bangladesh statsticts

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
Statistics and Informatics Division
Ministry of Planning
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

iii
Foreword
Women empowerment and bringing women in the mainstream of development is one of the
priority agenda for Bangladesh which is signatory of the “Convention for Elimination of all
Sorts of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)” and committed to achieve gender equality
and equity in every arena of socio-economic activities. The Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) have also emphasized on the equal opportunity for women in every sphere of life.
To ensure equal participation of women in economic development process, it is urgently needed
to know their current participation status in different sectors of the economy. In order to monitor
the progress of women in different sectors, gender disaggregated data is essential for
formulating an effective plan in respect of women empowerment.
Efforts taken by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) are highly appreciated for compiling
“Gender Statistics of Bangladesh-2012” using data from various secondary sources like censuses
& surveys of BBS as well as data from concerned source agencies. I hope this will minimize the
data gaps and fulfill user specific demands of gender activists. This report has highlighted
gender disaggregated data for different socio-economic sectors that will be useful for the
policymakers, researchers, development partners and gender activists to develop appropriate
programs and policies.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Golam Mostafa Kamal, Director General,
BBS and his colleagues for preparing this report. I acknowledge the contribution of the
Technical Committee members for their valuable suggestions and comments for improvement of
the report. The Editors Forum of BBS also deserves special recognition as its members have
reviewed the report and contributed to its improvement.
Suggestions and comments on the report are most welcome as BBS is striving for excellence.
Dhaka, June 2013 Md. Nojibur Rahman
Secretary
Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)
Ministry of Planning

v
Preface
Collecting gender-disaggregated data is very essential for assessing changes in the situation of women and
men overtime. In this way, gender statistics raises consciousness and provides the impetus for public debate
and change. As gender issues move forward in national and global agendas, new demands are created for
statistics. Gender disaggregated data are available in various surveys and census reports. However, these data
are presented in a sporadic manner spread across many reports making it difficult to use by policymakers and
stakeholders. Aggregating and compiling these data into a single report in a time series format would be a big
step towards better assisting analysis, policymaking and gender perspective development programs.
In light of the users’ demand of gender statistics, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics has prepared this report on
“Gender Statistics of Bangladesh 2012” by using data from different censuses, surveys and administrative
reports. It may be mentioned that United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) has developed a framework
to compile gender statistics and requested the member states to follow the framework. This framework
contains 52 indicators of which Bangladesh has been able to compile as many as 43 indicators. Accordingly,
this report has been prepared on the basis of national and international demand to highlight the status of
women empowerment and their participation in different sectors of the economy. It covers women
participation in education, labour force & employment, income generation, resource mobilization, health care,
social services, etc.
I would like to express my thanks and profound gratitude to the chairman of the technical committee, Dr.
Barkat-e- Khuda, along with all other members for their great contribution in preparing the report. Special
thanks to Dr. Nazmunnessa Mahtab, Professor of Dhaka University, Ms. Simeen Mahmud of BRAC
Development Institute, Dr. Sadananda Mitra, Gender Statistics Adviser, UN WOMEN and Mr Abdullah
Harun Pasha, Former Director, Demography & Health Wing for editing and reviewing the draft report and
providing valuable suggestions and comments for analytical improvements of the report.
I would like to thank Mr. Jafor Ahmed Khan, Director, Demography & Health Wing, Focal Point Officer and
Deputy Director, Mr. A.K.M. Tahidul Islam, Mr. S. M. Anwar Husain, Statistical Assistant, BBS & Local
Consultant, Late Mr. Hafizur Rahman who were involved in preparation of this report. Mr. Md. Shamsul
Alam, Director Industry and Labour Wing also provided technical input in preparing this report. I hope that
the report will be useful to the planners, administrators, policy makers, development partners, and women
activists to formulate appropriate programs and policies for promoting more equitable access to income,
resources and social services for the women.
Suggestions and comments for further improvement of the report are most welcome.
Golam Mostafa Kamal
Dhaka, June, 2013 (Additional Secretary)
Director General
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

vii
CONTENTS
Foreword .....................................................................................................................................................................................iii
Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................................... v
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................................. xi
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................. xvii
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Selected Indicators of Gender Statistics by Domain ..................................................................................................................xxiii
CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives..............................................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Methodology .........................................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Limitation..............................................................................................................................................................6
1.5 Organization of the report.....................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Household and Population ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.01 Population Size ...................................................................................................................................................9
2.02 Population Structure by Broad Age Group ........................................................................................................9
2.03 Population Distribution by Age Group and Sex...............................................................................................10
2.04 Sex Ratio ...........................................................................................................................................................12
2.05 Household Head by Sex....................................................................................................................................12
2.06 Household Size by Sex of Household Head.....................................................................................................13
2.07 Average Family Members by Sex and Land Ownership.................................................................................13
2.08 Earning Status of Household Members............................................................................................................14
2.09 Internal Migration .............................................................................................................................................15
2.10 In and Out Migration Rate................................................................................................................................16
2.11 Direction of In-Migration .................................................................................................................................16
2.12 Reasons for In-Migration and Gender:.............................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Marriage, Fertility and Contraceptive Use .................................................................................................................................... 19
3.01 Mean Age at Marriage......................................................................................................................................19
3.02 Early Marriage ..................................................................................................................................................20
3.03 Women Aged 20-24 Married before Age 18 ...................................................................................................22
3.04 Spousal Age Difference....................................................................................................................................22
3.05 Marital Status....................................................................................................................................................25
3.06 Total Fertility ....................................................................................................................................................26
3.07 Age-Specific Fertility Rate...............................................................................................................................27
3.08 Total Marital Fertility Rate...............................................................................................................................27
3.09 General Fertility Rate........................................................................................................................................28
3.10 Children Ever Born...........................................................................................................................................28
3.11 Divorce and Separation Rate ............................................................................................................................28
3.12 Age-Specific Divorce and Separation Rate......................................................................................................29
3.13 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate.........................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Health and Nutrition......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
4.01 Crude Death Rate..............................................................................................................................................33
4.02 Age-Specific Death Rate ..................................................................................................................................33
4.03 Neonatal Mortality Rate....................................................................................................................................35
4.04 Post Neonatal Mortality Rate............................................................................................................................35
4.05 Infant Mortality Rate.........................................................................................................................................36
4.06 Child Mortality Rate .........................................................................................................................................36

