3. SCIENCE WRITING RULE #1:
YOU CANNOT BE 100% CORRECT, BUT YOU CAN BE 100% WRONG. THE GOAL IS NOT TO BE CORRECT, IT IS NOT TO BE WRONG
GLASS
WOOD PLANK
METAL EXTRUSION
TENSILE STRUCTURES OR
DIGITAL FABRICATION
(CNC)
PRECAST CONCRETE
“FINALLY, A
3D PRINTED
HOUSE…
THAT LOOKS
LIKE ONE”
5. IS THIS DESIGN?
MANUFACTURING
VERIFY NECESSITY AFTER
CONSIDERATION TOWARDS
RECYCLING OF EXISTING
MATERIALS, PROXIMITY OF
RESOURCE TO END-USE, AND
RENEWABILITY OF RESOURCE
END-USE VALUE WITH
RESPECT TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
BURDEN
VALIDATE NECESSITY
AS A FUNCTION OF
DISTANCE BETWEEN
END USE AND PLACE
OF GREATEST
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
PROXIMITY OF:
RESOURCES, MATERIAL
MANIPULATION,
ECOLOGY, AND
GEOLOGY,
TO END-USE
LOCATION, CULTURE,
AND EXPOSURES
PROXIMITY OF
MATERIAL ORIGIN VS.
GEOLOGY AND
ECOLOGY OF END-USE
SITE WITH RESPECT
TO END-OF-LIFE
INTENT
DEFINITION OF LIFE-
EXPECTANCY
THE KNOWING-DOING GAP
6. GLOBAL INNOVATION FOR LOCAL MARKETS
CHEMICALS (INCLUDING PHARMECEUTICALS), MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, APPLIANCES, MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS,
AND PARTS, ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT INCLUDING AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE
• High R&D Intensity (5-25% of Value Added)
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Proximity to Demand: Products assembled in same
region where they are sold
• Established Supply Chains: complex supply-chain
requirements
• Regulation and Government Intervention: companies
build and sell in same markets because of government
policies
• Availability of Skilled Labor
7. REGIONAL PROCESSING
FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND TOBACCO; FABRICATED METALS; PRINTING AND PUBLISHING; AND RUBBER AND PLASTICS
• Low technology innovation requirements
• High capital intensity
• Low Tradeability
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Proximity to Demand
• Ensure freshness
• Timeliness
• Consumer preferences (convenience, traceability,
safety, choice, environmental or ethical
considerations
• Proximity to Raw Materials
• Cluster around upstream partners and raw
material suppliers to ensure a reliable, flexible,
and cost-efficient supply of raw materials
8. ENERGY- AND RESOURCE-INTENSIVE COMMODITIES
• Highly resource- and energy-intensive (purchased fuel
and electricity are between 7-15% value added)
• Trade is more regional than global
• Products are bulky and have low value density
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Transportation Costs
• Proximity to Demand
• Proximity to Raw Materials (represent 70% production
costs)
• Iron Ore, Crude Oil, Limestone, Wood
• Cost and Availability of Energy
BASIC METALS; REFINED PETROLEUM, COKE, AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS; MINERAL-BASED PRODUCTS (GLASS,
CEMENT, CERAMICS); PAPER AND PULP; AND WOOD PRODUCTS
9. GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES/INNOVATORS
• High dependence on innovation: R&D expenditure make
up 25-35% value added
• Highly traded due to high value density of products, high
modularity in components, fragmented value chains
• Exports represent 55-90% gross output for both
intermediate and final products
• Clusters of concentrated talent, experience, and broad
supply-chain ecosystems
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Ability of Innovate
• Labor Cost
SEMI-CONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS; MEDICAL, PRECISION, AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT; AND COMPUTERS AND
OFFICE MACHINERY
10. LABOR-INTENSIVE TRADABLES
• High labor intensity (every $1,000 of value added requires
30-35 hours of labor
• Highly tradable (50-70% global output consumer outside
country of origin
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Labor Cost
• Lead times and technological skills
TEXTILES, APPAREL, AND LEATHER; FURNITURE, JEWELRY, TOYS, AND OTHER MANUFACTURING GOODS NOT
CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
15. A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how
resources (space and nutrients) influence higher
trophic forms.
