SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 8
Download to read offline
2014학년도 대학수학능력시험 예비 시행 문제지                                                      1
 제 3 교시
                                                                                               홀수형
                                                        6. 다음을 듣고, 여자가 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을
  1번부터 22번까지는 듣고 답하는 문제입니다. 1번부터 20
                                                            고르시오.
번까지는 한 번만 들려주고, 21번부터 22번까지는 두 번 들
                                                            ① 눈병을 예방하는 방법
려줍니다. 방송을 잘 듣고 답을 하기 바랍니다.
                                                            ② 양파로 만든 요리의 종류
                                                            ③ 눈물을 구성하고 있는 성분
1. 대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장                        ④ 양파를 썰 때 눈물이 나는 이유
 적절한 것을 고르시오.                                               ⑤ 양파 섭취가 건강에 미치는 영향
 ① It was done yesterday.
 ② I’ll receive it by email.
 ③ I bought it at the post office.                      7. 대화를 듣고, 두 사람이 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을
 ④ I don’t know where to find it.                           고르시오.

 ⑤ I’ll finish it by tomorrow morning.                      ① 타문화 이해의 중요성
                                                            ② 인도 전통 문화의 우수성
                                                            ③ 고객 만족도를 향상시키는 방법
2. 대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장                        ④ 친밀도에 따른 악수 방법의 차이
 적절한 것을 고르시오.                                               ⑤ 왼손을 쓰는 사람들에 대한 편견
 ① It took about an hour.
 ② Only 10 dollars for adults.
 ③ About two blocks from here.                          8. 대화를 듣고, 두 사람의 관계를 가장 잘 나타낸 것을 고르시오.
 ④ It’s hard to become a tour guide.                        ① editor - news reporter
 ⑤ I stopped by the City Hall yesterday.                    ② customer - salesclerk
                                                            ③ advertiser - copywriter
                                                            ④ photographer - fashion model
3. 대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장
                                                            ⑤ movie director - movie actress
 적절한 것을 고르시오.

 ① Sure, I got a piano on Friday.
 ② No, the jazz concert is Saturday.                    9. 대화를 듣고, 그림에서 대화의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을
 ③ No, music always makes me happy.                         고르시오.
 ④ Yes, she’s my favorite movie actress.
 ⑤ Yes, I read five books on different musicians.


4. 다음을 듣고, 남자가 하는 말의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것을
 고르시오.
 ① 자전거 통근을 권장하려고
 ② 교통 체증 상황을 안내하려고
 ③ 환경 단체 지원을 호소하려고
 ④ 시장 선거 출마를 선언하려고
 ⑤ 자동차 함께 타기를 제안하려고


5. 대화를 듣고, 여자의 의견으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
 ① 여권 만기일을 확인해야 한다.                                     10. 대화를 듣고, 남자가 여자를 위해 할 일로 가장 적절한 것을
 ② 보안 검색 절차를 따라야 한다.                                        고르시오.
 ③ 항공권은 미리 예약하는 것이 좋다.                                      ① 계단 청소하기                   ② 근무시간 바꿔 주기
 ④ 공항에 여유 있게 일찍 도착해야 한다.                                    ③ 대회 참가 신청하기                ④ 피아노 연습 중지하기
 ⑤ 세관 신고 물품을 확인할 필요가 있다.                                    ⑤ 연주회에 함께 가기

                                                    1
                                                        8
2                                          영어 영역(B 형)                                                           홀수형
11. 대화를 듣고, 여자가 남자에게 부탁한 일로 가장 적절한 것을                    18. 대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장
 고르시오.                                                       적절한 것을 고르시오.

 ① to buy a bandage                                          Woman:
 ② to take out the garbage
                                                             ① I’ll arrange that for you immediately.
 ③ to drive her to the gym
                                                             ② I’ll send a plumber as soon as possible.
 ④ to pick her up from work
                                                             ③ We’ll place fresh towels in your bathroom.
 ⑤ to take her to the doctor’s office
                                                             ④ Open the window to refresh the air, please.
12. 대화를 듣고, 남자가 늦게 귀가하는 이유를 고르시오.                            ⑤ Our staff will fix the window after you leave.

 ①   빙판길 때문에
                                                         19. 대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장
 ②   시험공부 때문에
                                                             적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]
 ③   과제물 재작성 때문에
 ④   컴퓨터실 청소 때문에                                             Man:
 ⑤   저녁 식사 약속 때문에
                                                             ① You can ask how to get to the library.
13. 대화를 듣고, 댐에 관해 두 사람이 언급하지 않은 것을                           ② Are you concerned about Internet ethics?
 고르시오.                                                       ③ Old books on the solar system are useful.
                                                             ④ You should change the wrong information.
 ① 저수량                          ② 준공 시기
                                                             ⑤ How about searching the Internet encyclopedia?
 ③ 관광 수익                        ④ 환경 문제
 ⑤ 전력 생산량
                                                         20. 다음 상황 설명을 듣고, Susan이 Chris에게 할 말로 가장
14. 대화를 듣고, 여자가 지불할 금액을 고르시오. [3점]                           적절한 것을 고르시오.

 ① $14      ② $20       ③ $24      ④ $26   ⑤ $30             Susan: Chris,

                                                             ① I want you to study with me.
15. Maple High School’s Group Presentation Contest에 관한
                                                             ② I’d better go to the school library.
 다음 내용을 듣고, 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오.
                                                             ③ I should have prepared my report earlier.
 ① 내용은 한국 문화에 관한 것이어야 한다.
                                                             ④ I’ll tell you about our homework tomorrow.
 ② 발표는 20분을 초과해서는 안 된다.
                                                             ⑤ I found your report on top of the copy machine.
 ③ 파일 제출 마감은 다음 주 월요일이다.
 ④ 다섯 팀만 결선에 진출한다.
 ⑤ 심사는 학생위원회가 한다.

16. bonobos에 관한 다음 내용을 듣고, 일치하지 않는 것을
 고르시오. [3점]
                                                         [21~22] 다음을 듣고, 물음에 답하시오.
 ①   콩고의 숲에 서식한다.
 ②   종종 서서 걷는다.                                          21. 남자가 하는 말의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
 ③   보통 혼자 사냥한다.
                                                             ① to promote a new children’s hospital
 ④   음식을 구하는 데 도구를 이용한다.
                                                             ② to advise parents on their children’s welfare
 ⑤   종종 서로 음식을 공유한다.
                                                             ③ to warn people of an unknown disease
17. 다음 표를 보면서 대화를 듣고, 남자가 보러 갈 아파트를                          ④ to notify children of seat belt safety in cars
 고르시오.                                                       ⑤ to give tips on how to feed family pets


                                                         22. asthma의 원인으로 언급되지 않은 것은?
                                                             ① 애완동물                        ② 꽃가루
 ①
                                                             ③ 간접흡연                        ④ 고구마
 ②                                                           ⑤ 오염된 실내 공기
 ③
 ④
                                                              이제 듣기․말하기 문제가 끝났습니다. 23번부터는 문제지
 ⑤                                                           의 지시에 따라 답을 하기 바랍니다.

