1. Morphine: opium poppy, pain relief Make O2: photosynth. Adaptations to living on land: Origin of land plants (475-444 mya): first land Paleozoic (500-250 mya): algae- Endosymbiosis Secondary Endosymbiosis
Digitalin: foxglove; heart medication Build soil : C buildup, required multi cellular tissues for plants, cuticle, spores, sporangia >land plants: bryophytes (mosses)- Multicellular green organisms Second (or third, fourth)
Menthol: peppermint tree, cough decomposition, rock mechanical strength/support, Silurian-Devonian explosion (444-359): >early vascular plants: seedless developed thru endosymbiosis: union engulfing; Plastids evolve and
suppressant, relief of stuffy nose weathering exposed light catching surfaces, major morphological innovations: stomata, plants (ferns, horsetails)->first seed of a host and endosymbiont living gene transfer occurs between
Taxol: pacific yew, ovarian cancer Hold soil: root strength anchoring system, water conduct vasc. tissue, roots, leaves plants: gymnosperms (conifers) within the host; division of chloroplasts genomes and sometimes
Papain: papaya, reduce inflammation and rmifcatIOn thru soil system, obtaining nutrients, restrict Carbinoferous: Lyoophytes and horsetails Mesozoic (250-75): flowering plants: closely resemble that of cyanobacteria organisms
treat wounds Hold water water loss in desicating air, reprod abundant (359-299): extensive coal-forming angiosperms Process: anaerobic eukaryote engulfs Mitochondria descended from
Moderate climate: and dispersing on land swamps Cenozoic (75-0) aerobic bacerium; bac lives w/in euk alpha-Proteobacteria
O2 & CO2 evapotranspiration, Regulation of developmntal pthwys Gymnosperms abundant (299-145): both wet cell; euk supplies protection and C; bac Chloroplasts  cyanobacteria
(Shoot/Root) Apical meristem:
Conc particle capture -gene expression encoding transcr. and dry envir. blanketed with green plants for supplies ATP (used to produce pyruvate (bluegreen algae)
Cell divide, grow, differnte to form
Food, fuel, fibre, drugs Factors determine cell/tissue/organ first time & O2), handles toxic O2 Water Movement: along PE
protodrm, grnd mristm,
identity Angiosperms abundant (145-present): gradients (high ->low)
Plasmodesmata: area procambium
betwn adj cell walls, filled -cell fate det. By position (not clonal diversification of flowering plants Water PE: osmosis (tendency
w/plasmalemma, comm history) to move in response to diff.
betwn cells, tubule of -developmental pathways controlled solute concentration), turgor
smooth by networks of interacting genes pressure (pressure of
ER passes thru -development regulated by cell-to- expanding cell volume against
cell signaling: plasma membrane, cell wall
Middle lamella: formed •Ligand-induced signaling: cell wall pushes back w/exqual opp.
during cell div, outer cell chemicals communicate local force)
wall, shared by cells positional information COHESION-TENSION THEORY
Primary wall: forms after •Hormonal signaling: auxin & others (more accurate name:
mid lamell, consists of •Signaling via reg. proteins and/or transpiration-cohesion-
cellulose microfibrils and mRNA through plasmodesmata tension theory): water moves
gel matrix of pectic from soil/roots to leaves
Carbon coal formation compounds, hemicellulose,
*CO2 removed by plant synthesis and along water pot. Grad. The
glycoproteins grad. Exists bcuz water @ air-
limestone formation Secondary wall: formed WATER POTENTIAL: xylem sap rises against water surf. In leaves is under
after cell enlargement and gravity, driven by water pot grad.; 1 bar of press. neg. P (tens) great enough to
provides compresn needed to push up a column of water 10m; 1 pull water up from roots thru
Strength, made of cellulose, megapascal=10bars; pure water: 0 potential; xylem)
hemicellulose, lignin, often more P, more water potential; water under
layered tension decreases water potential; more solutes
Roots meristem decrease water pot.
Sclerenchyma: fibers, sclereids Collenchyma: cooking celery  Gradient water potential maintained by
Roots force thru soil;
soft (break down collenchyma) Parenchyma: a) leaves: creation and maintenance of gradient of
Protection of apical
photosynthesis & gas exchange b) roots: carb storage tension
meristem; Delayed
initiation of lateral Secondary Xylem: conducts/ H-BONDS AND
stores water & ions, provides COHESION: O (weak Water potential gradient between soil, plants,
meristems; Diff reqs. for
support, made of parenchyma (rays) neg) + H (weak pos)  atmosphere, gain water from soil, lose to
support and water
and sclerenchyma (fibers) H-bond atmosphere: Water exits leaf thru stomata,
collection/distribution
In Confiers/angiosperms: tracheids Cohesion: water water replaced by evaporation from mesophyll
Zea mays: junction Secondary PHLOEM: sugar, amino acid, (long, bordered pits that shut when molecule H-bonded to cell lowering their water pot., causing them to
between root apex and root hormone transport up and down sieve tube, tracheid collapses under low water four other water extract water from neighbor cells, process
cap comprised of vertical sieve tube members (no pot.[torus moves and seals pit], can molecules, cohesion connects back to tracheids/vessels causing
Lateral Root development: nucleus @ maturity and depend on bordering be rehydrated, no cytoplasm), and almost as stable as water to be taken from xylem, water travels
meristem develops from companion cells to regulate physiological ray cells (run horizontal thru xylem, covalent bond from tracheids to air following water pot. grad. .