A top-down system focuses on interactions at top
level consumers (predators) and their prey influence
on lower trophic forms (Estes, 1996).
16. “…BOTTOM-UP PROCESSES DETERMINE THE FLOW OF
RESOURCES INTO THE SYSTEM, WHEREAS TOP-DOWN
PROCESSES INFLUENCE HOW THE SOURCES ARE
DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE TROPHIC LEVELS.”
24. MANUFACTURING
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
SEDIMENTARY COBBLE
CORES
G A T H E R I N G : C U L L I N G
CORE TOOLS
FLAKES
CORE-BIFACE
THICK-BIFACE
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 1
TRIMMED
FLAKES THIN-BIFACE
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 2
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 3
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 4
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
I N P U T S
30. wood
Major pioneering efforts in wood technology ended at the close of
World War II. One reason was that aluminum alloy technology
evolved quickly in response to the needs of modern aircraft. This
was compounded by wood's past image, traditions, limitations, and
folklore. However, the main reason wood lost favor was related to
maintenance. Lack of a viable moisture protection system for a
completed structure was at the heart of the problem. All wooden
structures need some reasonable moisture stability to prevent
internal stressing and fungus attack.
• Lack of uniform, consistent wood physical properties
• Moisture management
• Woodworking required a high degree of skill that took a long
apprenticeship to acquire.
The De Havilland Aircraft Company of Great Britain developed a unique stressed-skin monocoque
shell design that was the culmination of 23 years of experience in wooden aircraft. The chief structural
feature of this design was a wood composite sandwich of birch veneers over a unidirectional balsa
core. The design for De Havilland's Mosquito bomber using this advanced structural concept was
conceived in 1939. This extremely successful airplane was in full-scale production in 1941 and saw
much service in World War II. This two-man-crew wooden bomber, one of the most advanced aircraft
of its day, had a level flight speed of over 400 mph and was capable of carrying a 3000-1b bomb load.
Operating at fighter speed without armament, it had a 1500-mile range.
Metals quickly gained favor as a safer material for most larger
and faster aircraft. Metals not only possessed more consistent
properties but could be fabricated with a high degree of reliability
by a semiskilled work force.
41. Composites reinforced with short biofibers are shown in Figure 1; it is
possible to see that the biofibers are well dispersed, since they do not
show agglomerates or separated phases, and the biofibers are
contained in the entire matrix, this is apparent by the homogenous
distribution. In addition the appropriate integration of chitosan and
starch is demonstrated by a uniform color in the matrix.
Figure 2 shows the composites reinforced with ground rachis; it is
possible to observe also that in these composites a good distribution
of reinforcement was achieved. In both cases the suitable dispersion
is due to the polysaccharide matrix and keratin which has a high
degree of compatibility, besides the size of the reinforcements
enables good embedding without fiber entanglements or rachis
agglomerates.
42. The recycling of PVB is hampered by the elimination of plasticizer and/or degradation during the recycling process.
Degradation generates new functional groups of the polymer, which, in addition to variations in composition caused by the
loss of plasticizer, can cause deterioration of the polymer properties
45. TERRESTRIAL ZOOMASS TERRESTRIAL PHYTOMASS
1:1000
water uptake and hydraulic redistribution,
nutrient uptake, physical–chemical weathering
and C sequestration, deep root-fauna and -
microbial interactions.
?
46. “IF A SOLUTION EXISTS,
THEN THE SOLUTION
THAT USES ELEMENTS
FROM THE CLOSED
WORLD WILL BE MORE
CREATIVE.”
-I n s i d e t h e B o x
47. ...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the
individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his
locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function
of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations,
though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local
materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being
chosen and imported quite exceptionally.[10]
-Ronald Brunskill
...comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of the people.
