1. Holy Angel University
College of Criminal Justice Education and Forensics
Criminological Research and Statistics
INSTRUCTIONS: Please answer what is being asked and write your answers on a maximum of six (6)
yellow papers only. Write legibly. You will have a graded recitation on 15 August 2012. It will be an
ALL OR NOTHING recitation. Read, comprehend and understand well what you are about to write
on your yellow paper. Thank you and God bless.
I. SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. Define and differentiate the terms population and sample.
2. Differentiate probability sampling and non-probability sampling.
3. Define the following techniques under probability sampling. Explain explicitly the procedures in
conducting each technique.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster random sampling
d. Systematic random sampling
4. Define the following techniques under non- probability sampling.
a. Convenience sampling
i. Volunteer sampling
ii. Nominated sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling
i. Maximum variation sampling
ii. Homogenous sampling
iii. Typical case sampling
iv. Extreme/deviant case sampling
v. Criterion sampling
5. List at least three considerations/guidelines in sample size determination in quantitative studies.
6. List at least three considerations/guidelines in sample size determination in qualitative studies.
II. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
1. Explicitly define self-report in collecting data.
2. Under unstructured self-report, define the following techniques.
a. Completely unstructured interview
b. Semi-structured/Focused interview
c. Focus group interview
d. Life histories
e. Think aloud method
f. Journals and diaries
g. Critical incident technique

2. 3. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of interviews.
4. Under structured self-report, define the following techniques.
a. Structured interview
b. Questionnaire
c. Response scales
5. Explicitly define observation in collecting data.
6. Define and differentiate structured observation and unstructured observation.
7. Explain the four relationships between observer and subjects
a. Nonparticipant observer-overt
b. Nonparticipant observer-covert
c. Participant observer-overt
d. Participant observer-covert
8. Define biophysiologic/biobehavioral measures in collecting data.
9. Differentiate in vivo measures and in vitro measures.
10. Define electronic measures in collecting data. Give examples.
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
1. Explain comprehensively validity in research.
2. Enumerate and discuss explicitly the four types of validity and their sub-types.
3. Explain comprehensively reliability in research.
4. Enumerate and discuss explicitly the three types of reliability and their sub-types.