boring most boring
modern most modern
1.- Claudiais the beststudentinthe class.
2.- Joe is the mostintelligentinhisfamily.
3.- Peteristhe fastestrunnerinhiscommunity.
4.- ArnoldandVictoriaare the happiestpeople Ihave met.

Exercises of Comparatives 1
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
1. My house is (big) ___________________than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful) _______________________than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) _________________________book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ____________________than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) ___________________________animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ____________________than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ___________________________than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) ____________________woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) _________________________than last summer.
10. He was the (clever) ________________________ thief of all.
1.- Bikes are ______________________than cars (cheap)
2.- January is ______________________than June (cold)
3.- My sister is ______________________than my brother (thin)
4.- Sue is ______________________at English than me (good)
5.- Hares are ____________________than tortoises (fast)
6.- My shirt is _____________________than hers (colorful)
7.- Alan's eyes are _________________than Peter's (big)
8.- Mount Everest is _________________than K2 (high)
9.- Football is _____________________than tennis (popular)
10.- Paula's hair is ____________________than Martha's (long)
11.- My girlfriend is ____________________than Rose (pretty)
12.- Elephants are _____________________than giraffes (heavy)

1.- My father is ____________________than my mother (old)
2.- Chinese is _____________________than English (difficult)
3.-Jane lives ______________________the city than you (near)
4.-The car is _______________________than we thought (bad)
5.-Tigers are _______________________than rats (dangerous)
6.-Dogs are ________________________than rabbits (intelligent)
7.-My uncle is _______________________than my aunt (fat)
8.-Cars are ________________________than bikes (expensive)
9.-Cakes look ______________________than bread (delicious)
10.- My cat is _______________________than your dog (ugly)
11.- This man is _____________________than that one (clever)
12.- Oranges are _____________________than pizzas (good)

Fill in the comparative forms of the adjectives and the correct pronouns.
Example: They don't learn a lot. You learn more than they.
1. She isn't very clever. You are ________________________than ____________.
2. He isn't very tall. You're _______________than __________.
3. She isn't very old. You're ____________________than ___________.
4. I don't work very hard. You work ___________________than ____________.
5. He doesn't smoke very much. You smoke __________________than __________.
6. I'm not a very good cook. You cook _____________________________than __________.
7. We don't know many people. You know ________________________than ___________.
8. They haven't got much money. You've got ______________________than __________.
9. I can't run very fast. You can run ________________________than ____________.
10. I didn't get up very early. You got up __________________________than __________.
11. Peter doesn't have a big apartment. Yours is ___________________than ____________.
12. Sandra isn't very friendly. You are ____________________________than ___________.
13. We don't play football well, but you play ____________________than ___________.
14. He doesn't read a lot of books. You read ____________________than ____________.
15. They aren't very strong. You're _________________________than ____________.

Translations
1. Eres más alto que yo.
______________________________________________________________
2. Tengo un problema más grande que tú.
______________________________________________________________
3. Si te acercas más puedes ver el océano desde aquí. (close)
______________________________________________________________
4. Ese fue el paseo en carro más “sangoloteado” que nunca. (bumpy)
______________________________________________________________
5. Ayer tuve mi mejor velada con mis amigos. (night out)
______________________________________________________________
6. Tengo el peor dolor de cabeza ahorita. (bad)
______________________________________________________________
7. Los exámenes son más importantes que los video-juegos.
______________________________________________________________
8. Eres de lo más generoso.
______________________________________________________________
9. Esta es el paraguas más pequeño que jamás haya visto.
______________________________________________________________
10. La TV se ve más grande en este cuarto.
______________________________________________________________

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