Related to their environmental contexts and available resources they
are customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional
technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet
specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life
of the cultures that produce them.[12]
-Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World
folk architecture is built by "...persons not professionally trained in building arts...";
vernacular architecture is still of the common people but may be built by trained professionals
such as through an apprenticeship, but still using local, traditional designs and materials.
Traditional architecture is architecture is passed down from person to person, generation to
generation, particularly orally, but at any level of society, not just by common people.
-Allen Noble, Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions
"the architecture of the people, and by the people, but not for the people."[14]:
- Paul Oliver, Dwellings
"Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people
who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling".[14]:9 suggesting that it is a
primitive form of design, lacking intelligent thought, but he also stated that it was "for
us better worth study than all the highly self-conscious academic attempts at the
beautiful throughout Europe".
- Frank Lloyd Wright
48. The target blood pressure for most healthy adults is 120/80 = 2.32/1.55 psi
49. Systolic 2.32 psi
Atmospheric 14.69 psi
Due to diffusion, air moves from high to low pressure. If atmospheric pressure is low, air (which contains water) will move out of the plant and into the atmosphere, hence increasing transpiration. Plants will lose water at a faster rate than at a higher atmospheric
pressure.
Hooke and the Science of Elasticity
50. STEEL FROM ROCK AND ORE
COAL LIMESTONE IRON ORE
COKING
PLANT
LIMESTONE
BURNING KILN
SINTERING
PLANT
BLAST FURNACE (BF/BOF)
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
STEEL CONVERTER
OXYGEN, OIL, SINTER, PELLETS, COKE
RAW IRON
DESULPHURIZATION
CONVERTER
STEEL
C O M M U N I T I O N , S I Z I N G , C O N C E N T R A T I O N , D E W A T E R I N G
BILLET BLOOM SLAB
LADLE FURNACE, VACUUM DEGASSING, CONTINUOUS CASTING, HOT DIRECT ROLLING
REHEATING FURNACE
SECTION MILL, WIRE ROD MILL, PLATE MILL, HOT STRIP MILL, COLD ROLLING TANDEM MILL, WELDED
PIPE MILL, SEAMLESS PIPE MILL
RAIL
SHEET PILE
SHAPE
BAR
WIRE ROD
PLATE
HOT ROLLED COIL AND SHEET
COLD ROLLED COIL AND SHEET
WELDED PIPE
BUTT WELDED PIPE
SEAMLESS PIPE
1. METALS
A. Metal Surfaces, General: Provide materials with smooth, flat surfaces unless otherwise indicated. For metal fabrications exposed to view in the completed
Work, provide materials without seam marks, roller marks, rolled trade names, or blemishes.
B. Steel Plates, Shapes, and Bars: ASTM A 36/A 36M.
C. Stainless-Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate: ASTM A 240/A 240M or ASTM A 666, [Type 304] [Type 316L].
D. Stainless-Steel Bars and Shapes: ASTM A 276, [Type 304] [Type 316L].
E. Rolled-Steel Floor Plate: ASTM A 786/A 786M, rolled from plate complying with ASTM A 36/A 36M or ASTM A 283/A 283M, Grade C or D.
F. Rolled-Stainless-Steel Floor Plate: ASTM A 793.
G. Abrasive-Surface Floor Plate: Steel plate [with abrasive granules rolled into surface] [or] [with abrasive material metallically bonded to steel].
H. Steel Tubing: ASTM A 500/A 500M, cold-formed steel tubing.
I. Steel Pipe: ASTM A 53/A 53M, Standard Weight (Schedule 40) unless otherwise indicated.
J. Zinc-Coated Steel Wire Rope: ASTM A 741.
K. Slotted Channel Framing: Cold-formed metal box channels (struts) complying with MFMA-4.
L. Cast Iron: Either gray iron, ASTM A 48/A 48M, or malleable iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M, unless otherwise indicated.
