PRETREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BEFORE PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK USING POLYETHYLENE STRIPS INSIDE FEEDING CHANNEL

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 13, Issue 6, June 2022, pp. 23-34, Article ID: IJCIET_13_06_003
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=13&Issue=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YU5
© IAEME Publication
PRETREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BEFORE
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK USING
POLYETHYLENE STRIPS INSIDE FEEDING
CHANNEL
Tahsin, A.,1 El Nadi, M. H.2, Hussien, H.M.,3 and Abdelmomen, M. M.4
1
MSC Student in Sanitary & Environmental Eng., Faculty of Eng., ASU, Cairo, Egypt.
2
Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Eng., Faculty of Eng., ASU, Cairo, Egypt.
3
Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Eng., Faculty of Eng., ASU, Cairo, Egypt.
4
Lecturer of Sanitary & Environmental Eng., Faculty of Eng., ASU, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
To enhance the characteristics of wastewater entering the primary sedimentation
tank in WWTP, strips of polyethylene media had been applied inside feeding channel to
wastewater as a pretreatment media system for decreasing organic loads entering
primary sedimentation tank that improve the treatment removal efficiency of the plant.
One curtain line of polyethylene strips applied to feeding channel before primary
sedimentation tank to determine the removal value of this application and determine
whether this application is suitable as a pretreatment or not.
The BOD removal value of one line of polyethylene media in mg/l is ranged from 2
mg/l to 8 mg/l with average value 5.33 mg/l. COD removal value is ranged from 1 mg/l
to 10 mg/lwith average removal value 5.44 mg/l. TDS removal value is ranged from 1
mg/l to 6 mg/l with average removal value 2.93 mg/l.
To remove more loads other lines of strips were added to achieve the required
quality for the effluent. The study proves the success of using the cheap media to allow
forming of biofilms that enhance the characteristics of influent wastewater.
Key words: Bio Media, Innovative Techniques, Polyethylene Strips, Pretreatment,
Wastewater Treatment.
Cite this Article: Tahsin, A., El Nadi, M. H., Hussien, H.M., Abdelmomen, M. M.,
Pretreatment of Wastewater before Primary Sedimentation Tank using Polyethylene
Strips Inside Feeding Channel, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology (IJCIET). 13(6), 2022. pp. 23-34.
https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=13&Issue=6
1. INTRODUCTION
Operational control of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is often complicated because of
variations in raw wastewater compositions and the characteristics of influent are varied from

Pretreatment of Wastewater before Primary Sedimentation Tank using Polyethylene Strips Inside
Feeding Channel
one plant to another based on the type of community lifestyle. Moreover, the efficiency of
wastewater treatment plants depends mainly on the influent load so the performance of any
WWTP and the selected method of treatment depend mainly on the influent loads.
The study is presenting many substantial aspects in this regard, starting with applying
polyethylene strips as a curtain line inside feeding channel before primary sedimentation tank
to decrease the influent BOD, COD and TDS loads as a pretreatment system.
This research is mainly devoted to study the ability of this application to enhancement
wastewater characteristics using polyethylene strips as a low cost material.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In an attached growth systems, a biofilm consisting of microorganisms such as bacteria and
protozoa is attached and covers the support packing media. Many materials have been used as
an attached growth media such as glass, gravel, sand, powdered minerals, natural geolite, a
wide range of plastic and expanded clay. The packing material provides a large surface area per
unit volume for biofilm development, therefore material selection plays a very important role
in maintaining high production of active biomass and a variety of microbial types [1].
Bacteria can live as planktonic cells in free style, but bacteria choose to attach to surfaces
and develop biofilms as that is the preferable phase for bacteria [2].
Bacteria form complex multicellular structures called biofilms. Biofilm formation is
commonly occur in five main stages: (1) bacterial attachment to a surface, (2)formation of
monolayer and production of matrix, (3) micro colony formation ,(4) maturation biofilm and
(5) dispersion (also known as dispersal) of bacteria which may then start a new cycle of biofilm
formation[3].
Polyethylene strips were used as an attached growth media which allow microorganisms to
attach and grow to enhance the characteristics of the effluent wastewater coming out of the PST
as that type of media is very cheap compared to the results which achieved using this media in
BOD, COD, TSS and VSS removal ratios. This application considered to be a low cost and an
easy control method to enhance the characteristics of wastewater to be able to reuse.
In the previous studies polyethylene strips have been used as an attached growth media
(same concept of MBBR media in the reactor) in the connecting channel after primary
sedimentation tank so that the media plays a polishing role for the wastewater entering the
secondary treatment. This system had been used in turkey and Germany as an indicator to the
pollutants concentration in wastewater. Moreover, studies was performed on three types of
polyethylene media two of them were with smooth surface and the third one was with rough
surface[4].
Polyethylene media proved its suitability as an attached growth media which allows the
microorganisms to grow and produce the biofilm media over the surface media. Moreover, the
previous studies were applied on low organic loads and proved its efficiency despiteit is difficult
to remove organics out of low load wastewater so it is expected that this system will achieve
higher efficiency when applied on high organic load wastewater [5].
In order to determine whether this application suitable for wastewater treatment or not and
the system had demonstrated its efficiency as the used media proved its ability for
microorganisms to for biofilm on its surface and the thickness of this layer increase by the time
as an accumulation of suspended solids also the concentration of the BOD had been reduced by
8.8% using polyethylene stripes. The efficiency of polyethylene stripes in reducing the
concentration of TSS is about 10.60% [4, 5 &6].

