This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemed
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...improvemed
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.
This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the four types of hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification: Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed type hypersensitivity). It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of each type. The document then discusses immunological tolerance, including central and peripheral tolerance. It explains how a breakdown in tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases and provides examples like Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, hemolytic anemia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
The document discusses lymphocyte development and antigen receptor gene rearrangement. It covers the following key points:
1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
3. During development, gene rearrangement generates diversity in antigen receptor genes, and selection checkpoints ensure that only lymphocytes with functional receptors will mature and enter the peripheral immune system.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It begins with definitions of key immunology terms like immunity, immunology, antigen, and discusses the historical figures Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur who were pioneers in vaccination. It then discusses the components of the immune system including organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. It provides information on cells of the immune system like antigen presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes, and effector cells. It also discusses molecular components of antigen recognition including antibodies, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, and the major histocompatibility complex.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemed
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...improvemed
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.
This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the four types of hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification: Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed type hypersensitivity). It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of each type. The document then discusses immunological tolerance, including central and peripheral tolerance. It explains how a breakdown in tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases and provides examples like Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, hemolytic anemia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
The document discusses lymphocyte development and antigen receptor gene rearrangement. It covers the following key points:
1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
3. During development, gene rearrangement generates diversity in antigen receptor genes, and selection checkpoints ensure that only lymphocytes with functional receptors will mature and enter the peripheral immune system.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It begins with definitions of key immunology terms like immunity, immunology, antigen, and discusses the historical figures Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur who were pioneers in vaccination. It then discusses the components of the immune system including organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. It provides information on cells of the immune system like antigen presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes, and effector cells. It also discusses molecular components of antigen recognition including antibodies, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, and the major histocompatibility complex.
5. 3. Oil red O staining
A sejteket fixáljuk
4% -os
paraformaldehiddel.
Remove fixative and
rinse twice with
cooled PBS.
Add Oil red O to
cells by using 0.2
micron syringe filter.
Öblítsük le jól
dH2O-val, amíg a víz
tiszta lesz.
Adjunk
hematoxylint a
magfestéshez.
Remove and rinse
well with dH2O until
the water runs clear.
Leave the final
dH2O rinse on the
cells for microscopy.
A lipidek pirosak
lesznek, a magok
pedig kék színnel
jelennek meg.
Source:https://atomscientific.com/product/Oil_red_O_Stain_Kit
6. 4. MTT
A sejteket, általában 96
lyukú lemezre (pl. 2x103
sejt / lyuk egy hétig tartó
kísérletre) helyezzük.
24 órás inkubálás után a
sejteket megfelelő időben
kezeljük szerekkel.
Remove medium and add fresh
medium with 0.5 mg/ml MTT.
El távolítjuk az MTT hordozót. A
sejtek szolubilizálásához egyenlő
térfogatú 0,04 M HCI-t adunk
izopropanolban vagy 10% SDS-
oldatban.
Leolvassuk abszorbanciát a
Microplate olvasón.
Az alacsonyabb abszorbancia
értékek a sejtproliferáció
csökkenését jelzik
(összehasonlítva a kontrollokkal),
és a magasabb értékek a
sejtproliferáció növekedését jelzik.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/ChanderKNegi/mtt-cell-proliferation-assay
7. 5. RT-PCR
Keverjük össze a
templát RNS-t, a
primereket és a DEPC-
H2O-t 14 µl-ig a PCR-
csőben és inkubáljuk.
Az egyes mintákhoz 7,8-
8 μl reakcióelegyet
adunk, és 50 percig
inkubáljuk 42 ° C-on.
Adjunk hozzá 1 µl RNáz
inhibitorot (10 μg)
minden mintához, és
inkubáljuk 20 percig 37 °
C-on.
Adjunk hozzá 10 μl
minden primert a PCR
csövekhez. Ezután adjon
hozzá 15,5 μl alap
keveréket.
Adjunk hozzá 1-10 mg
RT-PCR cDNS és DEPC
H2O hígítást 65 μl-ig.
Mindegyik mintát 3
csepp ásványi olajjal
átfedjük, és mintát át
futtatjuk PCR-n
8. 6. Western blotting
SDS-PAGE electrophoresis
Nedvesítse meg a membránt
MetOH-ban és a szivacsot és
a szűrőpapírt a transzfer
pufferben.
Hozzon létre egy átviteli
„szendvicset”.
Mozgassa a szendvicset az
átviteli berendezésbe, és
adjon transzfer puffert a
készülékhez. Ezután helyezze
be az elektródákat át 45-90
percig.
Blokkolja a membránt 5% -os
sovány tejjel TBST-ben 1
órán át.
Az elsődleges antitestet 5%
BSA-ban adjuk hozzá, és
rázógépen inkubáljuk.
A membránt TBST-vel
háromszor mossuk, majd a
konjugált másodlagos
antitest ajánlott hígításával
inkubáljuk a blokkoló
pufferben
Ismételje meg a mosási
eljárást.
A membránt a HRP-vel jelölt
antitest által jelzett jel
alapján detektáljuk.
Source: https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/Sample-Gel-Preparation.htm
9. A NAFLD zsírsav-in vitro modelljei
1. Adjuk hozzá semleges közeget.
2. Adjunk hozzá közeget és 99% metanolt.
3Adjunk hozzá közeget és 0,33 mM PA-oldatot.
4. Adjunk hozzá közeget és 0.66mM PA oldatot.
5. Adjunk hozzá közeget és 0.66mM OA oldatot.
6. Adjunk hozzá közeget és 1.32mM OA oldatot.
Inkubáljuk 24 órán át, és végezzük a fent említett vizsgálatokat
10. Az acetaminofen által kiváltott hepatotoxicitás
1. . Adjuk hozzá semleges közeget.
2. . Adjuk hozzá közeget és 100% DMSO.
3. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 0.5 mM APAP oldatot.
4. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 5 mM APAP oldatot.
5. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 10 mM APAP oldatot.
6. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 20 mM PA oldatot.
Inkubáljuk 2, 6 és 24 óráig, és végezzük a fent említett vizsgálatokat.
11. Amiodaron és tamoxifen indukált hepatotoxicitás
1. Adjuk hozzá semleges közeget.
2. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 99% MetOH
3. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 10 μM amiodaron oldatot.
4. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 20 μM amiodaron oldatot.
5. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 5 μM tamoxifen oldatot.
6. Adjuk hozzá közeget és 10 μM tamoxifen oldatot.
Inkubáljuk 24 órán át és 48 óráig, és végezzük a fent említett vizsgálatokat.