Infective endocarditis

2. GUIDELINES FOR INFECTIVE
ENDOCARDITIS
• Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis &
Management of Infective Endocarditis 2017.

3. Contents
• Introduction
• Risk factors
• Classification
• Common Organism
• Clinical presentation
• Investigations
• Modified Duke’s criteria
• Management
• Summary

4. Introduction
• Infection of the endocardial surface of the heart (heart valves and
mural endocardium)
• Increasing in prevalence due to
• introduction of conduits (tubes),
• prosthetic materials and intracardiac devices
makes more susceptible
to infection in view of
the presence of these
foreign materials.

5. Classification

6. IE according to localisation of infection and presence of intracardiac material
• Left-sided native valve IE
• Left-sided PVE
>> Early PVE < 1 year after valve surgery
>> Late PVE > 1 year after valve surgery
• Right-sided native valve IE
• Device related IE
IE according to the mode of acquisition
• Healthcare associated IE
• Community acquired IE
• Intravenous drug abuseassociated IE
Acute endocarditis
• High grade and persistant fever
• Rapidldamages cardiac to structures,
• Seeds extracardiac sites
IF untreated progresses to death within weeks.
Subacute endocarditis
• Follows an slower course(slow cardiac damage)
• Rarely metastasizes; and
• Gradually progressive unless complicated by a major embolic event or a ruptured mycotic aneurysm.

8. Common Organisms
• Native Valve and late prosthetic valve : Strep Viridans
• Early Prosthetic valve : Staph Epidermidis and Staph Aureus
• IVDU esp tricuspid valve is : S. aureus
• Non-infective:
• systemic lupus erythematosus (Libman-Sacks)
• malignancy: marantic endocarditis
• Culture negative causes
• Brucella
• Coxiella burnetii
• HACEK: Hemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella)
• Bartonella
• Prior antibiotic therapy

10. Pre-existing risk factors
• Previous history of IE.
• Pre-existing cardiac disease.
• Presence of prosthetic valves or prosthetic cardiac material.
• Presence of intracardiac devices.
• History of IVDU.
• Presence of chronic intravenous access (e.g. haemodialysis catheters,chemoports
and neonate/paediatric patients with indwelling central venous catheters).
• Presence of CHD Elderly or immunocompromised patients.
• Co-existing conditions such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• infection and malignancy.

11. General Clinical Presentation
• Fever (87%) with chills, poor appetite and weight loss.
• Heart failure may be present at admission (up to 58%)
• New or altered cardiac murmur (50-85%)
• Embolic events may also cause presenting symptoms (27-30%)
Fever + New/Altered murmur : IE until proven otherwise
• Pt do not often present with classic textbook manifestations of subacute or chronic endocarditis.

12. Peripheral sign and
symptom
Due to septic emboli or immune complex deposition

13. Peripheral sign and
symptom
SKIN
Splinter
hemorhage
Janeway lesion
>> Non-tender
lesions
>> 1-4 mm in
diameter
>>Often
haemorrhagic
Osler’s
nodes
Painful
subcutane
ous
nodules
Clubbing

14. Peripheral sign and symptom
EYES
Conjuctival
hemorhage
Roth’s spot
White centred
retinal
haemorrhages)

15. Clinical features
Neurological
Mycotic
aneurysm
vessel wall s
infected with
bacteria, is
digested and a
false aneurysm
forms, which is
unstable and
highly prone to
rupture.

16. Clinical features
Renal
• Hematuria : due to glomerulonephritis

18. Differential diagnosis..
1) Acute Rhematic heart fever
2) Endocarditis due SLE (Libman-Sacks)
3) Atrial myxoma

19. Investigation
• FBC : Raised white cell count and Low hb
• UFEME : Ery positive
• Inflammatory marker
• Elevated CRP and ESR.
• Renal profile
• LFT
• ECG
• Chest X-ray
• Blood cultures : three set from three different sites prior to
antibiotics
If blood cultures negative after 5 days of incubation and no history of prior antimicrobial use, consider
blood culture negative infective endocarditis (BCNIE), which can be caused by fungi or fastidious
microorganisms, and perform the appropriate microbiological tests.