                                                     2
                                                         8
홀수형                                           영어 영역(B 형)                                                                 3
23. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?                              25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
   One of the rules for success is that it doesn’t matter             The National Park Service says 1,825 Burmese pythons
 where you’re coming from; all that matters is where               have been caught in and around the Florida Everglades
 you’re going. Almost everyone has the uneasy feeling              since 2000. One of the largest ― over 16 feet long and
 that they have wasted a good deal of their time and their         weighing 156 pounds ― was caught just in January. The
 potential in the past. Unfortunately, many people use             Burmese pythons have been joined in the swamps by
 these feelings of regret as brakes that they set on their         other discarded pets: African pythons and other kinds of
 own lives. Instead of rededicating themselves to the              snakes. They are rapidly vacuuming the Everglades clean
 exciting months and years ahead, they allow themselves            of native wildlife. One python even tried to eat a live
 to be overwhelmed with the mistakes that they made in             alligator. The National Park Service says that in areas
 the past. Don’t let this happen to you. Instead, think            where the snakes are known to be active, sightings of
 about the future and where you are going. Think about             medium-size mammals have dropped by as much as 99
 what you can do to create the kind of future you                  percent. It’s not hard to envision what happens next.
 imagine for yourself. Your resolve to be future-oriented          With their prey exhausted, the snakes will begin moving
 will give you energy and enthusiasm. And your future is           out of the Everglades in search of food ― pets, for
 limited only by your imagination.                                 example. Florida Senator Bill Nelson says that snakes
                                                                   don’t belong in the Everglades in the first place, “and
 ① 상상력을 억압하지 마라.
                                                                   they certainly don’t belong in people’s backyards.”
 ② 잠재력을 최대한 활용하라.
 ③ 실현 가능한 목표를 뚜렷이 설정하라.                                                                                       * python: 비단뱀
 ④ 과거에 집착하지 말고 미래에 집중하라.
                                                                   ① Florida on the Alert: The Threat of Foreign Snakes
 ⑤ 과거의 경험으로부터 일의 우선순위를 정하라.
                                                                   ② Pythons and Mammals: A Happy Get-Together
                                                                   ③ Pet Pythons in People’s Backyards in Florida
                                                                   ④ Pythons in Florida: A Successful Transplantation
                                                                   ⑤ A Battle in the Everglades: Burmese vs. African Pythons




24. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
   Music is an art that depends on re-creation. When you
 look at a painting, a piece of sculpture, or a building,
 you experience exactly what the artist created without
 involving an intervening person. Not so with music.
 Someone must bring it to life; it requires an intermediary.
                                                               26. 밑줄 친 she[her]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
 A few compositions exist only on discs or tape, and in
 such cases there is no performing intermediary. In some             Sarah kept walking until a combination of curiosity and
 types of music, such as jazz, the performer is the creator        hunger drove ① her into an old convenience store.
 of the music because, to a degree, it is made up as the           Pushing open its glass door, ② she was sucked once
 performer goes along. However, in most cases even                 again into that other, earlier time. The storekeeper, the
 composers can’t remember or express their own music               only other occupant of the place, was a wrinkled old
 completely. They can’t play several instruments at once,          woman in a faded lavender-print dress. She didn’t bother
 and they can’t perform their music if they are not                greeting Sarah but continued to sit motionless, conserving
 physically present. So other performers are needed.               ③ her energy as she watched a collection of counter
                                                                   goods that might have sprung straight out of Sarah’s
                                        * intermediary: 중개자
                                                                   childhood. A price list stuck up crooked beside the candy
 ① Music is brought to life by performers.                         told her ④ she could buy half a loaf of oversweetened
 ② Listeners’ appreciation completes music.                        white bread, if she wanted, or a scoop of frozen peas.
 ③ Composers are the genuine creators of music.                    There was nothing here that Sarah felt like eating. She
 ④ Composers rarely create music out of nothing.                   nodded at the woman, who once again failed to
 ⑤ Music depends on the audience for interpretation.               acknowledge ⑤ her, and left the shop.

                                                          3
                                                               8
4                                           영어 영역(B 형)                                                             홀수형
27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]                          29. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
   “Aerobic” means “with oxygen.” It’s not surprising that
 the demands you make on your body when you ask it to
 sustain an aerobic activity train your lungs to deliver
 oxygen and your heart ① to pump out greater amounts of
 blood to carry that oxygen to your working muscles.
 Your body also responds to this challenge by producing
 and storing something ② referred to as aerobic enzymes.
 These enzymes help you burn more fat, which is another
 reason why aerobic exercise has ③ such a pronounced
 effect on your body fat. This effect, which is often
 overlooked, is a primary reason why people ④ do aerobic
 exercises establish a new metabolism and a leaner body.
 Yet another benefit of aerobic training is ⑤ that it                The graph shows the living species index from 1970 to
 enables your muscles to better use oxygen to perform             2000, which indicates trends in the world’s biodiversity
 work over extended periods of time.                              populations of species living in land, freshwater, and
                                                                  marine ecosystems. ① Compared to 1970, all the indexes
                                                                  fell by 30 to 50 percent in 2000. ② Between 1975 and
                                                                  1980, while the marine species index declined, the
                                                                  freshwater species index increased. ③ In 1985 the freshwater
                                                                  species index was the highest, followed by the land
                                                                  species index and the marine species index. ④ The freshwater
                                                                  species index decreased the least compared to the other
                                                                  indexes between 1990 and 1995. ⑤ The marine species
                                                                  index, the highest among the three in 2000, indicated an
                                                                  increase between 1999 and 2000.


                                                              30. Thistlegorm에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
                                                                     Packed full of artifacts and lying in the clear waters of
                                                                  the Red Sea, the Thistlegorm is perhaps the most famous
                                                                  of all shipwrecks for divers. Her fame comes at a price,
28. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지                             however, with great numbers of divers crawling through
 않은 것은?                                                           the structure every day. The Thistlegorm first came to the
                                                                  attention of the global diving community in the 1950s,
   A great belt of desert stretches nearly halfway around
                                                                  when she was discovered and filmed by Jacques Cousteau.
 the world. Starting in North India, it passes west through
                                                                  Her location remained a secret until 1992, when she was
 Pakistan and Afghanistan, ① continues through the Near
                                                                  rediscovered by recreational divers, and she has since
 East, crosses Africa as the Sahara, and leaping the              become the most popular diving wreck in the entire Red
 Atlantic, ends in Mexico and the Southwest United                Sea. The Thistlegorm was a World War II armed merchant
 States. In and near this and similar zones, perhaps one          vessel, 126m in length, carrying supplies to the British 8th
 quarter of the world’s population lives in buildings             Army in North Africa. Packed with machinery and
 constructed of sun-dried mud. The desert is both ② harsh         weapons, she was spotted in the northern Red Sea by a
 and generous. The intense heat, cold, and scarcity of            German bomber on the 6th October 1941. Two bombs
 water in this environment are well known; but the desert         entered her Number Four hold, causing a huge explosion
 also provides ③ insufficient means with which people can         that cut her in half; she sank immediately with the loss
 shelter themselves against these extremes. For thousands         of nine souls.
 of years, earth has been used as ④ building material in
                                                                  ① Red Sea에 있다.
 the desert and dry savannah. Mud architecture is highly
                                                                  ② Jacques Cousteau에 의해 촬영되었다.
 ⑤ resistant to temperature change and insulates against
                                                                  ③ 보급품을 수송하는 독일군 군함이었다.
 the day’s heat and the night’s cold.
                                                                  ④ 기계류와 무기를 싣고 있었다.
                                          * insulate: 차단하다        ⑤ 폭격을 받고 가라앉았다.