M. Aluminum Plate and Sheet: ASTM B 209 (ASTM B 209M), Alloy 6061-T6.
N. Aluminum Extrusions: ASTM B 221 (ASTM B 221M), Alloy 6063-T6.
O. Aluminum-Alloy Rolled Tread Plate: ASTM B 632/B 632M, Alloy 6061-T6.
P. Aluminum Castings: ASTM B 26/B 26M, Alloy 443.0-F.
Q. Bronze Extrusions: ASTM B 455, Alloy UNS No. C38500 (extruded architectural bronze).
R. Bronze Castings: ASTM B 584, Alloy UNS No. C83600 (leaded red brass) or No. C84400 (leaded semired brass).
S. Nickel Silver Extrusions: ASTM B 151/B 151M, Alloy UNS No. C74500.
T. Nickel Silver Castings: ASTM B 584, Alloy UNS No. C97600 (20 percent leaded nickel bronze).
51. PLASTICS FROM PETROCHEMICALS
COALCRUDE OIL
ETHYLENE
PROPYLENE
BENZENE
TOULENE
DESALTING &
DEHYDRATION
+CHLORINE
POLYESTER
FIBERS
POLYCARBONATE
+
TEREPHTHALIC
ACID XYLENE
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
+PHENOL
+OCTANOL
+ACRYLONITRILE
+PROPYLENEOXIDE
URETHANE
FOAM
ACRYLIC
FIBER
PHTHALATES
PHENOLIC
RESIN
POLYPROPENE
LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
ETHYLENEDICHLORIDEVINYLCHLORIDEMONOMER
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
+ETHYLENEOXIDEETHYLENEGLYCOL
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)
+ETHYLENEBENZENESTYRENEMONOMER
ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE
POLYSTYRENE (PS)
ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)
METHACRYLATE BUTADIENE STYRENE (MBS)
STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR)
+ACETALDEHYDE
BUTANOL
ETHYL ACETATE
+ACETALDEHYDE
ACETIC ACID
VINYL ACETATE
POLYVINYL ACETATE
NATURAL GAS
GASOLINE
KEROSENE
DEISEL OIL
LUBRICANT
HEAVY OIL
BITUMEN
NAPHTHA
POWER AND FEEDSTOCK
NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGL)METHANE
C R A C K I N G U N I T ( L I Q U I D O R G A S F E E D S T O C K )
BUTADIENE
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONSOLEFINS
GAS TREATMENT: CRYOGENIC
EXPANDER DEMETHANIZER PROCESS
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
PENTANE
FRACTIONATION
COLUMNS
LIMESTONE IRON ORE
55. The cell walls of plants are made up of just
four basic building blocks: cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin and pectin.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. INK (TODAY)
RECTANGULAR PRISM.
MODULAR PANELS.
PRODUCTS ARE PACKAGED TO OPTIMIZE VOLUME.
TRUCKS ARE DESIGNED TO CARRY CONTAINER
SHIPS ARE DESIGNED TO OPTIMIZE SPACE FOR STACKING
RAILROAD CARS ARE DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT THE CRATE
EVERY STEP OF MANUFACTURING TRANSFORMS PROPERTIES OF
MATERIAL. END PRODUCT IS DIRECTIONAL STRENGTH.
68. OFFER “FIXED” SECONDARY TECHNOLOGY ROUTE FOR EACH CERTIFIED MATERIAL INPUT,
TO FACILITATE SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION CAPABLE OF OPERATING AT NET-ZERO ENERGY,
SCALED TO MATERIAL CULTURE FOR THE BENEFIT OF PLACE AND PEOPLE.
• Material-specific datasets, including
• build parameters
• software print settings and file types
• LPC Approved Material of defined technology route
Completely defined production process:
WE KNOW HOW IT IS MADE
• “People's relationship to and perception of
objects are socially and culturally
dependent.”
69. “What really pays off for most of the common
purposes of life is not carbon fibres, but holes…
Holes are enormously cheaper, both in money
and in energy, than any conceivable form of high-
stiffness material. It would probably be better to
spend more time and money on developing
cellular or porous materials and less on boron or
carbon fibres.”
