Wiener Upper and Lower Sum of - Tree

•

0 likes•79 views

Given a simple connected undirected tree T, the Wiener index W(T) of T is defined as half the sum of the distances of all pairs of vertices of T. In practice, T corresponds to what is known as the molecular graph of an organic compound. We obtain the Wiener Lower Sum WL(T) and Wiener Upper Sum WU(L) of an arbitrary - tree.

Science

International Journal of Computing Algorithm, Vol 1(2), December 2012
ISSN(Print):2278-2397
Website: www.ijcoa.com
Wiener Upper and Lower Sum of
r
nP - Tree
S.Rubanraj1
, P.Rajkumar2
1
Department of Mathematics, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College, T.V. Koil, Trichy.
E-mail: ruban946@gmail.com, journalrajkumar@gmail.com
Abstract
Given a simple connected undirected tree T, the Wiener index W (T) of T is defined as half
the sum of the distances of all pairs of vertices of T. In practice, T corresponds to what is
known as the molecular graph of an organic compound. We obtain the Wiener Lower Sum
WL(T) and Wiener Upper Sum WU(L) of an arbitrary
r
nP
- tree

Viewers also liked

Bill letter

COMPUTER SKILLS

SPSTestimony

tpTestimony

Rmb valderama cover_letter_qa

Raissa Marie Valderama

Brown qualification brief mvc_07 2016

Robert Brown

Sen. Zoé Robledo, Reforma

Senadores PRD

Choc Leaflet

Alex Ramsay

Sin título 1 (1)

Nikolas Muñoz

E Cigaret Med Nikotin

wickedhate4021

Texto 1°fm martínez cardona

Edgar Daniel Matinez Cardona

Texto 2

Esli Mariscal

Viewers also liked (12)

Bill letter

COMPUTER SKILLS

SPSTestimony

tpTestimony

Rmb valderama cover_letter_qa

Brown qualification brief mvc_07 2016

Sen. Zoé Robledo, Reforma

Choc Leaflet

Sin título 1 (1)

E Cigaret Med Nikotin

Texto 1°fm martínez cardona

Texto 2

SPSS: An Effective Tool to Compute Learning Outcomes in Acadamics

ijcoa

Detection of software bugs and its occurrences, repudiation and its root cause is a very difficult process in large multi threaded applications. It is a must for a software developer or software organization to identify bugs in their applications and to remove or overcome them. The application should be protected from malfunctioning. Many of the compilers and Integrated Development Environments are effectively identifying errors and bugs in applications while running or compiling, but they fail in detecting actual cause for the bugs in the running applications. The developer has to reframe or recreate the package with the new one without bugs. It is time consuming and effort is wasted in Software Development Life Cycle. There is a possibility to use graph mining techniques in detecting software bugs. But there are many problems in using graph mining techniques. Managing large graph data, processing nodes with links and processing subgraphs are the problems to be faced in graph mining approach. This paper presents a novel algorithm named BugLoc which is capable of detecting bugs from the multi threaded software application. The BugLoc uses object template to store graph data which reduces graph management complexities. It also uses substring analysis method in detecting frequent subgraphs. The BugLoc then analyses frequent subgraphs to detect exact location of the software bugs. The experimental results show that the algorithm is very efficient, accurate and scalable for large graph dataset.

BugLoc: Bug Localization in Multi Threaded Application via Graph Mining Approach

ijcoa

The detection of moving object is an important in many applications such as a vehicle identification in a traffic monitoring system,human detection in a crime branch.In this paper we identify a vehicle in a video sequence.This paper briefly explain the detection of moving vehicle in a video.We introduce a new algorithm BGS for idntifying vehicle in a video sequence. First, we differentiate the foreground from background in frames by learning the background. Then, the image is divided into many small nonoverlapped frames. The candidates of the vehicle part can be found from the frames if there is some change in gray level between the current image and the background. The extracted background subtraction method is used in subsequent analysis to detect a vehicle and classify moving vehicle.