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4.07 Under 5 Mortality Rate.....................................................................................................................................37
4.08 Maternal Mortality Ratio ..................................................................................................................................37
4.09 Causes of Maternal Death.................................................................................................................................38
4.10 Principal Causes of Death.................................................................................................................................38
4.11 Percentage Distribution of Death by Causes....................................................................................................39
4.12 Expectation of Life ...........................................................................................................................................40
4.13 Abridged Life Table..........................................................................................................................................41
4.14 Infant and Young Child Feeding ......................................................................................................................42
4.15 Child Nutrition Status.......................................................................................................................................43
4.16 Low Birth Weight .............................................................................................................................................44
4.17 Immunization ....................................................................................................................................................44
4.18 Vitamin A Supplement .....................................................................................................................................44
4.19 Antenatal Care...................................................................................................................................................45
4.20 Delivery Care ....................................................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Morbidity and Health Services........................................................................................................................................................ 47
5.01 Population Suffered from Diseases ..................................................................................................................47
5.02 Average Duration of Ailment by Types of Disease.........................................................................................47
5.03 Method of Treatment ........................................................................................................................................48
5.04 Childhood Illness and Treatment......................................................................................................................49
5.05 Sources of Medicine .........................................................................................................................................51
5.06 Average Days Required for Consulting Doctor for the First Time after Ailment ..........................................52
5.07 Average Waiting Time......................................................................................................................................52
5.08 Preference of Health Service Provider .............................................................................................................53
5.09 Treatment Cost..................................................................................................................................................54
5.10 Reasons for Non-treatment...............................................................................................................................54
5.11 Prevalence of Smoking.....................................................................................................................................55
CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Disability .................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
6.01 Age Sex Distribution ........................................................................................................................................57
6.02 Crude Disability................................................................................................................................................57
6.03 Age-Specific Disability.....................................................................................................................................58
6.04 Causes of Disability..........................................................................................................................................59
6.05 Types of Disability............................................................................................................................................59
6.06 Economic Participation.....................................................................................................................................60
6.07 Child Disability.................................................................................................................................................60
6.08 Child Injury.......................................................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 7 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Economic Participation and Gender............................................................................................................................................... 63
7.01 Size of Labour Force.........................................................................................................................................63
7.02 Labour Force Growth Rate...............................................................................................................................64
7.03 Crude Activity Rate ..........................................................................................................................................65
7.04 Refined Activity Rate .......................................................................................................................................65
7.05 Age-Specific Labour Force Participation Rate ................................................................................................66
7.06 Working Age Population by Activity Status....................................................................................................66
7.07 Working Age Population (15+ yrs) by Broad Economic Category.................................................................67
7.08 Working Age Population Engaged in Household Work..................................................................................68
7.09 Labour Force by Level of Education................................................................................................................69
7.10 Employment by Sector......................................................................................................................................70
7.11 Employment by Major Occupation ..................................................................................................................71
7.12 Employment by Major Occupation and Residence..........................................................................................72
7.13 Employed Persons by Employment Status.......................................................................................................73
7.14 Employment by Broad Economic Sector.........................................................................................................74
7.15 Employed by Main Industries...........................................................................................................................75
7.16 Weekly Hours Worked .....................................................................................................................................76

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7.17 Growth of Labour Force by Industries.............................................................................................................77
7.18 Average Weekly Hours Worked by Employment Status.................................................................................78
7.19 Average Weekly Hours Worked by Industry...................................................................................................79
7.20 Hours Worked by Occupation ..........................................................................................................................81
7.21 Employment in Garments Industry ..................................................................................................................82
7.22 Overseas Employment ......................................................................................................................................82
7.23 Salaried Employees by Income-Groups...........................................................................................................84
7.24 Wage Rate by Sex.............................................................................................................................................86
7.25 Day Labourers by Weekly Income...................................................................................................................86
7.26 Monthly Variation in Daily Wage Rate ...........................................................................................................87
7.27 Unemployment Rate by Sex.............................................................................................................................88
7.28 Unemployment Rate by Age Group.................................................................................................................89
7.29 Unemployment and Underemployment ...........................................................................................................89
7.30 Child Labour .....................................................................................................................................................90
7.31 Persons Engaged by Activity and Average Size of Establishment...................................................................90
CHAPTER 8 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Education .................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
8.01 Literacy Rate of Population 7 years and over ..................................................................................................93
8.02 Adult Literacy Rate (15 yrs and over)..............................................................................................................93
8.03 Zila wise Literacy Rate of Population 7+ years...............................................................................................94
8.04 Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) for Primary School...........................................................................................96
8.05 Net Enrolment Rate for Primary School ..........................................................................................................96
8.06 Drop-out Rate for Primary School....................................................................................................................97
8.07 Ratio of Female and Male Teachers in Primary School ..................................................................................98
8.08 Gross Enrolment Rate, Completion Rate and Dropout Rate at the Secondary Level.....................................99
8.09 Education Gender Parity...................................................................................................................................99
8.10 Ratio of Women and Men Teachers and Students in Secondary School ......................................................101
8.11 Performance of Girls Student in the Secondary Level...................................................................................101
8.12 Number of Teachers and Students of Colleges..............................................................................................102
8.13 Performance of Girls Student in the HSC Examination ................................................................................102
8.14 Primary Training Institute (PTI), Teachers and Trainees ..............................................................................102
8.15 Teachers Training College (TTC), Teachers and Students............................................................................103
8.16 Physical Education College, Teachers and Students......................................................................................103
8.17 Teachers and Students of Universities ...........................................................................................................104
8.18 Teachers and Students of Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET..........................105
8.19 Teachers and Students in the Medical College ..............................................................................................105
8.20 Teachers and Students in the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University ...........................................106
8.21 Teachers and Students in the Agricultural University ...................................................................................106
CHAPTER 9 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 107
Income, Expenditure and Poverty................................................................................................................................................. 107
9.01 Poverty Incidence of Women Headed Household .........................................................................................107
9.02 Poverty Incidence of Women Headed Household by Main Source of Income.............................................107
9.03 Poverty Incidence of Women Headed Household by Level of Education....................................................108
9.04 Household Income by Number of Members and Earners..............................................................................108
9.05 Intake of Food.................................................................................................................................................110
9.06 Income and Expenditure of Household..........................................................................................................111
9.07 Per Capita Income and Expenditure of the Women Headed Household.......................................................112
9.08 Annual Education Expenditure.......................................................................................................................113
9.09 Type of Education Expenditure Incurred by Sex and Residence ..................................................................114
9.10 Income and Expenditure of the Households who Received Remittance.......................................................114
9.11 Access to Credit by the Grameen Bank..........................................................................................................115
9.12 Micro-Enterprise Loan Delivered by Grameen Bank (GB)...........................................................................117
CHAPTER 10 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 119
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT........................................................................................................................................................ 119
10.01 Electoral Participation...................................................................................................................................119

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10.02 Participation of Women in Union Parishad..................................................................................................120
10.03 Participation of Women in Upazila Parishad...............................................................................................120
10.04 Participation of Women in Cabinet..............................................................................................................122
10.05 Women Participation in the Civil Service....................................................................................................123
10.06 Civil Officers and Staff in the Ministries, Directorates, Autonomous Bodies and Corporations...............124
10.07 Officers and Staff in Ministry of Home Affairs...........................................................................................125
10.08 Women Participation in Supreme Court ......................................................................................................127
10.09 Participation of Women in Dewani (Civil) Court by Division....................................................................127
10.10 Women Participation in Co-operative Society.............................................................................................128
10.11 Women Participation in Nursing Profession................................................................................................128
10.12 Women Role in Decision-making at the Household Level .........................................................................129
10.13 Attitude of Men towards Women Freedom of Movement...........................................................................130
CHAPTER 11 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 133
Violence against Women................................................................................................................................................................. 133
11.01 Cases of Reported Violence against Women and Children.........................................................................133
11.02 Cases of Violence against Women and Children by Month........................................................................134
11.03 Progress on Anti-trafficking Measures.........................................................................................................136
11.04 Disposal of Cases Relating to Trafficking in Women and Children for Monitoring..................................138
11.05 Disposal of Cases..........................................................................................................................................138
CHAPTER-12 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 139
MDG Indicators and Gender Dimension of SAARC Countries................................................................................................ 139
12.1 Selected Indicators of MDG...........................................................................................................................139
12.02 Differentials of Selected Indicators Among SAARC Countries. ................................................................144
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................................151
Annexure-A .................................................................................................................................................................................. 153
Constitutional Provision on Women Rights............................................................................................................153
Annexure-B .................................................................................................................................................................................. 155
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)................................155
Annexure-C .................................................................................................................................................................................. 169
The Dhaka Declaration for Eliminating Violence against Women in South Asia 2003........................................169
Annexure-D .................................................................................................................................................................................. 173
Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action (PEA).........................................................................................173
Appendix-E .................................................................................................................................................................................. 177
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE..................................................................................................................................177