Tahsin, A., El Nadi, M. H., Hussien, H.M., Abdelmomen, M. M.
The wastewater samples had been taken before and after each line of media and the main
measurements were BOD, COD, TSS, VSS and PH[5].
One of the most important advantages of thisapplication is that there is no need to build a
special structure to apply this system as it could be applied direct to the existing connecting
channel and also not in aeration tank as when the polyethylene curtains intercept the wastewater
flow path that causes a turbulence flow and then the application would be supplied with oxygen
[5].
The aim of this study is to determine whether this application would be successful if applied
before PST with high organic load as a pretreatment system and would achieve a high removal
efficiency or not especially that the polyethylene strips system is easy system to apply and
economic solution that may be used to enhance the wastewater characteristics to be suitable for
reuse.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The aim of this study is to know the validity of polyethylene application to treat wastewater
before primary sedimentation tank and determine the BOD, COD and TDS removal values. The
used material was rough surface polyethylene sheets with 1mm thickness as the rough surface
proved its effectiveness in removing suspended solids over the smooth type of polyethylene
sheets [6]. Figure (1) shows the used media.
Figure 1 the Sample for the polyethylene strips
The rough media that had been used manufactured in Egypt using HDPE material and those
used strips were arranged as curtains as shown in figure (2) in the feeding channel before
primary sedimentation tank with the following dimensions:-
• Width of the stripe = 5 cm.
• Length for the stripe = Depth of the channel = 2 m.
• Thickness of the stripe = 1mm.
• Spacing between stripes = 5 cm.
Spacing between strips was 5cm to decrease the head losse at the media location to ensure
that the levels at units after the feeding channel would not be affected by appling this
application.

Feeding Channel
Figure 2 Arrangement of polyethylene media as a curtain
The experiment was conducted in two runs at Abu Rawash wastewater treatment plant. Run
I was conducted using one line of media (one curtain) placed in the feeding channel before
primary sedimentation tank to ensure the suitability of the polyethylene media to be used for
enhancing the wastewater characteristics entering primary sedimentation tank. The field
application of this run shown in figure (3).
Figure 3 One curtain line of polyethylene media (run I)
The second trail was carried out by placing three lines of media (three curtains) with 50 cm
distance between each two lines to determine the increase in removal efficiency depending on
the increase in number of lines. The field application of this run shown in figure (4).

Figure 4 Three curtain lines of polyethylene media (run II)
4. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
In run I the study was performed by applying one line of media to the feeding channel before
primary sedimentation tank and the samples (BOD, COD and TDS) were taken the day after
placing the media every day during the period of the study.
The following table (1) shows the BOD removal ratio and removal value for each day during
the study.
Table 1 BOD removal ratio and removal value for run I
Sample no. BODbefore line
1(mg/L)
BOD after
line1(mg/L)
BOD removal
value(mg/l)
BOD removal
ratio (R.R)%
1 151 149 2 1.32
2 162 159 3 1.85
3 149 145 4 2.68
4 152 148 4 2.63
5 166 162 4 2.41
6 153 148 5 3.27
7 125 118 7 5.60
8 140 132 8 5.71
9 112 106 6 5.36
10 135 128 7 5.19
11 130 122 8 6.15
12 120 113 7 5.83
13 145 138 7 4.83
14 125 119 6 4.8
15 120 114 6 5.00
16 123 118 5 4.07
17 115 110 5 4.35
18 114 109 5 4.39
19 120 115 5 4.17
20 125 120 5 4
21 112 107 5 4.46
22 116 111 5 4.31
23 114 109 5 4.39
24 128 123 5 3.91
25 125 120 5 4
26 120 115 5 4.17