                                                         4
                                                              8
홀수형                                             영어 영역(B 형)                                                                        5
[31~36] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.                               33. During the hundreds of millions of years that plants
31. A good place for business leaders to start the process              have been living on our planet, they have become
                                                                        amazingly self-sufficient. In addition to establishing a
  of building trust is by becoming more                        to
                                                                        useful relationship with the sun, plants have learned
  their employees. Getting out of the office and mixing
                                                                                                       . When plants die, they seem
  with employees is a simple solution to a very common
                                                                        to just fall on the ground and rot, getting eaten by many
  trust problem. In organizational improvement workshops,
                                                                        bugs and worms. However, researchers were shocked to
  we often ask, “What is the single greatest barrier to
                                                                        discover that dead plants get consumed only by particular
  improving communication and trust between you and your                bacteria and fungi. Plants know how to attract to their
  manager?” In many cases, the first response is, “I never              own rotting only those microorganisms and earthworms
  see her. She’s always in a meeting.” The employees                    that will produce beneficial minerals for the soil where
  cannot develop a perception of trust with higher-ups                  the plants’ siblings will grow. One way plants attract
  when some don’t even know what they look like. If                     particular    microorganisms    into   their   soil   is   by
  leaders seldom come out of the office, choosing to                    concentrating more sugars in their roots. Thus roots such
  communicate through email instead, they are no longer a               as carrots and potatoes are always much sweeter than the
  part of that organization.                                            rest of the plant. Apparently, the quality of the soil is
                                                                        critically important, not only as a source of water and
  ① similar            ② visible            ③ frank
                                                                        minerals for plants but for their very survival.
  ④ grateful           ⑤ subjective
                                                                        ① to extend their lifespan
                                                                        ② to grow their own soil
                                                                        ③ to consume microorganisms
                                                                        ④ to survive attacks of bacteria
                                                                        ⑤ to keep the environment clean




                                                                    34. As they try to maneuver through times of guilt and
                                                                        austerity, marketers seek tactics that they hope will
32. There is a long and honorable history of procrastination            overcome consumers’ guilt and negative self-regard ― and
  to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve             will as a result revive consumption. New research on
  if postponed. It is something of a truism that to put off             consumer behavior suggests that an effective tactic can
  making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary             be   to   acknowledge   consumers’     unconscious    attempts
  process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation.                                               . Research has shown that
                                                                        people engage in compensatory behavior when their
  So, for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or an
                                                                        self-image deviates from its standard level. In other words,
  entrée, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace,
                                                                        when a person’s self-image dips, the individual tries to
  which took the Duke of Marlborough’s architects and
                                                                        compensate for this negative self-regard by, for example,
  laborers 15 years to construct. In the process, the design
                                                                        refraining from purchasing or consuming a guilty pleasure.
  can mellow and marinate. Indeed,                    can be the
                                                                        If, on the other hand, a person’s self-image rises above its
  assassin of elegance. As T.H. White, author of Sword in               standard level, the individual is inclined to give in to
  the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured              behaviors that are otherwise associated with feelings of
  in an hour or a day, but to be consumed delicately and                guilt. [3점]
  gradually and without haste.” In other words, what you                                                         * austerity: 내핍, 긴축
  don’t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off
                                                                        ① to minimize their guilty pleasure
  until tomorrow. [3점]
                                                                        ② to balance their self-image
                                            * truism: 자명한 이치
                                                                        ③ to feel financially stable
  ① hurry              ② caution            ③ complexity                ④ to avoid criticism from others
  ④ imitation          ⑤ system                                         ⑤ to reveal their negative self-regard


                                                               5
                                                                    8
6                                              영어 영역(B 형)                                                                  홀수형
35. One time a person on my team came to me with a                37. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
 problem she was having at work. As she explained her                    Color adds beauty to our lives, but it does more than that.
 struggles and feelings, I tried to figure out what exactly           Color serves important signaling functions, both natural and
 was bothering her. Her emotions were soon clear to me ―              contrived by humans. The natural and human-made world
 or at least I thought they were clear ― as she began to              provides many color signals that help us identify things. I
 cry. I went around the desk to give her a hug and                    know a banana is ripe when it has turned yellow and I know
                                                                      to stop when the traffic light turns red.            (A)       ,
 reassure her, thinking that was what she wanted and
                                                                      color helps facilitate perceptual organization, the process by
 needed from me. But I had gotten the situation all wrong.
                                                                      which small elements become grouped perceptually into
 She absolutely recoiled. She wasn’t sad. She was angry.
                                                                      larger objects. Color perception greatly facilitates the ability
 She didn’t want me to do anything other than listen and              to tell one object from another and especially to pick out
 acknowledge the truth of the matter. She went on to tell             objects within scenes, an ability crucial to the survival of
 me the issues that were causing her grief. I had to wait             many species.         (B)       , consider a monkey searching
 and let her tell me what she meant. True listening                   for fruit in the forest. A monkey with good color vision
 is                                                           .       easily detects red fruit against a green background, but a
                                                                      color-blind monkey would find it more difficult to find the
 ① bridging the gap between different viewpoints
                                                                      fruit. Color vision thus enhances the contrast of objects that,
 ② simulating the speaker’s emotions and feelings
                                                                      if they didn’t appear colored, would appear more similar.
 ③ working together to build a lasting relationship
 ④ showing how you feel toward the people around you                         (A)                     (B)
 ⑤ creating a space for people to tell you what they mean             ① In addition    …… However
                                                                      ② In addition    …… For example
                                                                      ③ In contrast    …… Similarly
                                                                      ④ Nonetheless …… Moreover
                                                                      ⑤ Nonetheless …… On the other hand


                                                                  38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

                                                                         Here is an uncomfortable math problem: By 2045
                                                                       Earth’s population will likely have swelled from seven
                                                                       to nine billion people.

36. In my mind, we do not invent laws in mathematics and              (A) Julian Cribb, author of The Coming Famine, says higher
 science, but rather we discover them.                        .           yielding crop varieties and more efficient farming
 I believe that mathematical laws go beyond us and our                    methods will be crucial. So will waste reduction. Cribb
                                                                          and other experts urge cities to reclaim nutrients and
 physical reality. The statement “3 + 1 = 8” is false. Was the
                                                                          water from waste streams and preserve farmland.
 statement false before the discovery of integers? I believe it
 was. Numbers and mathematics exist whether humans know               (B) Poor countries, they say, can improve crop storage and
 about them or not. Martin Gardner once stated this idea as:              packaging. And rich nations could cut back on
                                                                          resource-intensive foods like meat. In fact, wherever
 “If two dinosaurs met two other dinosaurs in a clearing,
                                                                          easy access to cheap food means people buy more than
 there would be four of them even though the animals
                                                                          they consume, we could all start by shopping smarter ―
 would be too stupid to know that.” In other words, four                  and cleaning our plates.
 dinosaurs are now in the clearing, whether or not humans
                                                                      (C) To fill all those stomachs ― while accounting for shifting
 are around to appreciate this fact. [3점]
                                                                          consumption patterns, climate change, and a finite
                                                 * integer: 정수            amount of farmland and drinkable water ― some experts
 ① They are subject to changes and modifications                          say global food production will have to double. How
 ② They have an existence independent from us                             can we make the numbers add up?
 ③ Most of them originated from numbers                               ① (A) - (C) - (B)                ② (B) - (A) - (C)
 ④ They are key to learning basic calculation                         ③ (B) - (C) - (A)                ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
 ⑤ Logical investigations give them true meaning                      ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