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 02.01: Census adjusted population (million) distribution by sex 1974-2011 .................................................................. 9
Table 02.02: Percentage distribution of women and men by broad age groups, 1981- 2011 .................................................. 9
Table 02.03: Percentage distribution of population by age group, sex and residence, 1981-2011........................................ 10
Table 02.04: Sex ratio by residence, 1981-2011 .......................................................................................................................... 12
Table 02.05: Percentage distribution of households by sex of household heads and residence, 1981-2011...................... 12
Table 02.06: Trend in average household size by sex of household heads and residence, 2000-2010 .................................. 13
Table 02.07: Distribution of households by size of land owned and average number of members by sex, 2005-2010....... 14
Table 02.08: Percentage distribution of households by sex of head and percentage distribution of earners by sex and
residence, 2005 & 2010 ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Table 02.10: In and out migration rate per 1000 population by sex, 1985-2010..................................................................... 16
Table 02.11: In-migration rate by sex and direction per 1000 population, 2008-2010 .......................................................... 16
Table 02.12: Percentage distribution of migrants classified by reasons and direction of migration by sex for 2008-201017
Table 03.01: Mean age at marriage of women and men by residence, 1985-2010.................................................................. 19
Table 03.02: Median age and singulate mean age at marriage, 2010....................................................................................... 19
Table 03.02.1: Percentage of women aged 15-49 in marriage before their 15th
birthday, women aged 20-49 in marriage
before their 18th
birthday and women aged 15-19 currently married, by division and area, 2006............... 20
Table 03.02.2: Percentage distribution of ever married women (15-49 yrs) who married before their 15th
and 18th
years
of ages ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21
before their 18th
birthday and women aged 15-19 currently married, by educational status, 2006. ............. 21
before their 18th
birthday and women aged 15-19 currently married, by wealth index, 2006........................ 22
Table 03.03: Proportion of women 20-24 years old who were married before age 18 for the year 2006 and 2011............ 22
Table 03.04.1: Percentage distribution of currently married women aged 15-19 according to the age difference with their
husbands by division, 2006...................................................................................................................................... 23
Table 03.04.2: Percentage distribution of currently married women aged 15-19 according to the age difference with their
husbands by area, 2006 ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Table 03.04.3: Percentage distribution of currently married women aged 15-19 according to age difference with their
husbands by area, 2006 ........................................................................................................................................... 23
husbands by division, Bangladesh, 2006................................................................................................................ 24
husbands by area, 2006 ........................................................................................................................................... 24
husbands by education of women and girls, 2006 ................................................................................................ 25
Table 03.05: Marital status of population aged 10 years and above by sex, 1981-2011......................................................... 25
Table 03.06: Total fertility rate (TFR) per women by residence, 1985-2010 .......................................................................... 26
Table 03.07: Age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) per 1000 women, 2002-2010........................................................................ 27
Table 03.08: Total marital fertility rate by residence, 1991-2010............................................................................................. 27
Table 03.09: General fertility rate by residence, 1985-2010...................................................................................................... 28
Table 03.10: Trend in mean number of children ever born by age group, 2000, 2004, 2007 & 2011. ................................. 28
Table 03.11.1: Crude divorce rate per 1000 population by sex and residence, 2002-2010 ...................................................... 29
Table 03.11.2: Crude separation rate per 1000 population by sex and residence, 2002-10..................................................... 29
Table 03.12.1: Age-specific divorce rate by age- group and sex, 2005-2010.............................................................................. 29
Table 03.12.2: Age-specific separation rate by age group and sex, 2005-2010.......................................................................... 30
Table 03.13.1: Trends in contraceptive use by year and residence, 1990-2010 (current user) ............................................... 30
Table 03.13.2: Age specific contraceptive use , 2005-2010 (current user) ................................................................................. 30
Table 03.13.4: Contraceptive prevalence rate by methods and residence, 2008–2010............................................................. 31
Table 04.01: Crude death rate per 1000 population by sex and residence, 1981-2010 .......................................................... 33

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Table 04.02: Age-specific death rate per 1000 population by sex and residence, 2008 & 2010 ............................................ 33
Table 04.03: Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births by sex and locality for 1981-2010............................................... 35
Table 04.04: Post neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births by sex and residence, 1981-2010.......................................... 35
Table 04.05: Infant (<1 year) mortality rate per 1000 live births by sex and residence, 1981-2010..................................... 36
Table 04.06: Child mortality rate (1-4 years) by sex and residence, 1981-2010...................................................................... 36
Table 04.07: Under 5 mortality rate per 1000 live births by sex and residence, 1982-2010.................................................. 37
Table 04.08: Maternal mortality ratio by residence, 1986-2010............................................................................................... 37
Table 04.09: Distribution of causes of maternal mortality by residence, 2009 and 2010....................................................... 38
Table 04.10: Principal causes of death per 100,000 populations by sex and residence, 2004- 2010 ..................................... 38
Table 04.11: Percentage distribution of death of causes by sex and residence, 2010............................................................. 40
Table 04.12: Expectation of life at birth by sex and residence, 1981-2010.............................................................................. 41
Table 04.13: Abridged life table for Bangladesh population by sex, 2010............................................................................... 42
Table 04.14: Percentage of breast-feeding of infant and young children by residence, 2006................................................ 42
Table 04.15: Prevalence of malnutrition (WHO 2005 GRS) in children aged <5 years by sex and area of residence,
2000-12....................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Table 4.16: Prevalence of low birth weight by sex and residence, 2003-2004 ......................................................................... 44
Table 04.17: Percentage of children aged 12-23 months immunized against BCG, DPT3, Polio3 and Measles by sex,
1995, 2006 and 2011................................................................................................................................................. 44
Table 04.18: Percentage distribution of children received high doses of vitamin A supplement in the last 6 months by
sex and residence, 2006............................................................................................................................................ 45
Table 04.19: Percentage distribution of mothers aged 15-49 who gave birth in the three years preceding the survey by
receiving antenatal care, 2004, 2007 and 2011...................................................................................................... 45
Table 04.20: Percentage distribution of women aged 15-49 with a birth in the two years preceding the survey by type of
personnel assisting during delivery and their place of delivery, 2006,2007, 2009 and 2011. .......................... 46
Table 05.01: Distribution of population suffered during last 12 months from chronic diseases by sex and residence,
2000& 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 05.02: Average duration of ailment by sex, residence and type of diseases suffered in the last 12 months, 2005 and
2010............................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Table 05.03: Percent of treatment recipient by sex, residence and type of treatment, 2005 and 2010................................. 49
Table 05.04.1: Prevalence of children aged 0-59 months with pneumonia and treatment taken from a health care
provider, 2006........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 05.04.2:Prevalence of children <5 years with fever and ARI for whom treatment sought from a health facility or
medically trained provider by age, sex and residence, 2004 and 2007 .............................................................. 50
Table 05.04.3: Percentage of children <5 years with diarrhea who were given oral re-hydration therapy (ORT) by sex
and residence, 2007 and 2011 ................................................................................................................................. 51
Table 05.05: Distribution of patients by their sources of getting medicine,2000, 2005 and 2010 ......................................... 51
Table 05.06: Average days required consulting doctor for the first time after ailment by sex and residence, 2000, 2005
and 2010 .................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Table 05.07: Average waiting time (minutes) for getting the service / treatment personnel by patients, sex and residence,
2000, 2005 and 2010................................................................................................................................................. 53
Table 05.08: Patients preference of service/treatment by reasons, sex and residence, 2000, 2005 and 2010 ...................... 53
Table 05.09: Average medical expenditure per patient (Tk) in the preceding 30 days by sex and residence, 2000, 2005
and 2010 .................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 05.10: Reasons for non-treatment in the ailment suffered preceding 30 days by sex 2000, 2005 and 2010.............. 54
Table 05.11.1: Smoking rates by sex and residence, 1995 and 2009........................................................................................... 55
Table 05.11.2: Percentage of adults 15 years and above by smoking status, residence & sex, 2009 ...................................... 55
Table 05.11.3: Percentage of adults 15 years and above by use of smokeless tobacco, by sex, residence, 2009.................... 56
Table 6.01.1: Age-sex distribution of disabled persons................................................................................................................ 57
Table 06.02.1: Crude disability rate per1000 population by sex and residence, 1991, 2004 and 2011................................... 58
Table 06.03:1: Age-specific disability rate per 1000 population by sex, 1991, 2004 and 2011 ................................................ 58
Table 06.04.1: Percentage distribution of disability by causes and sex, 2002-2010................................................................. 59
Table 06.05.1: Proportion of disability (%) by type and sex in 2002-2010................................................................................. 59

