Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures caused by disturbed nerve cell activity in the brain. Seizures occur as a result of genetic or acquired brain injuries like trauma or stroke. There are several types of seizures including partial seizures, which affect only one part of the brain and may or may not impair consciousness, and generalized seizures, which affect both hemispheres of the brain and can cause loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through EEG, MRI, or other brain imaging and is typically treated with anti-epileptic drugs which help control seizures by changing chemical levels in the brain, though epilepsy itself cannot be cured.

1. Kaif Saiyed
B.Pharm 2nd year

2. A disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain
is disturbed, causing seizures.
Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic
disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a
trauma or stroke.
NOTE- A SEIZURE IS A SUDDEN, UNCONTROLLED
ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCE IN THE BRAIN. IT CAN
CAUSE CHANGES IN YOUR BEHAVIOR, MOVEMENTS
OR FEELINGS, AND IN LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

3. EPILEPSY IS
NOT CONTAGIOUS
The Neurological dysfunction seen in epilepsy can :
- begin at birth
- childhood
- Adolescence
- even in adulthood

4. Partial seizures
Generalised seizures
Unclassified seizures
Absence
myoclonic
Clonic
Tonic
Tonic-clonic
Atonic
Infantial spasms
Simple
Complex

5. Partial seizures
Common in 80% patients
Simple partial seizure
Does not cause loss of consciousness
Signs and symptoms
MOTOR-convulsive jerking, lip smacking
Automatic - sweating, pupil dilation
Behavioural - hallucinations

6. impairment of consciousness
purposeless behaviour is common
affected person may wander about aimlessly
aggressive behaviour (violence)
visual, auditory, or olfactory hallucinations
Complex Partial seizures

7. Generalised seizures
AFFECTING BOTH THE HEMISPHERE
ABSENCE SEIZURES
Alterations of conciousness
lasting 10-30sec Staring (with occ. eye blinking)
& loss in postural tone 100 or more daily
Onset occurs from 3-16yrs, disappear by 40yrs.
MYOCLONIC
sudden. Involuntary jerking of facial or limb
muscles
in rhythmic manner

8. CLONIC
Sustained muscle contractions alternating with relaxations
TONIC
Sustained muscle stiffening
TONIC-CLONIC
Sudden loss of consciousness

9. Sudden loss of postural tone, pt
falls to the ground
Occur primarily in children
ATONIC
UNCLASSIFIED SEIZURES
If there is not enough information about a person's
seizure, or if it is unusual, doctors may call it is
an unclassified seizure.

10. HIGH FEVER, ESPECIALLY IN INFANTS
DRUG USE, ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
NEAR-DROWNING OR LACK OF OXYGEN FROM
ANOTHER CAUSE
METABOLIC DISTURBANCES
"HEAD TRAUMA
BRAIN TUMOR, INFECTION, STROKE
COMPLICATION OF DIABETES OR PREGNANCY

11. Epilepsy may occur with
Developmental disabilities
Autism
Cognitive impairments

12. A seizure orignates from grey matter of any
cortical or subcortical area
Abnormal firing of neurons
Locally
Breakdown of normal membrane conductance
& inhibitory synaptic currents
Widely
Focal seizure Generalized seizure

13. •Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Positron emission tomography
(PET)
Single-photon emission
computerized tomography
(SPECT)

14. ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUGS (AEDS)
AEDs work by changing the levels of
chemicals in your brain. They do not cure
epilepsy, but can stop seizures happening.
COMMON TYPES INCLUDE:
SODIUM VALPROATE
CARBAMAZEPINE LAMOTRIGINE
LEVETIRACETAM TOPIRAMATE

15. THANK YOU
Kaif
saiyed