                                                             6
                                                                  8
홀수형                                           영어 영역(B 형)                                                                        7
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한                               [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
 곳은?
                                                                          Before 1969, a watch was just a watch. There were
  But they ran out of the special offers so you have to                manual and automatic-winding watches, calendar
  buy another of the meals at full price.                              watches, and many other types of watches. All were
                                                                       powered by mechanical-movement systems, and accuracy
    On the way home from work you see an excellent                     was of the utmost importance. In 1969, quartz watches
 bargain: a really good ready meal at 25 percent of the                were introduced. They were much more accurate than
 usual cost. ( ① ) You snap up one but when you get home               previous watches ― and much cheaper. Within a decade
 you feel like having a friend around. ( ② ) You phone, she            of their introduction, quartz watches dominated the
 agrees, so you pop out for another bargain. ( ③ ) The                 industry. Mechanical watch makers faced two obvious
 worst is to come: you heat up both meals and then your                but unattractive options: Attempt a highly uncertain
 friend phones to say something has come up and she can’t              transition to produce quartz movement or redouble
 make it. ( ④ ) You have two hot, unreheatable meals: you              efforts to improve the price and performance of their
 have to throw one away. ( ⑤ ) Despite the fact that the               mechanical-movement devices, thereby merely narrowing,
 meals are identical, economists say, people nearly always             but not closing, the performance gap with quartz.
 eat the one for which they paid full price.                              Insightful firms, however, recognized a third option.
                                                                       They realized that the rise of the quartz watch meant that
                                                                       for the first time, consumers could choose between
                                                                       mechanical and nonmechanical watches. In other words,
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와                                 the introduction of nonmechanical watches made some
                                                                       consumers aware of their preference for “mechanicalness.”
 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
                                                                       These watchmakers began                      their products
    Classification allows us to focus on one or two features           with this type of consumer in mind. One result was a shift
  and see something in terms of those characteristics alone.           from the industry norm of hiding watch mechanisms
  To classify plants and animals, we have to ignore all the            within the case to making parts visible in order to show
  variations that distinguish one plant from another and               off the increasingly complicated, visually stimulating
  one animal from another. We have to focus only on                    mechanical movements.
  those aspects that are shared by all plants and that                    Clearly, the niche of consumers who valued the mechanical
  differentiate them from all animals. We ignore the great             quality of a watch was smaller than the larger watch
  variation that exists within each group and reduce its               market. However, these consumers were willing to pay a
  members to the common ground that ties all the                       higher price. And perhaps more important, this niche was
  members of that group together. As a result, we come to              immune to attack from quartz watchmakers.
  see objects in terms of their membership in a particular
  group, and we miss seeing that each is more than its             41. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
  group membership. Trapped by the category of doors, we               ① Mechanical vs. Nonmechanical: Accuracy Matters?
  become blind to the three-by-seven-foot pieces of wood               ② Chronological Transition in the Styles of Watch
  that are right in front of us.                                       ③ An Innovative Technology in Watchmaking

                                 󰀻                                     ④ Quartz Movement Rules the Watch Market
                                                                       ⑤ Finding a Niche: A Case of Watchmakers
  In classification, we concentrate on a few features
       (A)        to group members, and in doing so, we
  tend to        (B)      individual variations within the
  group.

        (A)              (B)
 ①   varying     ……   identify
 ②   existing    ……   verify                                       42. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
 ③   special     ……   prefer
 ④   important   ……   include                                          ① redesigning       ② downsizing         ③ discontinuing
 ⑤   common      ……   overlook                                         ④ exporting         ⑤ advertising



                                                               7
                                                                   8
8                                                   영어 영역(B 형)                                                                홀수형
[43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.                                               43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로
                                                                              가장 적절한 것은?
                                    (A)
                                                                              ① (B) - (D) - (C)           ② (C) - (B) - (D)
   About eight years ago storyteller Melissa Heckler
                                                                              ③ (C) - (D) - (B)           ④ (D) - (B) - (C)
 arrived at a school ready to tell a few tales. Her
                                                                              ⑤ (D) - (C) - (B)
 classroom audience included children at risk because of
 learning difficulties, poverty, and other problems. The
 school suggested that Heckler not tell any family stories,
 assuming that the last thing such kids wanted to hear or
 talk about was family life. So (a) she told the students
 folk tales. “To everyone’s surprise, the kids who were                   44. 밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른
 most at risk were the most responsive,” says Heckler.                        것은?
 “They used the stories as a mask ― as a way to tell
                                                                              ① (a)      ② (b)    ③ (c)       ④ (d)       ⑤ (e)
 their own secrets.”

                                    (B)

   Heckler also asks the kids to collect stories from
 family members and friends. To make telling those
 stories a playful activity during class, (b) she sometimes               45. 위 글의 Heckler에 관한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
 has the children present their stories as if they were                       ① 약 8년 전에 이야기를 해 주려고 어느 학교에 갔다.
 doing       a   radio   program,     complete   with   a   student           ② 학교로부터 가족 이야기를 하지 말라는 제안을 받았다.
 moderator and guest appearances by student storytellers.                     ③ 아이들로 하여금 친구의 이야기는 수집하지 않도록 한다.
 Or they might act out a TV show and tell the tales to a                      ④ 아이들의 솔직함에 놀란다.
 video camera. Other times the kids simply share the                          ⑤ 그녀 이야기의 레퍼토리는 민간설화에 국한되지 않는다.
 stories with their classmates.

                                    (C)

   Regardless of how the stories are staged, the children
 continually surprise Heckler with their honesty and their
 revelations. “One girl’s father was a firefighter,” remembers
 Heckler, “and she told a story about her father’s being
 injured on the job. When the girl told the story, she
 showed so much dignity, and from that day, the other
 kids treated (c) her differently, more kindly. Telling their
 own stories gives them a chance to express their heart
 and their strengths. They begin to see their own
 richness.”

                                    (D)

   Heckler’s repertoire does not stop with folk tales. (d) She
 also uses personal stories, her own and the children’s, to
 draw the kids out. She may have the children ask her
 questions, or (e) she may simply tell a tale about herself.
 “It doesn’t matter whether you’ve had a rough life or a
 privileged one. What matters is that you’re telling them
 your story,” explains Heckler. “They have to sense that
 what you’re telling them is real. They need to see you as                    * 확인 사항
 a person. That will help them open up and tell their                         ◦ 답안지의 해당란에 필요한 내용을 정확히 기입(표기)했는지 확인
 stories.”                                                                      하시오.


