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1-Introduction to Resaerch and Biostatiscs_dccf8638bb75636f8f503046042e840f.pdf
1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH &
BIOSTATISTICS
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy
Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
Prof. Dr Zeinab Kasemy
Biomedical Research and Biostatistics (CMC 181) 2023-2024
2. Intended Learning Objectives
• At the end of this lecture you should be able to
• Know the definition of health and disease
• Understand the natural history of disease
• Understand what is meant by Biostatistics
• Recognize the definition and importance of Biomedical research
• Know and enumerate the steps of Biomedical research
• Know and enumerate the different types of Epidemiological research study
designs
• Know some definitions and terms related to our course
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
3. Contents
• Biostatistics Overview
• Biomedical Research Overview
• Steps of Biomedical Research
• Definitions and terminology
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
4. Health versus Disease
• Health is:
• "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity". (World Health Organization)
• Disease is:
• Any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of a
human being.
• Any disease has its causes, clinical picture (symptoms and signs), and
complications.
• Diseases can be prevented (preventive medicine)
• Disease can be screened, diagnosed and treated (curative medicine)
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
5. Natural history of disease
• It refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of
treatment.
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
7. •The application of
•STATISTICAL METHODS
•To humans and their health problems
summarizing data & drawing valid inferences based on
limited information
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
Biostatistics
9. Definition and importance
• Biomedical research is the broad area of science that looks for ways to
• Discover causes,
• Prevent and
• Treat diseases that cause illness and death in people.
• Discovery of new medicines and therapies requires
• Scientific experimentation
• Development,
• Biostatistical analysis and Evaluation
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
11. Steps of Biomedical Research
• Step 1: Choose a topic
• Step 2: Identify a research problem
• Step 3: Build your research question(s)
• Step 4: Build your research hypothesis
• Step 5: Identify your research aims and objectives.
• Step 6: Build your research proposal including type of the study
design (methodology)
• Step 7: Write and publish your research report
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
14. Exposure versus Outcome
• Exposure means:
• Causes, risk factors (natural) or intervention (experimental, made by
researcher); that can cause diseases
• Outcome means:
• A disease or other health related conditions
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
15. Variable (type of data) versus Value
• Variable means:
• Any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted
assuming different values
• Value:
• It is the content of a variable. If (age) is a variable, so (23 years) is its value
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
16. Data versus Information
• Data
• It is the values of a variable
• Information:
• It is a reduced, summarized and adjusted data, to be used for comparison
over time and place.
17. Independent versus dependent variable
• The independent variable
• It is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in research
studies.
• The dependent variable
• It is the effect (caused by the independent variable). Its value depends on
changes in the independent variable.
• Example: Smoking is an independent variable and occurrence of
lung cancer is a dependent variable
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
18. Causation, Association & Correlation
• Causation:
• It means that the exposure (independent variable) produces the effect
(dependent Variable).
• Example: Smoking cause lung cancer
• Association:
• It means the presence of a relationship between exposure and disease,
which does not mean that exposure can cause the disease
• Example:
• low socioeconomic standards is associated with lung cancer, as smoking
rates are higher among people with low socioeconomic standards)
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
19. • Correlation
• It means the presence and the strength of the association between two or
more variables.
• A positive correlation means that both variables change in the same
direction.
• A negative correlation means that the variables change in opposite
directions.
• A zero correlation means that there is no relation between the variables.
Prof. Dr. Adel Al-Wehedy Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Helaly,