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Table 06.06.1: Crude activity rate of all population and disabled population, 1991, 2004 and 2011..................................... 60
Table 6.06.2: Refined activity rate of disabled and all population by sex, 1991, 2004 and 2011............................................. 60
Table 06.07.1: Percentage of children aged 2-9 years with disability by types, sex and residence, 2006............................... 61
Table 6.08.1: Percentage of children <18 years by types of injury by sex and residence, 2006 .............................................. 61
Table 07.01: Labour force aged 15 years and over by sex and residence, 1995-2010 ............................................................ 63
Table 07.02: Annual average labour force growth rate by sex and residence, 2002-03 and 2005-06 to 2010 ..................... 64
Table 07.03: Crude activity rates by sex and residence, 2005-06 and 2010............................................................................. 65
Table 07.04: Refined activity rate by sex and residence, 2005-06 and 2010............................................................................ 65
Table 07.05: Trends in age-specific labour force participation rate by sex, 2000-2010......................................................... 66
Table 07.06: Working age population 15 years and over by activity status, sex and residence,2002-03 ............................. 67
Table 07.07: Working age population by broad economic category by sex and residence, 2005-2006 and 2010 ............... 67
Table 07.08: Working age population 15 years and over engaged in household work by sex and residence, 2002-03,
2005-06 and 2010...................................................................................................................................................... 68
Table 07.09: Labour force participation aged 15 years and over by level of education, sex and residence, 2000-03, 2005-
06 and 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................... 69
Table 07.10: Employed persons 15 years and over by sector of employment, sex and residence, 2005-06 and 2010........ 70
Table 07.10.1: Employed population aged 15 years and over by sex and residence, 1999-2010............................................. 71
Table 07.11: Distribution of employed women 15 years and over by major occupation 1991-2010 .................................... 71
Table 07.12: Employed persons 15 years and over by occupation, sex and residence, 2002-03, 2005-06 and 2010 ......... 72
Table 07.13: Distribution of employed person 15 years and over by employment status, sex and residence, 2005-06 and
2010............................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Table 07.14: Employed person 15 years and over by sex and economic sectors, 2005-06 and 2010 .................................... 74
Table 07.15: Distribution of employed persons 15 years and over by major industries by sex and residence, 2005-06 and
2010............................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Table 07.16: Percentage distribution of employed persons by weekly hours worked by sex and residence, 2005-2006
and 2010 .................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Table 07.17: Average annual growth rate by industries and sex, 2005-2006 & 2010.............................................................. 77
Table 07.18: Average weekly hours worked of employed persons 15 years and over by status, sex and residence, 2005-
2006 and 2010 ........................................................................................................................................................... 78
Table 07.19: Average weekly hours worked by industry, gender and residence, 2005-06 & 2010....................................... 80
Table 07.20: Employed persons 15 years and over by average weekly hours worked by occupation, sex & residence,
2005-2006 and 2010.................................................................................................................................................. 81
Table 07.21: Employment in garments industry by gender, 2001-2010 ................................................................................... 82
Table 07.22: Overseas employment by sex and zila (district), 2008-2011............................................................................... 83
Table 07.23: Percent distribution of salaried workers by monthly income by sex and residence, 2002-2003 ,2005-06,
2010............................................................................................................................................................................ 85
Table 07.24: Average wage rate (Taka) of day labourers (15 years and above) by gender and residence, 1999-2000,
2002-03 and 2010...................................................................................................................................................... 86
Table 07.25: Percentage distribution of day labour by weekly income and sex, 2005-06 and 2010 ...................................... 86
Table 07.26: Average daily wage rate of agriculture labour by sex. 2008-11........................................................................... 87
Table 07.27: Unemployment rate of population (15+) by sex and residence, 2002-03, 2005-06 and 2010........................... 88
Table 07.28: Percentage of unemployment rates by age groups, sex and residence, 2005-06 and 2010. ............................. 89
Table 07.29: Unemployed persons and underemployment rates of population aged 15 years and over by sex and
residence, 2002-2003 and 2005-06 .......................................................................................................................... 90
Table 07.30: Child labourer and economic activities by girls and boys, 1988, 2005-06......................................................... 90
Table 07.31: Total establishments and persons engaged by sex, activity and establishment size......................................... 91
Table 07.32.1: Average daily wage rate & monthly earnings of non-farm workers by industry, 2009-10............................ 91
Table 07.32.2: Average daily wage rate & monthly income of non-farm workers in some specific services by occupation,
2009-10....................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Table 08.01: Literacy rate of population 7 years and over by sex and residence, 1961-2011................................................. 93
Table 08.02: Adult literacy rate of population aged 15+ by sex, 2081– 2011 .......................................................................... 94
Table 08.03: Literacy rate of population (7 years and above) by zila and sex 1991-2011....................................................... 94