                                                                      8
                                                                          8

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

P h info booklet gh17
P h info booklet gh17P h info booklet gh17
P h info booklet gh17hpinn
 
Butter sauces
Butter saucesButter sauces
Butter sauceshpinn
 
Niokso qual.bg 20120910
Niokso qual.bg 20120910Niokso qual.bg 20120910
Niokso qual.bg 20120910niod
 
Labor del docente y la actividad del profesor
Labor del docente y la actividad del profesorLabor del docente y la actividad del profesor
Labor del docente y la actividad del profesorEncuentroEducacion
 
Leadership Coaching MasterNous
Leadership Coaching MasterNousLeadership Coaching MasterNous
Leadership Coaching MasterNousSARGIA Partners
 
Mooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLE
Mooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLEMooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLE
Mooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLENelsonshare
 
Evidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientists
Evidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientistsEvidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientists
Evidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientistsUCT ICO
 

Viewers also liked (10)

P h info booklet gh17
P h info booklet gh17P h info booklet gh17
P h info booklet gh17
 
Butter sauces
Butter saucesButter sauces
Butter sauces
 
Niokso qual.bg 20120910
Niokso qual.bg 20120910Niokso qual.bg 20120910
Niokso qual.bg 20120910
 
Labor del docente y la actividad del profesor
Labor del docente y la actividad del profesorLabor del docente y la actividad del profesor
Labor del docente y la actividad del profesor
 
Dobronovskyi
DobronovskyiDobronovskyi
Dobronovskyi
 
Leadership Coaching MasterNous
Leadership Coaching MasterNousLeadership Coaching MasterNous
Leadership Coaching MasterNous
 
Manifest alcaldes
Manifest alcaldesManifest alcaldes
Manifest alcaldes
 
Mooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLE
Mooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLEMooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLE
Mooc: BUSCAR INFORMACIÓN EN GOOGLE
 
Evidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientists
Evidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientistsEvidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientists
Evidence-based failure of the partial smoking ban: contributions of scientists
 
Space Luggage
Space LuggageSpace Luggage
Space Luggage
 

Recently uploaded

Call Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service NashikCall Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service NashikCall Girls in Nagpur High Profile
 
Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...
Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...
Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...noor ahmed
 
5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...
5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...
5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...Apsara Of India
 
Call Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
Call Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance BookingCall Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
Call Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Bookingroncy bisnoi
 
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...
Top Rated  Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...Top Rated  Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
 
Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...
Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...
Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...aamir
 
2k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 9205541914
2k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 92055419142k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 9205541914
2k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 9205541914Delhi Call girls
 
Call Girls Agency In Goa 💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...
Call Girls  Agency In Goa  💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...Call Girls  Agency In Goa  💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...
Call Girls Agency In Goa 💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...russian goa call girl and escorts service
 
Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...
Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...
Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...SofiyaSharma5
 
Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...
Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...
Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...aamir
 
Call Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingCall Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment Bookingnoor ahmed
 
Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...
Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...
Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...noor ahmed
 
Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448
Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448
Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448ont65320
 
Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser... Shivani Pandey
 
𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...
𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...
𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...rahim quresi
 
Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser... Shivani Pandey
 
Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...
Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...
Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...Riya Pathan
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service NashikCall Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girl Nashik Amaira 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
 
Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...
Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...
Book Paid Sonagachi Call Girls Kolkata 𖠋 8250192130 𖠋Low Budget Full Independ...
 
5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...
5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...
5* Hotels Call Girls In Goa {{07028418221}} Call Girls In North Goa Escort Se...
 
Call Girls Chirag Delhi Delhi WhatsApp Number 9711199171
Call Girls Chirag Delhi Delhi WhatsApp Number 9711199171Call Girls Chirag Delhi Delhi WhatsApp Number 9711199171
Call Girls Chirag Delhi Delhi WhatsApp Number 9711199171
 
Call Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
Call Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance BookingCall Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
Call Girls Manjri Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
 
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...
Top Rated  Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...Top Rated  Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuin...
 
Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...
Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...
Nayabad Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Sex At ...
 
Desi Bhabhi Call Girls In Goa 💃 730 02 72 001💃desi Bhabhi Escort Goa
Desi Bhabhi Call Girls  In Goa  💃 730 02 72 001💃desi Bhabhi Escort GoaDesi Bhabhi Call Girls  In Goa  💃 730 02 72 001💃desi Bhabhi Escort Goa
Desi Bhabhi Call Girls In Goa 💃 730 02 72 001💃desi Bhabhi Escort Goa
 
Goa Call Girls 9316020077 Call Girls In Goa By Russian Call Girl in goa
Goa Call Girls 9316020077 Call Girls  In Goa By Russian Call Girl in goaGoa Call Girls 9316020077 Call Girls  In Goa By Russian Call Girl in goa
Goa Call Girls 9316020077 Call Girls In Goa By Russian Call Girl in goa
 
2k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 9205541914
2k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 92055419142k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 9205541914
2k Shot Call girls Laxmi Nagar Delhi 9205541914
 
Call Girls Agency In Goa 💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...
Call Girls  Agency In Goa  💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...Call Girls  Agency In Goa  💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...
Call Girls Agency In Goa 💚 9316020077 💚 Call Girl Goa By Russian Call Girl ...
 
Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...
Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...
Low Rate Young Call Girls in Surajpur Greater Noida ✔️☆9289244007✔️☆ Female E...
 
Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...
Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...
Dakshineswar Call Girls ✔ 8005736733 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy Bhabi Ready For Se...
 
Call Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingCall Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls in Barasat | 7001035870 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
 
Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...
Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...
Independent Joka Escorts ✔ 8250192130 ✔ Full Night With Room Online Booking 2...
 
Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448
Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448
Beautiful 😋 Call girls in Lahore 03210033448
 
Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Velappanchavadi WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
 
𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...
𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...
𓀤Call On 6297143586 𓀤 Sonagachi Call Girls In All Kolkata 24/7 Provide Call W...
 
Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
Model Call Girls In Pazhavanthangal WhatsApp Booking 7427069034 call girl ser...
 
Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...
Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...
Independent Sonagachi Escorts ✔ 9332606886✔ Full Night With Room Online Booki...
 