Motion Object Detection Using BGS Technique

ijcoa

Analysis of Women Harassment in Villages Using CETD Matrix Modal

ijcoa

Solving Assignment Problem Using L-R Fuzzy Numbers

ijcoa

Fuzzy Chroamtic Number of Line Graph using α-Cuts

ijcoa

A Study on the Exposures of Rag- Pickers Using Induced Neutrosophic Cognitive...

ijcoa

Dual Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number and its Applications

ijcoa

This paper presents an implementation of one dimensional Burgers equation using implicit method with Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor. In particular, we used MAGMA MIC library which is an open source high performance library for solving a systems of non-linear equations. Further for high performance computation we consider offload mode as the primary mode of operation for Intel Xeon phi coprocessor. The result obtained from implicit scheme is then compared with the exact values and it’s seen that the results obtained are approximate and reliable. The result table showed that the proposed scheme achieved higher performance on Intel MIC platform.

Developing and Porting multi-grid solver for CFD application on Intel-MIC pla...

ijcoa

The multi-factorial chronicle, severe disease among human is diabetes. As a result of abnormal level of glucose in body leads to heart attack, kidney disease, renal failure, Hyperglycemia and also cancer in organs like liver and pancreas. Many studies have been proved that several types of heart diseases are possible in diabetic patients having a high blood sugar. Many approaches were proposed to diagnose both Diabetes and heart diseases. Most of the diabetes people can also have heart diseases called as Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. The earliest manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy is needed certain processes. The objective of the study is to examine the association of heart disease and diabetes. The relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are examined by taking into account of age, sex and associated diabetic and cardiovascular risk factors. The data are collected from patients with diabetes. From these data, features are selected by ant colony optimization and those selected features are given to hybrid PSO-LIBSVM to classify abnormal and normal data. This performance is evaluated using performance metrics and proved this classifiers efficiency for detection of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

Classification and Prediction of Heart Disease from Diabetes Patients using H...

ijcoa

Cryptography is important in communicating secured information that is vulnerable to distortion. The main goal of this paper is encrypting the small arbitrary length data without any changes in the length and data type. We propose a flexible arbitrary length small domain block cipher (FPESD). FPESD is based on AES Algorithm. The resulting cipher text is the same as input plaintext. Here, we use Galois finite field GF (28) and format preserving key to implement FPE. For decryption format preserving key is used along with cipher text and secret key.

Format Preserving Encryption for Small Domain

ijcoa

Intuitionistic Double Layered Fuzzy Graph and its Cartesian Product Vertex De...

ijcoa

Knowledge of climate data of region is essential for business, society, agriculture, pollution and energy applications. Climate is not fixed, the fluctuation in the climate can be seen from year to year.The data mining application help meteorological scientists to predictaccurate weather forecast and decisions and also provide more performance and reliability than any other methods. The data mining techniques applied on weather data are efficient when compare to the mathematical models used. Various techniques of data mining are applied on climate data to support weather forecasting, climate scientists, agriculture, vegetation, water resources and tourism. The aim of this paper is to provide a review report on various data mining techniques applied on weather data set in support of weather prediction and climate analysis.

Clustering and Classification in Support of Climatology to mine Weather Data ...

ijcoa

Test Suite Reduction is an optimization technique to identify the minimally sized subset of test cases with enforced constraints involved. The main purpose of test suite reduction is to deduce increased number of test cases that in turn increase the time and cost involved in execution. Fault Detection is the method of identifying the faults that affect the outcome of the system either logically or syntactically. This paper focuses on the reduction of the test suite that has high fault identification rates and also incurs low cost of execution of test cases. The proposed approach includes a new parameter Fault Detection Effectiveness to identify fault rates of test suite; an algorithm for test suite reduction based on priority of requirements; a low cost framework to identify the execution of test cases with minimum budget. Thus, the proposed work defines a test suite that has high fault detection effectiveness providing maximum coverage to requirements at minimum cost of execution.

Test Suite Reduction Based on Fault Detection with Cost Optimization

ijcoa

As the e-commerce is gaining popularity various customer surveys of objects are currently accessible on the Internet. These surveys are frequently disordered, prompting challenges in knowledge discovery and object assessment. This article proposes an object feature positioning skeleton, which consequently recognizes the critical features of an object from online customer surveys. The critical object features are recognized focused around two perceptions: 1) they are normally commented extensively by customers and 2) customer suppositions on the critical feature significantly impact their general assessments on the object. Specifically, given the customer surveys of an item, we first extract the object feature by a shallow reliance parser and focus customer suppositions on these features through an opinion characterizer. We then create a probabilistic object feature positioning calculation to identify the criticalness of perspectives by at the same time considering feature recurrence and the impact of customer opinion given to every feature over their general opinion. The experimental results on 3 popular products demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Artifact Facet Ranking and It’s Applications