20. Definite IE Pathological criteria:
Microorganisms demonstrated by culture or HPE of a vegetation, a vegetation
that has embolised, or an intracardiac abscess specimen;
or pathological lesions; vegetation or intracardiac abscess confirmed by HPE
showing active endocarditis
Clinical criteria:
2 major criteria
or
1 major criterion and 3 minor criteria
or
5 minor criteria
Possible IE 1 major criterion and 1 minor criterion
or
3 minor criteria
Rejected IE Firm alternative diagnosis explaining evidence of IE
or resolution of IE syndrome with antimicrobial therapy for ≤ 4 days
or no pathological evidence of IE at surgery or autopsy with antimicrobial
therapy for ≤ 4 days
or does not meet criteria for possible IE as above

21. Major Criteria
Blood culture positive for IE Evidence of endocardial involvement
Typical microorganisms consistent with IE from 2
separate blood cultures:
• VGS, Streptococcus bovis, HACEK group, S. aureus
Or community-acquired enterococci in the absence
of a primary focus
Or microorganisms consistent with IE from
persistently positive blood cultures defined as follows:
>> At least 2 positive cultures of blood samples drawn
> 12 hours apart
>>Or all of 3 or a majority of ≥ 4 separate cultures of
blood (with first and last sample drawn at least 1
hour apart)
•Single positive blood culture from Coxiella burnetii
or phase 1 IgG antibody titres > 1:800
Echocardiogram positive for IE defined as follows:
•Oscillating intracardiac mass on valve or supporting
structures, in the path of regurgitant jets, or on
implanted material in the absence of an alternative
anatomic explanation
• Abscess
Or new partial dehiscence of prostheticvalve
Or new valvular regurgitation (worsening or changing
or pre-existing murmur not sufficient)

22. Minor
criteria
Predisposition: predisposing heart condition or IVDU
Fever: temperature > 38°C
Vascular phenomena: major arterial emboli, septic pulmonary infarcts, mycotic
aneurysm, intracranial haemorrhage, conjunctival haemorrhages and Janeway
lesions
Immunological phenomena: glomerulonephritis, Osler nodes, Roth spots and
rheumatoid factor
Microbiological evidence: positive blood cultures but does not meet a major
criterion as noted above (excludes single positive cultures for coagulase
negative staphylococci and microorganisms that do not cause endocarditis) or
serological evidence of active infection with microorganism consistent with IE

23. Transthoracic echocardiography
(TTE)
Transoesophageal echocardiography
(TEE)

24. Surgical or autopsy findings Echocardiography findings
Vegetation Infected mass attached to an Oscillating or non-oscillating
endocardial structure or on intracardiac mass on valve or
implanted intracardiac material other endocardial structures, or on
implanted intracardiac material
Abscess Perivalvular cavity Thickened, non-homogeneous
with necrosis and purulent material perivalvular area with echodense or
not communicating with the echolucent appearance
cardiovascular lumen
Pseudoaneurysms Perivalvular cavity communicating Pulsatile perivalvular
with the cardiovascular lumen echocardiographic-free space, with
colour-Doppler detected
Perforation Interruption of endocardial tissue Interruption of endocardial tissue
continuity continuity traversed by colour-
Doppler
Fistula Communication between two Colour-Doppler communication
neighbouring cavities through a between two neighbouring cavities
perforation through a perforation
Valve aneurysm Saccular outpouching of valvular Saccular bulging of valvular leaflet
tissue tissue
Dehiscence of a Dehiscence of the prosthesis Paravalvular regurgitation identified
prosthetic valve by TTE/TEE, with or without rocking
motion of the prosthesis

25. Video Vegetation
• 2 chamber view

26. Video – Aortic abscess
Mercedes benz sign – aortic valve

28. Management of Infective
Endocarditis

29. The major goals of management of IE
are:
•To eradicate the infectious agent from
the endocardium.
•To address the complications of the
infection, both intra and extracardiac.