201205 고2 2014 수능 예비시행 영어b (홀수형)_문제지

  • 1. 2014학년도 대학수학능력시험 예비 시행 문제지 1 제 3 교시 홀수형 6. 다음을 듣고, 여자가 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 1번부터 22번까지는 듣고 답하는 문제입니다. 1번부터 20 고르시오. 번까지는 한 번만 들려주고, 21번부터 22번까지는 두 번 들 ① 눈병을 예방하는 방법 려줍니다. 방송을 잘 듣고 답을 하기 바랍니다. ② 양파로 만든 요리의 종류 ③ 눈물을 구성하고 있는 성분 1. 대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 ④ 양파를 썰 때 눈물이 나는 이유 적절한 것을 고르시오. ⑤ 양파 섭취가 건강에 미치는 영향 ① It was done yesterday. ② I’ll receive it by email. ③ I bought it at the post office. 7. 대화를 듣고, 두 사람이 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 ④ I don’t know where to find it. 고르시오. ⑤ I’ll finish it by tomorrow morning. ① 타문화 이해의 중요성 ② 인도 전통 문화의 우수성 ③ 고객 만족도를 향상시키는 방법 2. 대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장 ④ 친밀도에 따른 악수 방법의 차이 적절한 것을 고르시오. ⑤ 왼손을 쓰는 사람들에 대한 편견 ① It took about an hour. ② Only 10 dollars for adults. ③ About two blocks from here. 8. 대화를 듣고, 두 사람의 관계를 가장 잘 나타낸 것을 고르시오. ④ It’s hard to become a tour guide. ① editor - news reporter ⑤ I stopped by the City Hall yesterday. ② customer - salesclerk ③ advertiser - copywriter ④ photographer - fashion model 3. 대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 ⑤ movie director - movie actress 적절한 것을 고르시오. ① Sure, I got a piano on Friday. ② No, the jazz concert is Saturday. 9. 대화를 듣고, 그림에서 대화의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 ③ No, music always makes me happy. 고르시오. ④ Yes, she’s my favorite movie actress. ⑤ Yes, I read five books on different musicians. 4. 다음을 듣고, 남자가 하는 말의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. ① 자전거 통근을 권장하려고 ② 교통 체증 상황을 안내하려고 ③ 환경 단체 지원을 호소하려고 ④ 시장 선거 출마를 선언하려고 ⑤ 자동차 함께 타기를 제안하려고 5. 대화를 듣고, 여자의 의견으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. ① 여권 만기일을 확인해야 한다. 10. 대화를 듣고, 남자가 여자를 위해 할 일로 가장 적절한 것을 ② 보안 검색 절차를 따라야 한다. 고르시오. ③ 항공권은 미리 예약하는 것이 좋다. ① 계단 청소하기 ② 근무시간 바꿔 주기 ④ 공항에 여유 있게 일찍 도착해야 한다. ③ 대회 참가 신청하기 ④ 피아노 연습 중지하기 ⑤ 세관 신고 물품을 확인할 필요가 있다. ⑤ 연주회에 함께 가기 1 8
  • 2. 2 영어 영역(B 형) 홀수형 11. 대화를 듣고, 여자가 남자에게 부탁한 일로 가장 적절한 것을 18. 대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 고르시오. 적절한 것을 고르시오. ① to buy a bandage Woman: ② to take out the garbage ① I’ll arrange that for you immediately. ③ to drive her to the gym ② I’ll send a plumber as soon as possible. ④ to pick her up from work ③ We’ll place fresh towels in your bathroom. ⑤ to take her to the doctor’s office ④ Open the window to refresh the air, please. 12. 대화를 듣고, 남자가 늦게 귀가하는 이유를 고르시오. ⑤ Our staff will fix the window after you leave. ① 빙판길 때문에 19. 대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장 ② 시험공부 때문에 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점] ③ 과제물 재작성 때문에 ④ 컴퓨터실 청소 때문에 Man: ⑤ 저녁 식사 약속 때문에 ① You can ask how to get to the library. 13. 대화를 듣고, 댐에 관해 두 사람이 언급하지 않은 것을 ② Are you concerned about Internet ethics? 고르시오. ③ Old books on the solar system are useful. ④ You should change the wrong information. ① 저수량 ② 준공 시기 ⑤ How about searching the Internet encyclopedia? ③ 관광 수익 ④ 환경 문제 ⑤ 전력 생산량 20. 다음 상황 설명을 듣고, Susan이 Chris에게 할 말로 가장 14. 대화를 듣고, 여자가 지불할 금액을 고르시오. [3점] 적절한 것을 고르시오. ① $14 ② $20 ③ $24 ④ $26 ⑤ $30 Susan: Chris, ① I want you to study with me. 15. Maple High School’s Group Presentation Contest에 관한 ② I’d better go to the school library. 다음 내용을 듣고, 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오. ③ I should have prepared my report earlier. ① 내용은 한국 문화에 관한 것이어야 한다. ④ I’ll tell you about our homework tomorrow. ② 발표는 20분을 초과해서는 안 된다. ⑤ I found your report on top of the copy machine. ③ 파일 제출 마감은 다음 주 월요일이다. ④ 다섯 팀만 결선에 진출한다. ⑤ 심사는 학생위원회가 한다. 16. bonobos에 관한 다음 내용을 듣고, 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오. [3점] [21~22] 다음을 듣고, 물음에 답하시오. ① 콩고의 숲에 서식한다. ② 종종 서서 걷는다. 21. 남자가 하는 말의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은? ③ 보통 혼자 사냥한다. ① to promote a new children’s hospital ④ 음식을 구하는 데 도구를 이용한다. ② to advise parents on their children’s welfare ⑤ 종종 서로 음식을 공유한다. ③ to warn people of an unknown disease 17. 다음 표를 보면서 대화를 듣고, 남자가 보러 갈 아파트를 ④ to notify children of seat belt safety in cars 고르시오. ⑤ to give tips on how to feed family pets 22. asthma의 원인으로 언급되지 않은 것은? ① 애완동물 ② 꽃가루 ① ③ 간접흡연 ④ 고구마 ② ⑤ 오염된 실내 공기 ③ ④ 이제 듣기․말하기 문제가 끝났습니다. 23번부터는 문제지 ⑤ 의 지시에 따라 답을 하기 바랍니다. 2 8
  • 3. 홀수형 영어 영역(B 형) 3 23. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? 25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? One of the rules for success is that it doesn’t matter The National Park Service says 1,825 Burmese pythons where you’re coming from; all that matters is where have been caught in and around the Florida Everglades you’re going. Almost everyone has the uneasy feeling since 2000. One of the largest ― over 16 feet long and that they have wasted a good deal of their time and their weighing 156 pounds ― was caught just in January. The potential in the past. Unfortunately, many people use Burmese pythons have been joined in the swamps by these feelings of regret as brakes that they set on their other discarded pets: African pythons and other kinds of own lives. Instead of rededicating themselves to the snakes. They are rapidly vacuuming the Everglades clean exciting months and years ahead, they allow themselves of native wildlife. One python even tried to eat a live to be overwhelmed with the mistakes that they made in alligator. The National Park Service says that in areas the past. Don’t let this happen to you. Instead, think where the snakes are known to be active, sightings of about the future and where you are going. Think about medium-size mammals have dropped by as much as 99 what you can do to create the kind of future you percent. It’s not hard to envision what happens next. imagine for yourself. Your resolve to be future-oriented With their prey exhausted, the snakes will begin moving will give you energy and enthusiasm. And your future is out of the Everglades in search of food ― pets, for limited only by your imagination. example. Florida Senator Bill Nelson says that snakes don’t belong in the Everglades in the first place, “and ① 상상력을 억압하지 마라. they certainly don’t belong in people’s backyards.” ② 잠재력을 최대한 활용하라. ③ 실현 가능한 목표를 뚜렷이 설정하라. * python: 비단뱀 ④ 과거에 집착하지 말고 미래에 집중하라. ① Florida on the Alert: The Threat of Foreign Snakes ⑤ 과거의 경험으로부터 일의 우선순위를 정하라. ② Pythons and Mammals: A Happy Get-Together ③ Pet Pythons in People’s Backyards in Florida ④ Pythons in Florida: A Successful Transplantation ⑤ A Battle in the Everglades: Burmese vs. African Pythons 24. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은? Music is an art that depends on re-creation. When you look at a painting, a piece of sculpture, or a building, you experience exactly what the artist created without involving an intervening person. Not so with music. Someone must bring it to life; it requires an intermediary. 26. 밑줄 친 she[her]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은? A few compositions exist only on discs or tape, and in such cases there is no performing intermediary. In some Sarah kept walking until a combination of curiosity and types of music, such as jazz, the performer is the creator hunger drove ① her into an old convenience store. of the music because, to a degree, it is made up as the Pushing open its glass door, ② she was sucked once performer goes along. However, in most cases even again into that other, earlier time. The storekeeper, the composers can’t remember or express their own music only other occupant of the place, was a wrinkled old completely. They can’t play several instruments at once, woman in a faded lavender-print dress. She didn’t bother and they can’t perform their music if they are not greeting Sarah but continued to sit motionless, conserving physically present. So other performers are needed. ③ her energy as she watched a collection of counter goods that might have sprung straight out of Sarah’s * intermediary: 중개자 childhood. A price list stuck up crooked beside the candy ① Music is brought to life by performers. told her ④ she could buy half a loaf of oversweetened ② Listeners’ appreciation completes music. white bread, if she wanted, or a scoop of frozen peas. ③ Composers are the genuine creators of music. There was nothing here that Sarah felt like eating. She ④ Composers rarely create music out of nothing. nodded at the woman, who once again failed to ⑤ Music depends on the audience for interpretation. acknowledge ⑤ her, and left the shop. 3 8