ijcoa

Cloud Computing makes data really mobile and a client can simply access a chosen cloud with any internet accessible device. The espousal and dispersion of Cloud computing are threatened by unresolved security issues that affect both the cloud provider and the cloud user. The integrity of data stored in the cloud is one of the challenges to be addressed before the novel storage model is applied widely. This paper analyses the efficiency issues and security dodge of an existing scheme and proposes an amended data integrity scheme using improved RSA and number theory based concept for cloud archive. This scheme of protecting the integrity of guest virtual machines can be agreed upon by both the cloud and the customer and can be incorporated in the service level agreement (SLA).Based onhypothetical analysis, we demonstrate that the proposedscheme has a provably safe and highly adroit dataintegrity inspection measure.

Effectual Data Integrity Checking Technique Based on Number Theory

ijcoa

What cause to the neurons of the human brain cells when they are damaged. They become inactive. So damage to subthalamiuc nucleus (STN) neurons of the human brain causing larger involuntary movements and thereby attacking the Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of bilateral sub thalamic nuclei (STN) is an efficient method of rehabilitation technique in subjects with advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s (or Parkinson) disease. Accurate targeting of STN neurons and placement of microelectrodes/ (neurosensors) are paramount importance for optimal results after STN-DBS method.In this paper, microminiaturized electrode recordings (MER) of STN neurons were detected in a mean of 3.5 ±1.1 channels on right hemisphere and 3.6 ±1.04 on left hemisphere.Final channel selected were most commonly central seen in 42.3% followed by anterior in 33.7%. When a high current is delivered to STN or GPi neurons of basal ganglia (a component of human brain), causing their inhibition and improved indication of symptoms. It is now known that there is a significant change in the firing pattern and a reorganization of the entire basal ganglia circuit with DBS. The MER of STN neurons has identified a specific high frequency irregular larger amplitude firing patterns seen only in disease states and hence used to detect the neurons of ST nucleus during functional surgery. Microelectrode recording is so useful to confirm the right path but has to be taken in consideration with effects on macro stimulation.

Micro-Neuro-Sensor Recording of STN Neurons of the Human Brain

ijcoa

The focus of this paper is to get a bird's eye view of the various factors that could be analyzed to present schools and governments timely indicators of school dropouts. With the help of EDM, one could have access to enormous amounts of data. The crux of the matter would be to identify the data in line with plans and ideas that would eventually lead to the formulation of policies that enhance the teaching and learning process.

EDM: Finding Answers to Reduce Dropout Rates in Schools

ijcoa

Agile software development has been gaining popularity and replacing the traditional methods of developing software. However, estimating the size and effort in Agile software development still remains a challenge. Measurement practices in agile methods are more important than traditional methods, because lack of appropriate an effective measurement practices will increase the risk of project. This paper discuss about traditional and agile effort estimation model, and analysis done on how the metrics are used in estimation process. The paper also suggeststo use object point and use case point to improve accuracy of effort in agile software development.

Analysis of Effort Estimation Model in Traditional and Agile (USING METRICS ...

ijcoa

In most of the real time scenario, authentication is required very much so as to enable the person to access a private database of any type. Researchers have started using biometric traits for the authenticity of a person. The various biometrics traits available are face, iris, palm print, hand geometry, fingerprint, ear etc., But the application that uses a single biometric trait often have to challenge with noisy data, restricted degrees of autonomy, non-universality of the biometric trait and intolerable error rates. Multi biometric systems seem to lighten these drawbacks by providing multiple verification of the same personality. Biometric fusion is the use of multiple biometric inputs or methods of processing to improve performance. In this paper, a novel combination of Multi biometric fusion, Symmetric Cryptography and Asymmetric Cryptography is proposed. A fused biometric image is encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard whose secret key is in turn encrypted using elliptic curve cryptography which is considered as one of the efficient Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms. As the symmetric cryptographic algorithms involve in key exchange mechanism, the secret key is proposed to be secured by using ECC. Hence, the system proposed is expected to be more secured to store the biometric traits of an individual.