-J.E. Gordon
Editor's Notes
Scanning to print
Allain, Rhett: Here’s The Most Important Rule in Science Writing. Wired Magazine, 2015
Allain, Rhett: Here’s The Most Important Rule in Science Writing. Wired Magazine, 2015
Can’t hear and can’t see: https://youtu.be/GgnUTeK0AZ0?t=1m8s
Can’t hear and can’t see: https://youtu.be/GgnUTeK0AZ0?t=1m8s
Fahlman, Materials Chemistry, Appendix A
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3741475/
Despite recent technological advances, the study of deep roots and their rhizosphere remains inherently time-consuming, technically demanding and costly, which explains why deep roots have yet to be given the attention they deserve.
The Stone Age: Discovering an Edge
Fahlman, Materials Chemistry, Appendix A
8000-5000BC humans found native copper, naturally occurring – observing its malleable nature. Fire arrangements including stones at the base have resulted in observation of
Fahlman, Materials Chemistry, Appendix A
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3741475/
Despite recent technological advances, the study of deep roots and their rhizosphere remains inherently time-consuming, technically demanding and costly, which explains why deep roots have yet to be given the attention they deserve.
Allain, Rhett: Here’s The Most Important Rule in Science Writing. Wired Magazine, 2015
The bulk of a prairie grass plant, it turns out, exists out of sight, with anywhere from eight to fourteen feet of roots extending down into the earth. Why should we care? Besides being impressively large, these hidden root balls accomplish a lot—storing carbon, nourishing soil, increasing bioproductivity, and preventing erosion.
Unfortunately, these productive, perennial grasses (which live year round) are more rare than they once were.
http://proof.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/15/digging-deep-reveals-the-intricate-world-of-roots/
Boyd, Drew and Goldenberg, Jacob. Inside the Box. P. 18
Racket (aware)
Persistent Complaint
Pattern of Behavior
Racket (unsaid and unaware)
Payoff (of continued patterns of behavior)
Cost (tradeoff)
Horowitz, Roni. “…highly inventive solutions to engineering problems…satisfy two conditions. First, they contradicted some essential belief in the prevailing wisdom about the right way to do things. Second, all the solutions were contained in a relatively small space surrounding the problem.”
where 120 is the systolic blood pressure during heart contraction, and 80 is the diastolic blood pressure during heart relaxation.
where 120 is the systolic blood pressure during heart contraction, and 80 is the diastolic blood pressure during heart relaxation.
Distillation: HEATING TO EXTRACT VOC THROUGH CONDENSATE
Scientific Reports
ISSN 2045-2322 (online)
Typical fluorescence spectrum for various samples (a) Golden delicious, (c) McIntosh and (e) Empire, respectively. Evolution of firmness (black squares, left y-axis) ChlF signal (blue squares, right y-axis) over time for the varieties (b) Golden delicious, (d) McIntosh and (f) Empire, respectively. (Insets) Photographs of the samples along with a magnified image of the region that was tested.
Fahlman, Materials Chemistry, Appendix A
Weaver, John Earnest, Root Development in the Grassland Formation
Gemowat, Pankaj. Regional Strategies for Global Leadership, https://hbr.org/2005/12/regional-strategies-for-global-leadership
Source: Boundless. “Material Culture.” Boundless Sociology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 23 Aug. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-3/culture-and-society-29/material-culture-187-1321/
Gordon, J.E. Structures: Or Why Things Don’t Fall Down. Pg. 322-333
Figure 3 . Cellular structure of earlywood and latewood. (micrographs... - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/47504562_fig3_Figure-3-Cellular-structure-of-earlywood-and-latewood-micrographs-courtesy-of [accessed Sep 10, 2016]
Figure 1 . Effects of juvenile wood on physical and mechanical properties - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/47504562_fig1_Figure-1-Effects-of-juvenile-wood-on-physical-and-mechanical-properties [accessed Sep 10, 2016]