  • 4. 4 영어 영역(B 형) 홀수형 27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] 29. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? “Aerobic” means “with oxygen.” It’s not surprising that the demands you make on your body when you ask it to sustain an aerobic activity train your lungs to deliver oxygen and your heart ① to pump out greater amounts of blood to carry that oxygen to your working muscles. Your body also responds to this challenge by producing and storing something ② referred to as aerobic enzymes. These enzymes help you burn more fat, which is another reason why aerobic exercise has ③ such a pronounced effect on your body fat. This effect, which is often overlooked, is a primary reason why people ④ do aerobic exercises establish a new metabolism and a leaner body. Yet another benefit of aerobic training is ⑤ that it The graph shows the living species index from 1970 to enables your muscles to better use oxygen to perform 2000, which indicates trends in the world’s biodiversity work over extended periods of time. populations of species living in land, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. ① Compared to 1970, all the indexes fell by 30 to 50 percent in 2000. ② Between 1975 and 1980, while the marine species index declined, the freshwater species index increased. ③ In 1985 the freshwater species index was the highest, followed by the land species index and the marine species index. ④ The freshwater species index decreased the least compared to the other indexes between 1990 and 1995. ⑤ The marine species index, the highest among the three in 2000, indicated an increase between 1999 and 2000. 30. Thistlegorm에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? Packed full of artifacts and lying in the clear waters of the Red Sea, the Thistlegorm is perhaps the most famous of all shipwrecks for divers. Her fame comes at a price, 28. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 however, with great numbers of divers crawling through 않은 것은? the structure every day. The Thistlegorm first came to the attention of the global diving community in the 1950s, A great belt of desert stretches nearly halfway around when she was discovered and filmed by Jacques Cousteau. the world. Starting in North India, it passes west through Her location remained a secret until 1992, when she was Pakistan and Afghanistan, ① continues through the Near rediscovered by recreational divers, and she has since East, crosses Africa as the Sahara, and leaping the become the most popular diving wreck in the entire Red Atlantic, ends in Mexico and the Southwest United Sea. The Thistlegorm was a World War II armed merchant States. In and near this and similar zones, perhaps one vessel, 126m in length, carrying supplies to the British 8th quarter of the world’s population lives in buildings Army in North Africa. Packed with machinery and constructed of sun-dried mud. The desert is both ② harsh weapons, she was spotted in the northern Red Sea by a and generous. The intense heat, cold, and scarcity of German bomber on the 6th October 1941. Two bombs water in this environment are well known; but the desert entered her Number Four hold, causing a huge explosion also provides ③ insufficient means with which people can that cut her in half; she sank immediately with the loss shelter themselves against these extremes. For thousands of nine souls. of years, earth has been used as ④ building material in ① Red Sea에 있다. the desert and dry savannah. Mud architecture is highly ② Jacques Cousteau에 의해 촬영되었다. ⑤ resistant to temperature change and insulates against ③ 보급품을 수송하는 독일군 군함이었다. the day’s heat and the night’s cold. ④ 기계류와 무기를 싣고 있었다. * insulate: 차단하다 ⑤ 폭격을 받고 가라앉았다. 4 8
  • 5. 홀수형 영어 영역(B 형) 5 [31~36] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 33. During the hundreds of millions of years that plants 31. A good place for business leaders to start the process have been living on our planet, they have become amazingly self-sufficient. In addition to establishing a of building trust is by becoming more to useful relationship with the sun, plants have learned their employees. Getting out of the office and mixing . When plants die, they seem with employees is a simple solution to a very common to just fall on the ground and rot, getting eaten by many trust problem. In organizational improvement workshops, bugs and worms. However, researchers were shocked to we often ask, “What is the single greatest barrier to discover that dead plants get consumed only by particular improving communication and trust between you and your bacteria and fungi. Plants know how to attract to their manager?” In many cases, the first response is, “I never own rotting only those microorganisms and earthworms see her. She’s always in a meeting.” The employees that will produce beneficial minerals for the soil where cannot develop a perception of trust with higher-ups the plants’ siblings will grow. One way plants attract when some don’t even know what they look like. If particular microorganisms into their soil is by leaders seldom come out of the office, choosing to concentrating more sugars in their roots. Thus roots such communicate through email instead, they are no longer a as carrots and potatoes are always much sweeter than the part of that organization. rest of the plant. Apparently, the quality of the soil is critically important, not only as a source of water and ① similar ② visible ③ frank minerals for plants but for their very survival. ④ grateful ⑤ subjective ① to extend their lifespan ② to grow their own soil ③ to consume microorganisms ④ to survive attacks of bacteria ⑤ to keep the environment clean 34. As they try to maneuver through times of guilt and austerity, marketers seek tactics that they hope will 32. There is a long and honorable history of procrastination overcome consumers’ guilt and negative self-regard ― and to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve will as a result revive consumption. New research on if postponed. It is something of a truism that to put off consumer behavior suggests that an effective tactic can making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary be to acknowledge consumers’ unconscious attempts process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation. . Research has shown that people engage in compensatory behavior when their So, for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or an self-image deviates from its standard level. In other words, entrée, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace, when a person’s self-image dips, the individual tries to which took the Duke of Marlborough’s architects and compensate for this negative self-regard by, for example, laborers 15 years to construct. In the process, the design refraining from purchasing or consuming a guilty pleasure. can mellow and marinate. Indeed, can be the If, on the other hand, a person’s self-image rises above its assassin of elegance. As T.H. White, author of Sword in standard level, the individual is inclined to give in to the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured behaviors that are otherwise associated with feelings of in an hour or a day, but to be consumed delicately and guilt. [3점] gradually and without haste.” In other words, what you * austerity: 내핍, 긴축 don’t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off ① to minimize their guilty pleasure until tomorrow. [3점] ② to balance their self-image * truism: 자명한 이치 ③ to feel financially stable ① hurry ② caution ③ complexity ④ to avoid criticism from others ④ imitation ⑤ system ⑤ to reveal their negative self-regard 5 8
  • 6. 6 영어 영역(B 형) 홀수형 35. One time a person on my team came to me with a 37. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? problem she was having at work. As she explained her Color adds beauty to our lives, but it does more than that. struggles and feelings, I tried to figure out what exactly Color serves important signaling functions, both natural and was bothering her. Her emotions were soon clear to me ― contrived by humans. The natural and human-made world or at least I thought they were clear ― as she began to provides many color signals that help us identify things. I cry. I went around the desk to give her a hug and know a banana is ripe when it has turned yellow and I know to stop when the traffic light turns red. (A) , reassure her, thinking that was what she wanted and color helps facilitate perceptual organization, the process by needed from me. But I had gotten the situation all wrong. which small elements become grouped perceptually into She absolutely recoiled. She wasn’t sad. She was angry. larger objects. Color perception greatly facilitates the ability She didn’t want me to do anything other than listen and to tell one object from another and especially to pick out acknowledge the truth of the matter. She went on to tell objects within scenes, an ability crucial to the survival of me the issues that were causing her grief. I had to wait many species. (B) , consider a monkey searching and let her tell me what she meant. True listening for fruit in the forest. A monkey with good color vision is . easily detects red fruit against a green background, but a color-blind monkey would find it more difficult to find the ① bridging the gap between different viewpoints fruit. Color vision thus enhances the contrast of objects that, ② simulating the speaker’s emotions and feelings if they didn’t appear colored, would appear more similar. ③ working together to build a lasting relationship ④ showing how you feel toward the people around you (A) (B) ⑤ creating a space for people to tell you what they mean ① In addition …… However ② In addition …… For example ③ In contrast …… Similarly ④ Nonetheless …… Moreover ⑤ Nonetheless …… On the other hand 38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점] Here is an uncomfortable math problem: By 2045 Earth’s population will likely have swelled from seven to nine billion people. 