Multi-Biometric Authentication through Hybrid Cryptographic System

ijcoa

More from ijcoa (20)

SPSS: An Effective Tool to Compute Learning Outcomes in Acadamics

BugLoc: Bug Localization in Multi Threaded Application via Graph Mining Approach

Motion Object Detection Using BGS Technique

Analysis of Women Harassment in Villages Using CETD Matrix Modal

Solving Assignment Problem Using L-R Fuzzy Numbers

Fuzzy Chroamtic Number of Line Graph using α-Cuts

A Study on the Exposures of Rag- Pickers Using Induced Neutrosophic Cognitive...

Dual Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number and its Applications

Developing and Porting multi-grid solver for CFD application on Intel-MIC pla...

Classification and Prediction of Heart Disease from Diabetes Patients using H...

Format Preserving Encryption for Small Domain

Intuitionistic Double Layered Fuzzy Graph and its Cartesian Product Vertex De...

Clustering and Classification in Support of Climatology to mine Weather Data ...

Test Suite Reduction Based on Fault Detection with Cost Optimization

Artifact Facet Ranking and It’s Applications

Effectual Data Integrity Checking Technique Based on Number Theory

Micro-Neuro-Sensor Recording of STN Neurons of the Human Brain

EDM: Finding Answers to Reduce Dropout Rates in Schools

Analysis of Effort Estimation Model in Traditional and Agile (USING METRICS ...

Multi-Biometric Authentication through Hybrid Cryptographic System

Recently uploaded

Kochi CALL GIRL 84099*07087 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Kochi ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL IN We are Providing :- ● – Private independent collage Going girls . ● – independent Models . ● – House Wife’s . ● – Private Independent House Wife’s ● – Corporate M.N.C Working Profiles . ● – Call Center Girls . ● – Live Band Girls . ●- Foreigners & Many More . Service type: 1.In call 2.out call 3. full Lip to Lip kiss 4.69 5.b-job without Condom 6. Hard Core sex & Much More. 7 Body to Body Touch 8 Kissing 9 Sucking Boobs and More 10 Enjoy by Hand 11 Relax By Oral 12 Sex with Happy Ending • In Call and Out Call Service • 3* 5* 7* Hotels Service • 24 Hours Available • Indian, Russian, Punjabi, Kashmiri Escorts • Real Models, College Girls, House Wife, Also Available • Short Time and Full Time Service Available • Hygienic Full AC Neat and Clean Rooms Avail. In Hotel 24 hours • Daily Escorts Staff Available • Minimum to Maximum Range Available.

Kochi ❤CALL GIRL 84099*07087 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Kochi ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL

kantirani197

Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation: Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases. Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses. Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease. Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe. Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases. Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses. Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations. Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach. Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Justdial Call Girls In Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, 8800357707 Escorts Service Best High Class call girls Service Escorts Service in Home Hotel in Delhi NCR 24 Hours Available Service. We provide Super Class Hot and Sexy Indian Female Escorts Service, A to Z Body and Mind Satisfaction by Top Class Female Models in Delhi Gurgaon Noida NCR in Hotel 24hrs In Call and Out Call Service At Lowest Price. We Have Indian Punjabi Kashmiri Northeast Every Type Sexy Bold Beautiful Young Soft Cute Charming Female Escorts Available. Hygienic Full AC Neat and Clean Rooms Avail. In Hotel 24hrs in Delhi NCR

Justdial Call Girls In Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, 8800357707 Escorts Service

monikaservice1

Just Call Vip call girls Srinagar Jammu Kashmir Escorts ☎️ 8617697112 Starting From 5K to 15K High Profile Escorts In Srinagar Jammu Kashmir ❤Personal Whatsapp Number Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 💦✅. There are a number of Srinagar Jammu Kashmir Escorts willing to meet you at an affordable rate, which also possesses high moral standards and humanitarian tendencies. These girls can help satisfy the sexual desires of clients without fail; it is therefore essential that clients select an established service. Our services feature various packages at competitive rates: One shot: ₹2000/in-call, ₹5000/out-call Two shots with one girl: ₹3500/in-call, ₹6000/out-call Body to body massage with sex: ₹3000/in-call Full night for one person: ₹7000/in-call, ₹10000/out-call

❤Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 Personal Whatsapp Number 💦✅.