xiv
Table 08.04: Gross enrolment rate for primary school by sex and residence, 2002-2010 ..................................................... 96
Table 08.05: Net enrolment rate for primary school by sex and residence , 2002-2010 ........................................................ 96
Table 08.06.1: Dropout rate for primary school cycle by sex and residence 2002-2010 .......................................................... 97
Table 08.06.2: Gross and net enrolment rate by sex in secondary school, 2010 ....................................................................... 97
Table 08.06.3: Secondary cycle completion rate, dropout rate and coefficient of efficiency by sex in secondary school,
2010............................................................................................................................................................................ 97
Table 08.06.4: Gross and net enrolment rate in college (11 and 12 class) , 2010 ...................................................................... 97
Table 08.06.5: Dropout and completion rate in college (XI-XII)................................................................................................ 98
Table 08.06.6: Number of college, teacher and enrolment by type, 2010 .................................................................................. 98
Table 08.07: Number of teachers in primary schools by sex and percent of women, 2000-2010.......................................... 98
Table 08.08: Gross enrolment rate, completion rate and dropout rate at secondary level,2002-2010................................. 99
Table 08.09: Ratio of girls to boys attending primary and secondary education by district, 2009 ...................................... 99
Table 08.10: Number of teachers and students by sex in secondary school and their ratio, 2001-2010 ........................... 101
Table 08.11.1: Performance of girls student in the SSC examination, 2004-2010 .................................................................. 101
Table 08.11.2: Performance of girls student in SSC (vocational) examination, 2004-2010................................................... 101
Table 08.12: Number of teachers and students of college by type & sex, 2005,2009 and 2010.......................................... 102
Table 08.13: Performance of girls student in the HSC examination, 2004-2010 .................................................................. 102
Table 08.14: Number of PTI, teachers, and trainees by sex, 2004-2010 ................................................................................ 103
Table 08.15: Number of TTC, teachers and students by sex, 2004-2010.............................................................................. 103
Table 08.16: Number of Physical Education College, teachers and students by sex, 2004-2010 ....................................... 104
Table 08.17: Number of teachers and students by type of universities and sex, 2004-2009 ................................................ 104
Table 08.18: Number of teacher and students in the Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology by sex, 2000-
2010.......................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Table 08.19: Number of teachers and students in the medical college by sex, 2004-2009 .................................................... 105
Table 08.20: Number of teachers and students in the BSMMU by sex, 2006-2010.............................................................. 106
Table 08.21: Number of teachers and students in the Agricultural University by sex, 2001-2010..................................... 106
Table 9.01: Incidence of poverty by sex of head of household, 2000, 2005 and 2010 ........................................................... 107
Table 09.02: Incidence of poverty by occupation of head of households, 2010..................................................................... 108
Table 09.03: Incidence of poverty by level of education of head of households, 2010.......................................................... 108
Table 09.04.1: Average number of members and earners and monthly income per household by sex, 2005 and 2010 ... 109
Table 09.04.2: Average number of members and earners per household, average monthly income per household by sex
and residence, 2010 ................................................................................................................................................ 110
Table 09.04.3: Average monthly household income by head of household by sex, 2010......................................................... 110
Table 09.05: Average per capita per day food intake (grams), 2010....................................................................................... 110
Table 09.06: Average monthly income of women and men headed households by monthly per capita income groups,
2005 and 2010 ......................................................................................................................................................... 111
Table 09.07: Monthly per capita income and expenditure of the women headed household by residence, 1999,2004 and
2010.......................................................................................................................................................................... 113
Table 09.08: Per household and per capita annual expenditure on education by sex and residence, 2005 and 2010...... 113
Table 09.09: Percentage distribution of monthly educational expenditure by types of expenditure, sex and residence,
2005 and 2010 ......................................................................................................................................................... 114
Table 09.10.1: Average household income by sex of the head of households received remittance, 2010............................. 114
Table 09.10.2: Per capita income by sex of head of household whose sources of income from remittance, 2010.............. 115
Table 09.10.3: Per capita expenditure by sex of head of household whose sources of income from remittance, 2010 ..... 115
Table 09.11:1 Disbursement of loans listed under broad categories of business activities by sex, 2007 – 2010......... 116
Table 09.11.2 Proportion with access to credit by sex and residence, 2010............................................................................ 117
Table 09.12: Disbursement of micro-enterprise loans under categories of activities by sex, 2007 – 2010......................... 117
Table 10.01: Population Participation in National Assembly, 1973-2011.............................................................................. 120
Table 10.02: Women and men participation in Union Parishad, 2008 .................................................................................. 120
Table 10.03: Women and men participation in Upazila Parishad, 2009 and 2010............................................................... 120
Table 10.03.1: Elected women and men in Union Parishad and Upazila Parishad, 2011-12 ............................................... 121

xv
Table 10.04: Women and men participation in the ministerial level, 1972-2011.................................................................. 123
Table 10.05.1: Officers in the ministry by sex and by category-2006, 2008 and 2010............................................................ 123
Table 10.05.2: Employees of different ministries, directorates and corporations by sex, 2009 and 2010............................. 124
Table 10.06: Number of women and men civil officers and staff in the ministries, directorates, autonomous bodies and
corporations, 2006 and 2010 ................................................................................................................................. 124
Table 10.07: Officers and staff in ministry of home affairs by sex and categories, 2008-2010 ........................................... 125
Table 10.07.1: Officers and staff in ministry of defense by sex and categories, 2008-2010 ................................................... 126
Table 10.07.2: Employees in police force by sex and categories, 2008-2010............................................................................ 126
Table 10.08: Lawyers ( in Supreme Court) by sex, 2008 ......................................................................................................... 127
Table 10.09: Lawyers in civil court by sex and by division, 2008-09...................................................................................... 127
Table 10.10: Number of members in the cooperative society by sex and division, 2006- 2010........................................... 128
Table 10.11: Number of women and men officers and staff in the nursing profession, 2008-2009..................................... 129
Table 10.12: Women participation in specific household decision-making by type and residence,2005........................... 129
Table 10.13: Women’s freedom of movement by background characteristics, 2004............................................................ 130
Table 10.13.1: Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by freedom of movement to go to a hospital
or health center, according to background characteristics, 2007..................................................................... 131
Table 11.01: Cases of reported violence against women and children by categories 2002- 2011......................................... 133
Table 11.02: Number of reported cases of violence against women and children by month during 2005-2010 ............... 134
Table 11.03: Progress report on anti-trafficking measures specially trafficking in women and children from 15 June
2004 to 15 March 2007........................................................................................................................................... 136
Table 11.04: Disposal of cases relating to trafficking in women and children, 2006-2007 ................................................... 138
Table 11.05: Disposal of cases for five years (2001-2005)......................................................................................................... 138
Table 12.01: Selected MDG and PRS indicators disaggregated by sex. ................................................................................. 140
Table 12.02.01:Estimated population among SAARC countries, 2011..................................................................................... 144
Table 12.02.02:Composition of population among SAARC countries, 2011............................................................................ 144
Table 12.02.03: Differentials in expectation of life at birth (ex0) among SAARC countries, 2007 and 2011....................... 145
Table 12.02.04: Legal age and singulate mean age at marriage among SAARC countries.................................................... 145
Table 12.02.05: Differentials in adults (15+) and youth (15-24 years) literacy rate among SAARC countries 2009 ......... 145
Table 12.02.06: Differentials in estimated earned income in U$ by gender among SAARC countries, 2007 ...................... 146
Table 12.02.07: Maternal mortality ratio, infant and under 5 mortality rate among SAARC countries, 2008................. 146
Table 12.02.08: Contraceptive prevalence rate of currently married women (15-49 years ................................................... 146
Table 12.02.09: Adolescent fertility and total fertility rate, 2010 .............................................................................................. 147
Table 12.02.10: Net enrolment ratio in primary education 2009-10 ........................................................................................ 147
Table 12.02.11: Net enrolment ratio in secondary education..................................................................................................... 147
Table 12.02.12: Net enrolment ratio in tertiary education......................................................................................................... 148
Table 12.02.13: Percentage of female teacher in primary, secondary and tertiary education............................................... 148
Table 12.02.14: Adult economic activity rates and percentage of women in adult labour force, 2010 ................................. 148
Table 12.02.15: Distribution of labour force by status in employment..................................................................................... 149
Table 12.02.16: Unemployment rate of adult population aged 15+........................................................................................... 149
Table 12.02.17: Women in parliament.......................................................................................................................................... 149

xvii
Abbreviations
ARI Acute Respiratory Infection
ASDR Age-specific Death Rate
ASFR Age-specific Fertility Rate
BANBEIS Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics
BAZ BMI-for-age z-score
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey
BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufactures and Exporters Association
BMET Bangladesh Manpower Employment and Training
BMI Body Mass Index
BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
CBN Cost of Basic Needs
CBR Crude Birth Rate
CDC Center for Disease Control
CDR Crude Death Rate
CED Chronic Energy Deficiency
CLF Child Labour Force
CMNS Child and Mother Nutrition Survey
CEDAW Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women
CMR Child Mortality Rate
CMNS Child and Mother Nutrition Survey
CNS Child Nutrition Survey
CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
CPS Contraceptive Prevalence Survey
CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child
DFID Department for International Development
DPT Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus
EBR Exclusive Breastfeeding Rate
EPI Expanded Program on Immunization
EPR Economic Participation Rate
FWA Family Welfare Assistant
FWV Family Welfare Visitor
GB Grameen Bank
GER Gross Enrolment Rate
GFR General Fertility Rate
GPI Gender Parity Index
GRS Growth Reference Standard
HA Health Assistant
HAZWHO Height-for-Age z-score determined using WHO 2005 GRS