Feeding Channel
27 135 130 5 3.70
Average 130.81 125 5.33 4.17
Max 166 162 8 6.15
Min 112 106 2 1.32
BOD removal value in mg/l is ranged from 2 mg/l to 8 mg/l with average value 5.33mg/l.
From table (1) It is observed that the BOD removal value was increasing during the first two
weeks until reached its maximum value 8 mg/l then started to decrease over the last three weeks
of the run and it reached almost a constant value 5 mg/l as a result of the anaerobic action that
started to happen to the inner layer of the biofilm then the biofilm starts to fall off the strips.
Hence, aerobic actions keep happening for two weeks over the strips surface till reach the
maximum thickness (the maximum thickness at which every layer of biofilm exposed to
oxygen) and after two weeks oxygen doesn’t reach the inner layer then anaerobic actions starts
to happen and biofilm starts to fall off media so the efficiency of this application starts to
decrease till reached the constant value 5 mg/l.
The following table (2) shows the COD removal ratio and removal value for each day during
the study.
Table 2 COD removal ratio and removal value for run I
Sample no. COD
before line1
(mg/L)
COD
after line1
(mg/L)
COD removal
value
(mg/l)
COD/BOD
After line 1
COD
removal
ratio (R.R)%
1 278 277 1 1.86 0.36
2 293 292 1 1.84 0.34
3 266 262 4 1.81 1.50
4 286 284 2 1.92 0.70
5 304 301 3 1.86 0.99
6 290 286 4 1.93 1.38
7 296 290 6 2.46 2.03
8 310 305 5 2.31 1.61
9 282 279 3 2.63 1.06
10 284 281 3 2.16 1.06
11 290 285 5 2.34 1.72
12 299 292 7 2.58 2.34
13 325 319 6 2.31 1.85
14 274 269 5 2.24 1.82
15 263 258 5 2.24 1.90
16 286 280 6 2.37 2.10
17 272 268 4 2.44 1.47
18 288 282 6 2.59 2.08
19 301 296 5 2.57 1.66
20 289 281 8 2.34 2.77
21 266 256 10 2.33 3.76
22 308 298 10 2.71 3.25
23 268 261 7 2.42 2.61
24 260 252 8 2.05 3.08
25 253 245 8 2.04 3.16
26 283 273 10 2.37 3.53
27 296 291 5 2.24 1.69
Average 285.56 280.11 5.44 2.26 1.92
Max 325 319 10 2.71 3.76
Min 253 245 1 1.81 0.34

From table (2) COD removal ratio ranged from 0.34% to 3.76 % and the average COD
removal ratio 1.92 %. As mentioned before the BOD removal ratio is 4.17% so the ratio between
BOD removal ratio and COD removal ratio is 2.17 and the ratio between BOD and COD after
media is 2.26 which are almost equal that is why R.R of COD is low compared to BOD removal
ratio as this system mostly removed organic matters which is expressed by BOD and a low
percentage of inorganic matters so that BOD removal ratio is higher than COD removal ratio.
Table (3) shows the TDS removal ratio and TDS removal value for each day during the study.
Table 3 TDS removal ratio and TDS removal value for run I
Sample no. TDS Before line1
(mg/L)
TDS after line1
(mg/L)
TDS removal
value (mg/l)
TDS removal
ratio (R.R)%
1 473 471 2 0.42
2 463 462 1 0.22
3 460 458 2 0.43
4 469 464 5 1.07
5 490 487 3 0.61
6 486 483 3 0.62
7 476 470 6 1.26
8 484 482 2 0.41
9 493 487 6 1.22
10 454 452 2 0.44
11 479 477 2 0.42
12 440 436 4 0.91
13 488 485 3 0.61
14 464 463 1 0.22
15 463 462 1 0.22
16 469 465 4 0.85
17 481 479 2 0.42
18 470 467 3 0.64
19 465 460 5 1.08
20 491 490 1 0.20
21 482 480 2 0.41
22 464 460 4 0.86
23 473 470 3 0.63
24 493 490 3 0.61
25 487 483 4 0.82
26 513 512 1 0.19
27 484 480 4 0.83
Average 476.07 473.15 2.93 0.62
Max 513 512 6 1.26
Min 440 436 1 0.19
From table (3) TDS removal ratio ranged from 0.19% to 1.26 % and the average TDS
removal ratio is 0.62 %. The total value of TDS almost did not change as a result of aerobic and
anaerobic reactions that happened on strips surface as part of BOD and COD that removed fall
off strips to water and changed into TDS again due to high velocity inside stream so even when
system removed an acceptable value of TDS, the biological reactions cause an additional value
of TDS to water so the equivalent removal value is very low or almost the same. It is implied
that this application has a slight effect on total dissolved solids.
In run II three lines of media were placed with distance 50 cm and samples were collected
before and after each line. The removal ratio was calculated for BOD, COD and TDS as
following.