Nitya salvi

FAIRSpectra - Enabling the FAIRification of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry

Alex Henderson

Choose Our GTB Nagar Call Girls Through Our WhatsApp Number: - 8250077686 Easy & Fast Booking Procedure of GTB Nagar Call Girls Call girls are ready and waiting to provide the quality essentialness that will help ease away life's tensions GTB Nagar Call Girls are regular companions of elite gentlemen. They can take them places they could only dream of visiting. These ladies take great care in maintaining themselves to look appealing; visiting salons and spas regularly keeps them looking their best; their portfolios can be found online via an escort agency website. Visit our website: https://www.prishagill.com/ Visit our website: https://www.dighacallgirls.com/ Visit our website: https://www.sheetalarora.com/ Visit our website: https://www.streetgirls69.in/

High Profile 🔝 8250077686 📞 Call Girls Service in GTB Nagar🍑

Damini Dixit

Dopamine neurotransmitter determination using graphite sheet- graphene nano-s...

Mohammad Khajehpour

Context. WASP-76 b has been a recurrent subject of study since the detection of a signature in high-resolution transit spectroscopy data indicating an asymmetry between the two limbs of the planet. The existence of this asymmetric signature has been confirmed by multiple studies, but its physical origin is still under debate. In addition, it contrasts with the absence of asymmetry reported in the infrared (IR) phase curve. Aims. We provide a more comprehensive dataset of WASP-76 b with the goal of drawing a complete view of the physical processes at work in this atmosphere. In particular, we attempt to reconcile visible high-resolution transit spectroscopy data and IR broadband phase curves. Methods. We gathered 3 phase curves, 20 occultations, and 6 transits for WASP-76 b in the visible with the CHEOPS space telescope. We also report the analysis of three unpublished sectors observed by the TESS space telescope (also in the visible), which represents 34 phase curves. Results. WASP-76 b displays an occultation of 260±11 and 152±10 ppm in TESS and CHEOPS bandpasses respectively. Depending on the composition assumed for the atmosphere and the data reduction used for the IR data, we derived geometric albedo estimates that range from 0.05 ± 0.023 to 0.146 ± 0.013 and from <0.13 to 0.189 ± 0.017 in the CHEOPS and TESS bandpasses, respectively. As expected from the IR phase curves, a low-order model of the phase curves does not yield any detectable asymmetry in the visible either. However, an empirical model allowing for sharper phase curve variations offers a hint of a flux excess before the occultation, with an amplitude of ∼40 ppm, an orbital offset of ∼−30◦ , and a width of ∼20◦ . We also constrained the orbital eccentricity of WASP-76 b to a value lower than 0.0067, with a 99.7% confidence level. This result contradicts earlier proposed scenarios aimed at explaining the asymmetry observed in high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Conclusions. In light of these findings, we hypothesise that WASP-76 b could have night-side clouds that extend predominantly towards its eastern limb. At this limb, the clouds would be associated with spherical droplets or spherically shaped aerosols of an unknown species, which would be responsible for a glory effect in the visible phase curves.

Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b

Sérgio Sacani

Seismic Method Estimate velocity from seismic data.pptx

AlMamun560346

Module for Grade 9 for Asynchronous/Distance learning

levieagacer

fruit fly, this slide mainly made for pumpkin fruit fly, this is also known as drosophila melangastor, this type of fruit fly destroyed the mainly vegetables crops. if you want to known examples this types of fly which is destroy the pumpkin, tomato, brinjal, potato, bottle guard, ridge guard, bitter guard, cucumber, water melon, musk melon, bean, long bean and other many vegetables which has fruits. they distryed fruit fly. thank you...

pumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit fly

PRADYUMMAURYA1

COST ESTIMATION FOR A RESEARCH PROJECT.pptx

FarihaAbdulRasheed

Zoology 5th semester notes( Sumit_yadav).pdf

Sumit Kumar yadav

Conjugation, transduction and transformation

Areesha Ahmad

module for grade 9 for distance learning

levieagacer

Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Theoretical predictions and observational data indicate a class of sub-Neptune exoplanets may have water-rich interiors covered by hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. Provided suitable climate conditions, such planets could host surface liquid oceans. Motivated by recent JWST observations of K2-18 b, we self-consistently model the photochemistry and potential detectability of biogenic sulfur gases in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptune waterworlds for the first time. On Earth today, organic sulfur compounds produced by marine biota are rapidly destroyed by photochemical processes before they can accumulate to significant levels. Domagal-Goldman et al. suggest that detectable biogenic sulfur signatures could emerge in Archean-like atmospheres with higher biological production or low UV flux. In this study, we explore biogenic sulfur across a wide range of biological fluxes and stellar UV environments. Critically, the main photochemical sinks are absent on the nightside of tidally locked planets. To address this, we further perform experiments with a 3D general circulation model and a 2D photochemical model (VULCAN 2D) to simulate the global distribution of biogenic gases to investigate their terminator concentrations as seen via transmission spectroscopy. Our models indicate that biogenic sulfur gases can rise to potentially detectable levels on hydrogen-rich water worlds, but only for enhanced global biosulfur flux (20 times modern Earth’s flux). We find that it is challenging to identify DMS at 3.4 μm where it strongly overlaps with CH4, whereas it is more plausible to detect DMS and companion byproducts, ethylene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6), in the mid-infrared between 9 and 13 μm. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Exoplanet atmospheres (487); Exoplanet

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds

Sérgio Sacani

Site Acceptance Test .

Poonam Aher Patil

Proteomics: types, protein profiling steps etc.

Silpa

Call Girls In Safdarung Enclave Arjun Nagar Whatsapp +91 9654467111 Delhi ⛟ Open 24 Hrs, ☎ Booking Short 2000 Night 6000 ALL HOME/HOTEL SERVICE DOORSTEP SERVICE IN/CALL & OUT/CALL SERVICE WITH MANY OPTIONS AVAILABLE DELHI GURGAON & NOIDA SERVICE IN REASONABLE RATES FROM LOW TO HIGH PROFILE STAFF’S. Call Girl Number~24X7~Call Girl Services, New Delhi, Delhi OutCall Rate Call Girl Mahipalpur,Call Girl Connaught Place,Call Girl Nehru Place,Call Girl Chanakyapuri,Call Girl Paharganj,Call Girl Dhaula Kuan,Call Girl Moti Bagh,Call Girl Karol Bagh,Call Girl Greater Kailash,Call Girl Naraina, Call Girl Katwaria Sarai,Call Girl Janakpuri,Call Girl Kalkaji,Call Girl Lajpat Nagar,Call Girl Palam,Call Girl Malviya Nagar,Call Girl Mehrauli,Call Girl Govindpuri,Call Girl Sarojini Nagar ,Call Girl Neb Sarai,Call Girl South Ex,Call Girl Munirka,Call Girl Saket,Call Girl Chattarpur

9654467111 Call Girls In Raj Nagar Delhi Short 1500 Night 6000

Sapana Sha

Recently uploaded (20)

Kochi ❤CALL GIRL 84099*07087 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Kochi ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

Justdial Call Girls In Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, 8800357707 Escorts Service

❤Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 Personal Whatsapp Number 💦✅.

FAIRSpectra - Enabling the FAIRification of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry

High Profile 🔝 8250077686 📞 Call Girls Service in GTB Nagar🍑

Dopamine neurotransmitter determination using graphite sheet- graphene nano-s...

Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b

Seismic Method Estimate velocity from seismic data.pptx

Module for Grade 9 for Asynchronous/Distance learning

pumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit fly

COST ESTIMATION FOR A RESEARCH PROJECT.pptx

Zoology 5th semester notes( Sumit_yadav).pdf

Conjugation, transduction and transformation

module for grade 9 for distance learning

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds

Site Acceptance Test .

Proteomics: types, protein profiling steps etc.

9654467111 Call Girls In Raj Nagar Delhi Short 1500 Night 6000

Wiener Upper and Lower Sum of - Tree

1. International Journal of Computing Algorithm, Vol 1(2), December 2012 ISSN(Print):2278-2397 Website: www.ijcoa.com Wiener Upper and Lower Sum of r nP - Tree S.Rubanraj1 , P.Rajkumar2 1 Department of Mathematics, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Trichy, Tamilnadu, India 2 Department of Mathematics, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College, T.V. Koil, Trichy. E-mail: ruban946@gmail.com, journalrajkumar@gmail.com Abstract Given a simple connected undirected tree T, the Wiener index W (T) of T is defined as half the sum of the distances of all pairs of vertices of T. In practice, T corresponds to what is known as the molecular graph of an organic compound. We obtain the Wiener Lower Sum WL(T) and Wiener Upper Sum WU(L) of an arbitrary r nP - tree

Wiener Upper and Lower Sum of - Tree

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (12)

More from ijcoa

More from ijcoa (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Wiener Upper and Lower Sum of - Tree