36. In my mind, we do not invent laws in mathematics and (A) Julian Cribb, author of The Coming Famine, says higher science, but rather we discover them. . yielding crop varieties and more efficient farming I believe that mathematical laws go beyond us and our methods will be crucial. So will waste reduction. Cribb and other experts urge cities to reclaim nutrients and physical reality. The statement “3 + 1 = 8” is false. Was the water from waste streams and preserve farmland. statement false before the discovery of integers? I believe it was. Numbers and mathematics exist whether humans know (B) Poor countries, they say, can improve crop storage and about them or not. Martin Gardner once stated this idea as: packaging. And rich nations could cut back on resource-intensive foods like meat. In fact, wherever “If two dinosaurs met two other dinosaurs in a clearing, easy access to cheap food means people buy more than there would be four of them even though the animals they consume, we could all start by shopping smarter ― would be too stupid to know that.” In other words, four and cleaning our plates. dinosaurs are now in the clearing, whether or not humans (C) To fill all those stomachs ― while accounting for shifting are around to appreciate this fact. [3점] consumption patterns, climate change, and a finite * integer: 정수 amount of farmland and drinkable water ― some experts ① They are subject to changes and modifications say global food production will have to double. How ② They have an existence independent from us can we make the numbers add up? ③ Most of them originated from numbers ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C) ④ They are key to learning basic calculation ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B) ⑤ Logical investigations give them true meaning ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A) 6 8
  • 7. 홀수형 영어 영역(B 형) 7 39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오. 곳은? Before 1969, a watch was just a watch. There were But they ran out of the special offers so you have to manual and automatic-winding watches, calendar buy another of the meals at full price. watches, and many other types of watches. All were powered by mechanical-movement systems, and accuracy On the way home from work you see an excellent was of the utmost importance. In 1969, quartz watches bargain: a really good ready meal at 25 percent of the were introduced. They were much more accurate than usual cost. ( ① ) You snap up one but when you get home previous watches ― and much cheaper. Within a decade you feel like having a friend around. ( ② ) You phone, she of their introduction, quartz watches dominated the agrees, so you pop out for another bargain. ( ③ ) The industry. Mechanical watch makers faced two obvious worst is to come: you heat up both meals and then your but unattractive options: Attempt a highly uncertain friend phones to say something has come up and she can’t transition to produce quartz movement or redouble make it. ( ④ ) You have two hot, unreheatable meals: you efforts to improve the price and performance of their have to throw one away. ( ⑤ ) Despite the fact that the mechanical-movement devices, thereby merely narrowing, meals are identical, economists say, people nearly always but not closing, the performance gap with quartz. eat the one for which they paid full price. Insightful firms, however, recognized a third option. They realized that the rise of the quartz watch meant that for the first time, consumers could choose between mechanical and nonmechanical watches. In other words, 40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 the introduction of nonmechanical watches made some consumers aware of their preference for “mechanicalness.” (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점] These watchmakers began their products Classification allows us to focus on one or two features with this type of consumer in mind. One result was a shift and see something in terms of those characteristics alone. from the industry norm of hiding watch mechanisms To classify plants and animals, we have to ignore all the within the case to making parts visible in order to show variations that distinguish one plant from another and off the increasingly complicated, visually stimulating one animal from another. We have to focus only on mechanical movements. those aspects that are shared by all plants and that Clearly, the niche of consumers who valued the mechanical differentiate them from all animals. We ignore the great quality of a watch was smaller than the larger watch variation that exists within each group and reduce its market. However, these consumers were willing to pay a members to the common ground that ties all the higher price. And perhaps more important, this niche was members of that group together. As a result, we come to immune to attack from quartz watchmakers. see objects in terms of their membership in a particular group, and we miss seeing that each is more than its 41. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점] group membership. Trapped by the category of doors, we ① Mechanical vs. Nonmechanical: Accuracy Matters? become blind to the three-by-seven-foot pieces of wood ② Chronological Transition in the Styles of Watch that are right in front of us. ③ An Innovative Technology in Watchmaking 󰀻 ④ Quartz Movement Rules the Watch Market ⑤ Finding a Niche: A Case of Watchmakers In classification, we concentrate on a few features (A) to group members, and in doing so, we tend to (B) individual variations within the group. (A) (B) ① varying …… identify ② existing …… verify 42. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? ③ special …… prefer ④ important …… include ① redesigning ② downsizing ③ discontinuing ⑤ common …… overlook ④ exporting ⑤ advertising 7 8
  • 8. 8 영어 영역(B 형) 홀수형 [43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오. 43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? (A) ① (B) - (D) - (C) ② (C) - (B) - (D) About eight years ago storyteller Melissa Heckler ③ (C) - (D) - (B) ④ (D) - (B) - (C) arrived at a school ready to tell a few tales. Her ⑤ (D) - (C) - (B) classroom audience included children at risk because of learning difficulties, poverty, and other problems. The school suggested that Heckler not tell any family stories, assuming that the last thing such kids wanted to hear or talk about was family life. So (a) she told the students folk tales. “To everyone’s surprise, the kids who were 44. 밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 most at risk were the most responsive,” says Heckler. 것은? “They used the stories as a mask ― as a way to tell ① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e) their own secrets.” (B) Heckler also asks the kids to collect stories from family members and friends. To make telling those stories a playful activity during class, (b) she sometimes 45. 위 글의 Heckler에 관한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? has the children present their stories as if they were ① 약 8년 전에 이야기를 해 주려고 어느 학교에 갔다. doing a radio program, complete with a student ② 학교로부터 가족 이야기를 하지 말라는 제안을 받았다. moderator and guest appearances by student storytellers. ③ 아이들로 하여금 친구의 이야기는 수집하지 않도록 한다. Or they might act out a TV show and tell the tales to a ④ 아이들의 솔직함에 놀란다. video camera. Other times the kids simply share the ⑤ 그녀 이야기의 레퍼토리는 민간설화에 국한되지 않는다. stories with their classmates. (C) Regardless of how the stories are staged, the children continually surprise Heckler with their honesty and their revelations. “One girl’s father was a firefighter,” remembers Heckler, “and she told a story about her father’s being injured on the job. When the girl told the story, she showed so much dignity, and from that day, the other kids treated (c) her differently, more kindly. Telling their own stories gives them a chance to express their heart and their strengths. They begin to see their own richness.” (D) Heckler’s repertoire does not stop with folk tales. (d) She also uses personal stories, her own and the children’s, to draw the kids out. She may have the children ask her questions, or (e) she may simply tell a tale about herself. “It doesn’t matter whether you’ve had a rough life or a privileged one. What matters is that you’re telling them your story,” explains Heckler. “They have to sense that what you’re telling them is real. They need to see you as * 확인 사항 a person. That will help them open up and tell their ◦ 답안지의 해당란에 필요한 내용을 정확히 기입(표기)했는지 확인 stories.” 하시오. 8 8