Feeding Channel
BOD removal ratio in this run calculated as difference between BOD concentration before
line 1 and BOD concentration after line 3. The following table (4) shows the BOD removal
ratio and BOD removal value for each day during the study.
Table 4 BOD removal ratio and removal value for run II
Sample no.
BOD
Before
line 1
(mg/l)
BOD
between line
1,2
(mg/l)
BOD
removal
value 1
(mg/l)
BOD
between
line 2,3
(mg/l)
BOD
removal
value 2
(mg/l)
BOD
After line
3
(mg/l)
BOD
removal
value 3
(mg/l)
BOD
removal
ratio
Per day
(R.R)%
1 127 125 2 124 1 122 2 3.94
2 137 134 3 133 1 131 2 4.38
3 155 152 3 151 1 148 3 4.52
4 145 141 4 140 1 137 3 5.52
5 135 131 4 130 1 127 3 5.93
6 150 146 4 145 1 141 4 6.00
7 134 129 5 127 2 123 4 8.21
8 135 130 5 128 2 123 5 8.89
9 130 124 6 122 2 117 5 10.00
10 146 139 7 137 2 132 5 9.59
11 157 150 7 148 2 143 5 8.92
12 155 148 7 146 2 141 5 9.0
13 148 142 6 140 2 135 5 8.78
14 145 140 5 139 1 134 5 7.59
15 155 150 5 149 1 144 5 7.10
16 146 141 5 140 1 136 4 6.85
17 142 137 5 136 1 132 4 7.04
18 137 132 5 131 1 127 4 7.30
19 130 125 5 124 1 120 4 7.69
20 120 115 5 114 1 110 4 8.33
21 124 119 5 118 1 114 4 8.06
22 122 117 5 117 0 113 4 7.38
23 124 119 5 119 0 115 4 7.26
24 122 117 5 117 0 113 4 7.38
25 138 133 5 133 0 129 4 6.52
26 153 148 5 148 0 144 4 5.88
27 144 139 5 139 0 135 4 6.3
Average 139.11 134.19 4.93 133.15 1.04 129.11 4.04 7.20
Max 157 152 7 151 2 148 5 10.00
Min 120 115 2 114 0 110 2 3.94
From table (4) the BOD removal ratio ranged from 3.94% to 10% and BOD average
removal ratio increased from 4% for one line of media to 7.20% for three lines of media. It is
been observed that the removal ratio was increasing during the first two weeks and then started
to decrease over the last three weeks of the run as in run one due to the anaerobic actions
mentioned before and that happened in all line one, two and three with varying removal values.
It is noticed that average removal value of the first line in this run is almost equal to the
average removal value of line in first run. The average removal value for second line is very
low compared to the first line as BOD average removal ratio of the first line is 4.93 mg/l while
it is 1.04 mg/l for the second line and for the third line it is 4.04 mg/l.