parenchyma and lateral processes) topped with sieve plates, support, made of parenchyma and some Adhesion: different Cohesive and adhseive proerties of water and
Secondary Growth: Lateral Meristems root grows out of root made of parenchyma (sieve, comp. cells) and tracheids) molecule types bond by small diameter of xylem aid in vertical
Stems and roots of woody plants through cortex sclerenchyma (fibers/sclerids) Just angiosperms: vessels (short and similar process (e.g. movement, pull decreases water pot. In xylem,
increase in diameter (apical mer. = wide, vessel elements stacked on water-cellulose bond in roots take water from soil
length increase) top of one another to form vessel, xylem walls to Corn, monocotyledon, C4 Confier needle: broad, ONE
*vascular cambium: secondary vasc also contain pits, perforation walls, counteract gravity vascular bundle, mesophyll
tissues, xylem, phloem moderate support but superior fluid enabling tension divided into palisade (top,
*cork cambium: bark tissues, periderm conduction) maintenance) spquished) and spongy
Oldest xylem
(continually replaces epidermis) (bottom, rounder) layers; slow
cell on inside,
Periderm: cork (pretection), Diurnal pattern of shoot water pot.: During daylight, water water conduct, dry conditions;
oldest phloem
phelloderm (synthesis & storage, loss exceeds water gain so shoot water potential decreases: stomata arranged in rows
cells on outside
parenchyma), composed of AND STOMATA
derived from cork cambium (produces Light->
cork and phelloderm, meristematic Energy gradient ensures
cells) down toward rxn center,
and that transfer out of
Tomato, dicotyledon, C3 peripheral antenna is
unfavorable Most veins run parallel to main vein but many
cross veins so mesophyll cells close to a vein
Guard cells take up K causing
Wind speed and increases transpiration (water water into enter by osmosis,
loss): wind reduces the boundary layer around cells bow w/turgidity
leaf which resists water from leaf, further wind Isohydric: keeps leaf WP
speed incr. reduces transp bcuz wind cools leaf constant, maize, poplar
directly Anisohydric: leaf WP decr in
Leaf plasticity w/light variation: sun leaves day, sunflower, barley
(than shade leaves)- have smaller area, 1.5-2.2 Carotenoids: tranfer photon
mass/area, up to 1.5 density of stomata, more energy to chlorophyll (light
chloroplast rubisco per chlorophyll, less chlorophyll per rxn absorbed in photosynthesis),
2 membranes: center quench free rads by accepting
Veins arranged for support and so endosymbiosis Excited e- in Photosynthsis Adaptation of xerophyte or stabilizing free electrons to
mesophyll cells close to a vein Fluorescence: e- drops back down to protect chlorophyll molecules;
lower E level, heat and fluorescence When a photo strikes, energy
Photosystem II (2H2OO2+4H+4e-): e- in rxn emitted; Resonance: E in e- is moved to transferred to electron, e-
center excites chlorophyll, e- binds to nearby pigment; Reduction/Oxidation: excited, raised to higher e-
pheophytin, chlorophyll oxidized, e- that reach e- is transferred to a new compound shell w/greater PE
pheophytin are tranferred to plastoquinone e- and H+ transf in thykaloid membr *too much light = too many
(lipid soluble), passed to an ETC (quinones and Dark Rxns occur in stroma free e- to dispense
cytochromes), passage of e- along ETC involves stroma Chlorophyll absorb blue and
seriies of redox rxns that result im protons being
red light, transmit green,
pumped from stroma to thykaloid lumen, luman Incr. boundary layer, reduce water loss, reduce carotenoids absorb blue and
pH reach 5 while strom pH is ~8 (H+ conc. 1000 gas exchange (photosynth-->CO2) green, transmit yellow,
times higher in lumen than stroma), VERY fast,
orange, or red
rxn center than re-reduced by 2ndary donor STROMA Pigments that absord blue/red
(usually water to produce O2) [END
best at photosynthesis, O2-
PHOTOSYSTEM II] e- then passed to protein
seeking bacteria congregate in
plastocyanin that can diffuse thru lumen of
these wavelengths bcuz alga is
thykaloid and donate e- to photosystem I
producing most O2
Thykaloid
Protons diffuse to site of ATP synthase, black arrows rep. e-
transfer, blue lines rep proton movement Thykaloid memb appear stacked but are folded and have C4 PHOTSYNTHESIS
defined interior and exterior w/respect to stroma -the first product of CO2 fixation is
The Calvin Cycle: malate (C40 in mesophyll (not PGA),
System stops is CO2, this is transported to bundle sheath
ATP, or NADPH are -CO2 released from malate in BS
not present cells, fixed by rubsico and Calvin
-Rubisco-CO2 affinity cycle proceeds, PEP back to
assures rapid carboxy- mesophyll cells
lation at low C conc. -decarboxylation of malate (CO2
-Rubisco will take O2 release) creates a higher conc of
rather than CO2 and CO2 in BS cells than in
oxygenate RuBP photosynthetic cells of C3 plants
(photorespiration) This enables C4 plants to ssustain
-rubisco inefficient as higher rates of photosynthesis, CO2
Catalyst for carboxyla- conc higher than O2 in BS cells
Tion of RuBP higher so photorespiration rates are
-CO2 competitive inhi- lower
bition with O2