xviii
HAZNCHS Height-for-Age z-score determined using NCHS 1977 GRS
HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey
HH Households
HKI Helen Keller International
HNPSP Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Program
ICPD International Conference on Population and Development
INFS Institute of Nutrition and Food Science
IMPS Integrated Multipurpose Sampling Frame
IMR Infant Mortality Rate
IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding
LBW Low Birth Weight
LFS Labour Force Survey
LG Laban Gur (Mollases + Salt Solution)
MA Medical Assistant
MAM Mean Age at Marriage
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
MMR Maternal Mortality Rate
MOHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MOWCA Ministry of Women and Children Affairs
MUAC Mid-Upper Arm Circumference
MUACZ MUAC-for-age z-score
MSCW Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women
NAR Net Attendance Ratio
NCHS National Center for Health Statistics
NGO Non-government Organization
NID National Immunization Day
NMR Neonatal Mortality Rate
NNP National Nutrition Program
NPA National Plan of Action
NPNL Non- Pregnant and Non-Lactating Women
NVAC National Vitamin A Campaign
OPV Oval Polio Vaccine
ORS Oral Re-hydration Solution
ORT Oral Re-hydration Therapy
PCA Principal Components Analysis
PCU Passport Checking Unit
PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy
PSU Primary Sampling Unit
PTI Primary Training Institute
RAB Rapid Action Battalion
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SBA Skilled Birth Attendant

xix
SVRS Sample Vital Registration System
TFR Total Fertility Rate
TBA Traditional Birth Attendant
TMFR Total Marital Fertility Rate
TTC Teachers Training College
UGC University Grant Commission
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children Emergency Fund
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNSD United Nations Statistics Division
VAW Violence Against Women
WAZWHO Weight-for-Age z-score determined using WHO 2005 GRS
WAZNCHS Weight-for-Age z-score determined using NCHS 1977 GRS
WHO World Health Organization
WHZWHO Weight-for-Height z-score determined using WHO 2005 GRS
WHZNCHS Weight-for-Height z-score determined using NCHS 1977 GR
WID Women in Development

xxi
Executive Summary
Around 50% of total populations of Bangladesh are women. In the household level the proportion of
women head is only 15.6% and average size of women headed household is 3.53 as against 4.52 for men.
Percent of earners among women household members increased from 12.9 in 2005 to 15.0 in 2010.
Marriage is a very popular social event in the context of Bangladesh where early marriage is gradually
decreasing as an impact of enactment of laws, uplifting of women education, participation of women in
socio-economic activities and technological innovation. Mean age at marriage is 18.7 years for women as
against 23.9 year for men. It may be noted that, the percentage of widowed/divorced is much higher
among women (8.0%) compared to men (0.6%). The total fertility rate has reduced significantly over the
years where it stood at 2.12 per ever-married women in 2010. The marital fertility rate is 3.33 and
general fertility rate per 1000 women of childbearing age is 71. The average number of children ever
born for women of reproductive age (15-49) stands at 2.2. The use of contraceptive rate is 56.75%.
The crude death rate for women stood at 5.0 per 1000 population as against 6.2 per 1000 population for
male in 2010. The infant mortality for girls was 35 per 1000 live births as against 38 for boys per 1000
live births. The maternal mortality per 1000 live births stands at 2.16. The expectation of life for women
was 68.8 year compared to 66.6 for men in 2010.
Exclusive breast-feeding was 51.5% for girls 0-3 months as against 48.0% for boys. Wasting was 13.4%
for both boys and girls of age less than 5 years and stunting was 42.0% for girls as against 40.5% for
boys. Low birth weight (<2500 gram) was 37.9% among girls compared to 33.3% among boys.
Immunization against measles for girls (aged 12-23 months) was 86.8% as against 88.3% for boys. Such
rate in case of BCG was 97.6% for girls as against 98.1% for boys. Percentage of children aged 6-59
months receiving vitamin-A supplementation in the 6 months were 59.5% for girls as against 59% for
boys. Antennal care was received by 54.87% women who gave birth in the preceding 3 years and 31.3%
received assistance at delivery from medical doctor. Gastric ulcer was the most common chronic ailment
for women and men. As high as 24.23% women and 23.77% men suffered from this disease in 2010.
The treatment in the health ailment has been mainly received from compounder/pharmacy and private
doctor. The corresponding percentages were 39.2% and 24.54% for women compared to 41.35% and
24.37% for men. The preferred service for treatment is accounted on the basis of distance and quality of
treatment available for both women and men. Per patient health cost was TK.465 for women and TK. 407
for men (TK. 396) in 2010.
The prevalence of disability per 1000 was estimated at 13 for women and at 15.2 for men. The common
type of disability was deaf and dumb, mental disorder, cripple etc. and the variation between women and
men was not significant. Generally child injury (<18 years) was high among boys (4.65%) compared to
girls (2.04%). Women’s participation in labour force is still low where out of 56.7 million labour force
only 17.2 million (35.98%) are women. However, women’s growth rate in labour force is much higher
than men. It was 8.7% for women as against 1.4% for men in 2010. At aggregate level, women labour
force in informal sector was 92.3% and in formal sector it was 7.7%. On the other hand, informal and
formal sector labour force participation for men were 85.5% and 14.5% respectively. Almost the same
pattern was observed in urban and rural areas. In 2010, 64.84% women were found to be engaged in
agriculture sector, followed by 35.2% in non-agriculture, 21.9% in service sector, 11.8% in
manufacturing sectors and rest were engaged in other industries. Average weekly hours spent on
paid/unpaid work for employed person aged 15 years and above is 35 for females against 51 for males. It
is praiseworthy that 2.88 million (80%) of the total manpower of 3.6 million are employed in the
BGMEA member garment factories. It is frustrating that daily women’s average wage rate, as percentage
of men’s is 69%

xxii
The literacy rate 7 years and over was observed 49.4% for women as against 54.1% for men. The net
enrolment rate in primary education for girls is 87.8% compared to 85.6% for boys. On the other hand
dropout rate for girls are less (12.2%) than boys (14.4%). The ratio of women teacher in primary school
is increasing day by day. It was 33.9 in 2000 and increased to 49.4 in 2010. The gross enrolment in
secondary school (grade 6-10) is higher among girls than boys. It was 63.22% for girls as against 51.19%
for boys. Gross enrolment in tertiary education is lower among women than men. It was 4.4% for women
as against 13.3% for men. Gender parity index in primary, secondary and tertiary level enrolment are
1.02, 1.14 and 0.33 respectively.
Interestingly, the poverty incidence of women headed household is much lower than men headed
household, 26.6% for women versus 32.1% for men headed. This result is highly influenced by male
members living abroad making the women the head of household. If we exclude such cases the results
would have been opposite. On the other hand, the average monthly income of women headed household
was TK 9,725 as against TK.11,763 for men headed household. It is observed that of the total education
expenditure per household, 46.6% is incurred for women as against 53.5% for men. The participation of
women in public office from national parliament to union council has increased over time. The
percentage of women employment in public sector has also increased. Violence against women is
increasing over the year though the occurrence of acid throwing is decreasing to some extent over the
years.