30. Things to monitor in Ward(1)
•General well being – septic looking, GCS
•Temperature : Fever usually resolves in a
few days after appropriate antibiotics
started
•Daily ECG – PR interval (conduction delay)

31. Things to monitor in Ward(2)
• Examined regularly for ssx of the following complications
• Heart failure: symptoms should be treated with standard medical therapy
and its severity regularly assessed. Heart failure may persist despite
microbiological resolution.
• Embolic events. - related to the migration of cardiac vegetations : liver,
spleen, kidneys and abdominal mesenteric vessels
• Common sites
• left-sided IE are the brain and spleen
• Right-sided IE – Pulmonary embolism
• Ongoing sepsis.
• Neurological sequelae. –ischemic and hemorhagic stroke, mycotic aneuryms,
cerebral abscess.

32. Things to monitor in Ward (3)
• Blood investigations
• Regular Inflammatory markers.
• Regular FBC to monitor WBCs, Hb and Plt
• Blood cultures
• BUSE for sign of AKI and it’s resolution.
• Echocardiography
• Monitor vegetation
• Resolution of IE: vegetations gradually reduce in size, mobility and increase in
echogenicity. In the long-term, these vegetations may not disappear or even change in
size, even with clinical treatment success.
• Risk of embolisation: vegetations increase in sizeand mobility.

33. Antimicrobial
management
1) Empirical antibiotic – based on clinical suspicion.
2) Definitive treatment – based on C+S.

35. Empirical
In our setting we use IV Ceftriaxone as empirical antibiotic
Add Cloxacillin if suspected Staph Aureus(IVDU or PVE)
Or
Vancomycin for suspected MRSA
1. Community-acquired native valves or
late prosthetic valves (≥ 12 months
post-surgery) endocarditis
Usually strep viridans
Ampicillin + Gentamicin (Low dose) +/-
Cloxacillin**
Or
Vancomycin + Gentamicin (Low dose)
2. Early PVE (< 12 months post-surgery) or
nosocomial and non-nosocomial
healthcare associated endocarditis.
• Usually MRSA
Vancomycin + Gentamicin (Low dose) +/-
Rifampicin** +/- Cefepime*

36. Definitive
Based on the culture
Ideally ,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) level is needed to
determine the number/dosage of the antimicrobial.

37. Native Valves
Methicillin-
Susceptible
Staphylococci (MSSA)
Complicated right sided
endocarditis: renal failure, extra
pulmonary metastatic infections
such as osteomyelitis, aortic or
mitral valve involvement,
meningitis, or infection by MRSA
Left sided endocarditis and
complicated right sided :
Cloxacillin 2gm IV in q4h for 6
weeks +/- Gentamicin 1mg/kg
IV/IM q8h for 3-5 days
Right sided endocarditis (tricuspid
valve) in uncomplicated
endocarditis :
Cloxacillin 2gm IV q4h for 2 weeks
+
Gentamicin 1mg/kg IM/IV q8h for
2 weeks

38. Prosthetic Valves
Methicillin-Susceptible
Staphylococci
Cloxacillin
2gm IV in q4h for
>6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampicin 300mg PO q8h
for
>6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1mg/kg IM/IV
q8h for 2 weeks

39. Native Valves
MRSA
left-sided and right-sided
Vancomycin
15-20 mg/kg/ dose (actual body weight)
IV every 8-12 hourly; not to
Exceed 2 g/dose
For 4-6 weeks
Prosthetic Valves
MRSA
Vancomycin 25-30mg/kg loading dose then
15mg/kg IV q12h for > 6 weeks, not to exceed
2gm/24h
PLUS
Rifampicin 300mg PO q8h for > 6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1mg/kg IM/IV q8h for 2 weeks

40. Surgical Intervention
Indications
•Severe valvular incompetence, haemodynamic instability or heart
failure.
• Uncontrolled sepsis and paravalvular extension of infection.
• Fungal or multiresistant endocarditis.
•Large vegetations (> 10 mm for left-sided IE) and recurrent systemic
embolisation.

42. Summary

44. Thank you

45. Appendices

46. The modified Duke criteria

57. Atrial myxoma