Presentation for Nano and Microscale Behavior of Materials course. Illustrates the methods that engineers are using in researching and developing the newest materials in the defense industry.

1. John Waldron
Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University

2.  Why ceramics in armor?
 Materials used in ceramic armor
◦ Al2O3, B4C, SiC
 Current Applications
IBD-Deisenroth Engineering

3. N.V. David, et al September 2009

4. P.G. Karandilar, et. Al 2008

5.  Numerical/Computational Research
 Ballistics Research
 Biomimetic Research
 Comparisons
 Future Work

6.  Dynamics of Ballistic  Predicative Methods
Protection ◦ Creating New
◦ Formations of cracks Algorithms [Fernandez]
and damage zones ◦ Using Established
◦ Changes in Damage Methods [Feli]
microstructure
◦ Phase Transformations
Boron Carbide Fracture Zone
P.G. Karandilar, 2008

7.  Prevailing Damage Model
 Large Deformation and Damage Evolution
 Contains Material Constants
Intact Material Strength:
𝜎 𝑖∗ = 𝜎 𝐻𝐸𝐿 𝐴(𝑃∗ + 𝑇 ∗ ) 𝑁 (1 + 𝐶 ln 𝜀)
Fractured Material Strength:
𝜎 ∗ = 𝜎 𝐻𝐸𝐿 𝐵(𝑃∗ ) 𝑁 (1 + 𝐶 ln 𝜀 )
𝑓
Current Material Strength:
𝜎 ∗ = 𝜎 𝑖∗ − 𝐷(𝜎 𝑖∗ − 𝜎 ∗ )
𝑓
△𝜀 𝑝
Damage Increment: 𝐷 =
𝜀 𝑓+ 1 ∗ ∗
3 𝐺(𝜎 𝑖 − 𝜎 𝑓 )
Feli, 2011

8. Fernandez, 2011 Feli, 2011

9.  Tests Current Materials
 Involves Projectiles Currently Used in Combat
 Can Determine Applications of Certain
Ceramic Armors [Medvedovski]
Medvedovski, 2010
Medvedovski, 2010

10.  Dinosaur Eel
[polypterus senegalus]
 Composite Layers
 Exclusive Deformation
Mechanisms
Bruet, B. J. F et al 2008

11.  Numerical Method: Most Precise
 Ballistics Performance Method: Most Practical
 Biomimetic Research: Alternative Solutions
 Future Work: Tailoring Microstructure

12.  Bruet, B. J. F et al 2008, “Materials Design
Principles of Ancient Fish Armour,” Nature
Materials, Volume 7, pp. 748–756.
 D. Fernandez-Fdz, R. Zaera, J. Fernandez-Saez,
“A constitutive equation for ceramic materials
used in lightweight armors.” Computers and
Structures Volume 89, 2011 2316-2324
 Eugene Medvedovski, “Ballistic performance of
armour ceramics: Influence of design and
structure. Part 1.” Ceramics International Volume
36, 2010. 2103-2115

13.  IBD Deisenroth Engineering, “Breakthrough in
Material Development for Ballistic Protection”
February 16, 2011http://www.ibd-deisenroth-
engineering.de/news.html
 N.V. David, et al “Ballistic Resistant Body Armor:
Contemporary and Prospective Materials and Related
Protection Mechanisms.” Applied Mechanics Reviews
Volume 62. September 2009
 P.G. Karandilar, et. al “A Review of Ceramics for
Armor Applications” Advances in Ceramic Armor IV
Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume
29, Issue 6, 2008 163-173
 S. Feli, M.R. Asgari, “Finite Element Simulation of
ceramic/composite armor under ballistic impact”
Composites: Part B Volume 42, 2011 771-780