xxiii
Selected Indicators of Gender Statistics by Domain
A set of 52 indicators on Gender Statistics recommended by UN Statistical Commission (UNSC) have been
presented in the table below. Due to unavailability of data, it has been possible to incorporate only 43 out of 52
indicators.
Sl.No Indicator Gender Year Findings Source
I. Economic structures, participation in productive activities and access to resources
1 Average weekly hours spent on unpaid
domestic work
- - - Data not available
2 Average weekly hours spent of employed
persons age 15 years and over for paid and
unpaid work combined
Women 2010 35 LFS,BBS
Men 51
3 Labour force participation rates for 15-24
years age group
Women 2010 35.4% LFS,BBS
Men 60.5%
Labour force participation rates for 15+ Women 2010 36% LFS,BBS
Men 82.5%
4 Percentage of employed who are own-
account workers
Men 47.5%
5 Percentage of employed who are working as
contributing family workers
Men 7.1%
6 Proportion of employed who are employer Women 2010 0.07% LFS,BBS
Men 0.20%
7 Percentage of firms owned by women - - - -
8 i) Percentage distribution of the employed
population (informal)
Women
Men
2010 92.3%
85.5%
LFS,BBS
ii) Percentage distribution of the employed
population(formal)
Men 7.7%
9 Informal employment as a percentage of
total non-agricultural employment
Men 51.2%
10 Youth(15-29) unemployment rate Women 2010 8.5% LFS,BBS
Men 6.8%
11 Proportion with access to micro credit Women 2010 61.6 HIES,BBS
Men 38.4
12 Proportion of (adult) population who own
land
- - - -
13 i) Gender gap in wages (with food). It is
women's average wages as percentage of
men's
2010 69% Wage Rate Survey,
BBS
ii) Gender gap in wages (without food) 2010 67%
14 Percentage of employed persons working
part-time(<15 hours / week)
Men 2.6%

xxiv
15 Employment rate of persons aged 25-49 with
a child under age 3 living in a household and
with no children living in the household
- - - Data not available
16 Proportion of children under age 3 in formal
care
- - - -
17 Percentage of the population 15+ who are
Internet users
Women 2010 0.97% Literacy Survey, BBS
Men 2.0%
18 Proportion of the population who are mobile
cellular telephone users (Based on
registration)
Women 2010 7.5 Robi
Men 92.5
19 Percent of household access to Radio Women
Men
2010 31.3%
35.6%
Literacy Survey, BBS
Television Women
Men
2010 56.1%
62.0%
II. Education
20 Literacy rate of persons aged 15-24 years
old
Women 2010 81.4% SVRS,BBS
Men 78.1%
21 Adjusted net enrolment rate in primary
education
Girls 2010 87.8% SVRS,BBS
Boys 85.6%
Drop out rate by sex at primary school cycle
(Class I-V)
Girls 2010 12.2% SVRS,BBS
Boys 14.4%
22 Gross enrolment rate in secondary education Women 2010 63.2% BANBEIS
Men 51.2%
23 Gross enrolment rate in tertiary education Women 2010 4.4% BANBEIS & UGC
Men 13.3%
24 Gender parity index in primary secondary
and tertiary level enrolment
Primary 2010 1.02 BANBEIS
Secondary 1.14
Tertiary 0.33
25 Share of graduates in science, and
engineering, manufacturing and construction
tertiary level, who are women
-- -- -- Data not available
26 Proportion of women among third-level
teachers or professors (College, Degree/
Hons. And Masters)
Women 2009 25% BANBEIS
27 Net intake rate to primary education Girls 2009 68.4% MICS
Boys 65.3%
28 Primary Completion rate Girls 2010 62.0% World Bank report-
2010Boys 55.6%
29 Secondary completion rate Girls 2010 46.2% BANBEIS
Boys 39.5%
30 Transition rate primary to secondary Girls 2005 99.0% Primary School
census-2009Boys 92.2%

xxv
31 Education attainment of population aged 25
and over
Women 2001
Census
47.8% Pop. Census
Men 55.3%
III. Health and related service
32 Contraceptive prevalence among currently
married women aged 15-49
Women 2010 56.7%
-
SVRS,BBS
Men
33 Under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births Girls 2010 43% SVRS,BBS
Boys 50%
34 Maternal mortality ratio. 2010 2.16 SVRS,BBS
35 Antenatal care coverage 2011 54.6% NIPORT
36 Proportion of births attended by skilled
health professional
2011 31.7% NIPORT
37 Smoking prevalence among 15+ Women 2009 1.50% The global adult
tobacco surveyMen 44.70%
38 Proportion of adults obese (women age 10-
49 and BMI>=18.5)
Women 2011 30% FSNF-2011,BU
39 Population age 15 and up living with
HIV/AIDS
Women 2009 1900 Bangladesh-UNAIDS
Men 4300
40 Reported number of all males and females
receiving anti-retroviral drug
Women 2010 163 Global summary of
HIV/AIDS,WHOMen 302
41 Life expectancy at age 60 Women 2010 18 years SVRS,BBS
Men 16.9years
42 Proportion of Adult (aged 15+) mortality by main causes
Heart disease Women 2010 15.8% SVRS,BBS
Men 22%
Respiratory diseases Women 2010 8.6% SVRS,BBS
Men 11.7%
Cancer Women 2010 6.4% SVRS,BBS
Men 5.6%
IV. Public life and decision-making
43 Women's share of government ministerial
positions
2011 13% out of
46 minister
Cabinet Division,
Information
44 Proportion of seats held by women in
national parliament
2011 20% out of
345 seat
Bangladesh
Parliament
Secretariat
45 Women's share of managerial positions 2010 19% out of
513914
LFS,BBS
46 Percentage women among police officers
(Class-1)
2010 8.1% out of
2084
Statistics of civil
officer and staff, 2010
47 Percentage women among judges(Dist.&
Session Judges)
2010 15% out of
623
Statistics of civil
officer and staff, 2010

xxvi
V. Human rights of women and girl children
48 Proportion of women aged 15-49 subjected
to physical or sexual violence in the last 12
months by an intimate partner
- - -
49 Proportion of women aged 15-49 subjected
to physical or sexual violence in the last 12
months by persons other than an intimate
partner
- - -
50 * Prevalence of FGM/C (for relevant
countries only)
-- --
-
51 Percentage of women 20-24 years old who
were currently married before age 18
2011 0.5% VAW Survey-2011,
BBS
52 Adolescent fertility rate (15-19) per 1000
women
2010 59% SVRS,BBS
It should be noted that the original recommendation of UNSC has been slightly modified in a few cases (eg. serial
no. 2) to match context and availability of data.

1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Gender equality implies a society in which women and men enjoy the same opportunities, outcomes,
rights and obligations in all spheres of life. Equality between men and women exists when both sexes are
able to share equally in the distribution of power and influence; have equal opportunities for financial
independence through work or through setting up businesses; enjoy equal access to education and the
opportunity to develop personal ambitions. A critical aspect of promoting gender equality is the
empowerment of women, with a focus on identifying and redressing power imbalances and giving
women more autonomy to manage their own lives. Women’s empowerment is vital to sustainable
development and the realization of human rights for all. Empowering women is also an indispensable
tool for advancing development and reducing poverty. Gender equality is, first and foremost, a human
right. Women are entitled to live in dignity and in freedom from want and from fear. But equity means
fair and impartial justice, both are equally important irrespective of gender; women and men in sharing
property, ownership in all spheres of life.
It may be mentioned that for participation in all national activities, women should have equal rights and
privileges in the society.
The Constitution of Bangladesh has given such opportunity. According to Article 28 of the Constitution
of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh “ i) The state shall not discriminate any citizen on grounds only
of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth ii) Women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of
state and of public life. iii) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, or place of birth be
subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regards to access to any place of public
entertainment or resort or admission to any educational institutions. iv) Nothing of this article shall
prevent the state from making special provision in favour of women or children or for the advancement
of any background section of citizen.’’
The Constitution of the country also ensured equal opportunity for women in empowerment under Article
29. This article envisaged as follows:
Equality of opportunity in public employment.
(i) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizen in respect of employment or office in the
service of the Republic.
(ii) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, be
ineligible for, or discrimination against in respect of, any employment or office in the service
of the Republic.
Over the years, government, NGOs, development partners are working towards women’s development
and implementing a series of development intervention for eliminating gender discrimination. As a
pragmatic measure for women’s empowerment, direct election of women members in Union Parishad
was introduced in 1997, where 3 seats out of 12 seats of Union Parishad members were kept for women
to be elected directly by the voters. In order to protect women for repression a law entitled “Prevention of
Women and Children Repression Act 2000”, revised in 2003 has been enforced to address Violence
Against Women (VAW). Moreover, the Dhaka, Declaration for Eliminating Violence Against Women in
South Asia 2003 reaffirms the instruments already evaluated by the national and international agencies.
The declaration stated as follows:

2
“We recognize and accept our crucial role, both individually and collectively, as the bridge between
people and government as advocates for the rights and concerns of the people, as legislators to make laws
to protect these rights and mobilize the policies and resources required to create the enabling
environment for this purpose”. The following laws, conventions and action plans ensure the right and
privileges of women in the society:
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
• The International Convention on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (1966)
• The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against
Women (1779) (CEDAW)
• The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1993)
• The Declaration on Violence Against Women (1993)
• The Vienna Declaration and the Program of Action of the World Conference on Human Rights
(1993)
• The Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD),
Cairo, Egypt (1994)
• Platform for Action and the Beijing Declaration (1995)
• The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)
• South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and
Combating the Trafficking in Women, (2002)
The Government of Bangladesh has already ratified CEDAW and perusing programs and policies to
implement the decisions of the Beijing Platform of Action. Government has also shown respect to other
laws and declaration. A National Plan of Action (NPA) for the women development has also been
formulated.
As regards educational attainment of women, commendable progress has been achieved in the recent
years and the women’s enrolment has exceeded the men’s enrolment. The enrolment in the tertiary level
has also been increased.
The employment situation of the women has also improved where large number of women is now
working in RMG sector, cosmetic and shoe industries. Women’s economic participation rate has also
been increased from 29.2% in 2005-06 to 36.0% in 2010. The share of women employment in non-
agricultural sector also increased over the years. As regards human development indicators particularly in
health and education, the gender gaps are becoming narrower in the recent year.
Women’s Advancement and Rights
Women frequently experience poverty differently, have different poverty reduction priorities and are
affected differently by development interventions. In addressing gender based discrimination the Sixth
Five Year Plan (SFYP) will follow a two-pronged approach. Firstly, gender will be integrated into all
sector interventions. Secondly, attention will be given to remove all policy and social biases against
women with a view to ensuring gender equality as enshrined in the National Constitution.

3
Vision and Goals: The vision for women’s advancement and rights is to create a society where men and
women will have equal opportunities and will enjoy all fundamental rights on an equal basis, To achieve
this vision; the mission is to ensure women’s advancement and rights in activities of all sectors of the
economy.
The Government adopted the ‘National Policy for Women’s Advancement` (NPWA) 2011 that aims at
eliminating discrimination inequality between women and men by empowering them to become equal
partners of development. The overall development goal for women’s empowerment covers:
(i) promoting and protecting women’s right;
(ii) eradicating the persistent burden of poverty on women;
(iii) eliminating discrimination against women;
(iv) enhancing women’s participation in the mainstream of economic activities;
(v) creating opportunities for education and marketable skills training to enable them to participate
and be competitive in all economic activities;
(vi) Incorporating women’s needs and concerns in all sector plans and programs;
(vii) promoting an enabling environment at the work-place: setting up day care centers for the
children of working mothers, career women hostels, safe accommodation for working women;
(viii) providing safe custody for women and children victims of trafficking and desertion, and creating
an enabling environment for their integration in the mainstream of society;
(ix) ensuring women’s empowerment in the field of politics and decision making;
(x) taking action to acknowledge women’s contribution in social and economic spheres;
(xi) ensuring women’s social security against all vulnerability and risks in the state, society and
family;
(xii) eliminating all forms of violation and exploitation against women;
(xiii) developing women’s capacity through health and nutrition care;
(xiv) facilitating women’s participation in all national and international bodies;
(xv) strengthening the existing institutional capacity for coordination and monitoring of women’s
advancement;
(xvi) talking action through advocacy and campaigns to depict positive images of women;
(xvii) talking special measures for skills development of women workers engaged in the export –
oriented sectors;
(xviii) incorporating gender equality concerns in all trade –related negotiations and activities;
(xix) ensuring gender sensitive growth with regional balance; and
(xx) protecting women from the adverse effects of environmental degradation and climate change.
The Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP) Strategy to Address Gender Issues
The main strategy and policy initiatives under the SFYP to improve the economical political and social
inclusion and empowerment of women include:
• Policy and Legal Framework: Taking the constitution as the basis, the government’s commitment to
various international forums (CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action etc.) would be taken into
consideration in addressing women’s advancement and rights issues.
• Productive Employment: To create more jobs, action would be taken to improve women’s
employment opportunities and wages outside the household and also ensure equal pay for equal work. An
enabling environment would be created in the workplace by establishing day care centre. Provision

4
would be made for life and disability insurance for workers, especially women workers. Steps would be
taken to ensure secure jobs and decent working conditions for women in the formal and informal sectors.
• Enabling Environment: Measures would be taken to develop advocacy for treating girl child and boy
child equally and promote equal sharing of household and productive work. Necessary legal and
administrative measures would be taken for ensuring a safe workplace, transportation facilities, and
infrastructure like separate toilets, lunchrooms and lunchtime;
• Eliminating Female Health and Education Disparities: The sixth plan will continue with past efforts
in removing all disparities in health and education indicators. Related sector targets and programs will
build this objective as a major plan focus.
• Priority to Women in Social Protection Programs: The existing programs for social protection for
disadvantaged women would be continued. Gender sensitive measures would be taken to protect women
from economic vulnerability and risk due to natural disasters. The effect of the emerging problems of
climate change on women would be assessed for designing coping strategies and mitigation measures.
Banks and micro-credit providers would be encouraged to extend small and micro-credit to the poor and
the vulnerable.
• Political Empowerment and Participation: In this context, the main targets are to ensure
participation of women in the National Parliament and the local political institutions, influence political
decisions in favor of women, ensure direct election in the reserved seats in the National Parliament and
ensure women’s representation in the local bodies with authority and responsibility. Initiatives would be
taken to make women politically more conscious, encourage women to participate on politics and to
build leadership among women at all levels.
• Addressing Violence Against Women (VAW): The major targets for elimination of VAW are to
ensure reporting of all VAW incidences, reduce reported VAW at least by half, and consolidate the
“One-Stop Crisis Centre” in medical college hospitals at divisional levels. It will provide medical
treatment, legal and psychosocial counseling to women and children victims of violence, and provide
shelter facilities and make efforts for their reintegration and rehabilitation in society. The police, the
administration and the judiciary will be sensitized to apply CEDAW with provisions in cases of VAW
and women’s rights.
• Gender Mainstreaming: Laws, rules and regulations, institutional mechanisms, policies, projects and
programs which are not gender sensitive would be reformed. The intuitional mechanism for coordination
in monitoring of gender equality issues would be strengthened.
• Institutional Strengthening: The National Council for Women’s Development (NCWD) would
oversee women’s advancement-related activities by providing guidance and policy support. The
Women’s Development Implementation and Evaluation Committee (MOWCA) will regularly review,
evaluate and co-ordinate women’s development activities and assist NCWD by reporting on progress of
implementation. The Women in Development (WID) focal point mechanism would be strengthened to
play an effective role in leading the coordination, monitoring the implementation of women’s
advancement and rights in policies, projects and programs.
• Integrating Gender Issues in Planning and Budgetary Processes: For integration, capacity building
of relevant government officials on gender responsive budgeting and planning will be adopted in line
with the policy agenda.

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