The reason why the average removal value of line two is very low is that the velocity around
line 2 was very high due to the decrease in area and flow around line 2 was changed from linear
to turbulence flow because of small distance between lines which lead that distance between
lines is a factor on efficiency and small distances are not recommended to avoid turbulence
flow and high velocities which affected the all over system efficiency adversely. Figure (5)
shows the turbulence flow between lines.
Figure 5 Turbulence flow between polyethylene strips in run II
COD removal ratio in this run calculated as difference between COD concentration before
line 1 and COD concentration after line 3. The following table (5) shows the COD removal
ratio and COD removal value for each day during the study.
Table 5 COD removal ratio and COD removal value for run (II)
Sample
no.
COD
Before
line 1
(mg/l)
COD
between
line 1,2
(mg/l)
COD
removal
value 1
(mg/l)
COD
between
line 2,3
(mg/l)
COD
removal
value 2
(mg/l)
COD
After
line 3
(mg/l)
COD
removal
value 1
(mg/l)
COD/B
OD
COD
removal
ratio Per
day
(R.R)%
1 270 268 2 266 2 262 4 2.1 2.96
2 284 280 4 278 2 275 3 2.1 3.17
3 310 305 5 303 2 300 3 2.0 3.23
4 279 276 3 274 2 271 3 2.0 2.87
5 271 269 2 267 2 264 3 2.1 2.58
6 305 300 5 299 1 295 4 2.1 3.28
7 265 261 4 260 1 255 5 2.1 3.77
8 270 265 5 265 0 261 4 2.1 3.33
9 246 241 5 240 1 235 5 2.0 4.47
10 280 275 5 275 0 270 5 2.0 3.57
11 271 268 3 268 0 263 5 1.8 2.95
12 270 265 5 264 1 260 4 1.8 3.7
13 267 262 5 261 1 259 2 1.9 3.00
14 266 262 4 261 1 256 5 1.9 3.76
15 255 250 5 249 1 243 6 1.7 4.71
16 255 250 5 249 1 244 5 1.8 4.31
17 240 234 6 234 0 228 6 1.7 5.00
18 230 225 5 223 2 220 3 1.7 4.35
19 220 215 5 214 1 210 4 1.8 4.55

Feeding Channel
20 215 211 4 210 1 206 4 1.9 4.19
21 240 235 5 234 1 230 4 2.0 4.17
22 235 230 5 230 0 225 5 2.0 4.26
23 241 237 4 236 1 233 3 2.0 3.32
24 235 230 5 229 1 224 5 2.0 4.68
25 285 280 5 279 1 275 4 2.1 3.51
26 290 285 5 284 1 280 4 1.9 3.45
27 289 284 5 284 0 275 9 2.0 4.84
Average 262 258 4 257 1 253 4 1.9 3.78
Max 310 305 6 303 2 300 9 2.1 5.00
Min 215 211 2 210 0 206 2 1.7 2.58
From table (5) COD removal ratio ranged from 2.58% to 5.00 % and the average COD
removal ratio for three lines of media increased from 1.92 % to 3.78%. Moreover, the COD
removal value of line two is very small due to the high velocity and turbulence flow around line
two as mentioned before.
TDS removal ratio in this run calculated as difference between TDS concentration before
line 1 and TDS concentration after line 3. The following table (6) shows the TDS removal ratio
and TDS removal value for each day the study.
Table 6 TDS removal ratio and TDS removal value for run (II)
Sample
no.
TDS
Before line
1
(mg/l)
TDS
between
line 1,2
(mg/l)
TDS
removal
value 1
(mg/l)
TDS
between
line 2,3
(mg/l)
TDS
removal
value 2
(mg/l)
TDS
After
line 3
(mg/l)
TDS
removal
value 3
(mg/l)
TDS
removal
ratio
Per day
(R.R)%
1 500 498 2 497 1 495 2 1
2 526 524 2 522 2 520 2 1.14
3 547 547 0 544 3 540 4 1.28
4 500 499 1 496 3 495 1 1.00
5 495 490 5 489 1 488 1 1.41
6 492 488 4 486 2 485 1 1.42
7 485 480 5 478 2 475 3 2.06
8 537 536 1 535 1 534 1 0.56
9 527 527 0 525 2 524 1 0.57
10 532 531 1 530 1 529 1 0.56
11 523 523 0 520 3 520 0 0.57
12 520 517 3 513 4 510 3 1.92
13 528 526 2 525 1 524 1 0.76
14 531 530 1 528 2 525 3 1.13
15 518 516 2 515 1 512 3 1.16
16 527 525 2 521 4 520 1 1.33
17 505 500 5 498 2 495 3 1.98
18 523 520 3 519 1 517 2 1.15
19 522 520 2 518 2 515 3 1.34
20 517 515 2 513 2 510 3 1.35
21 520 520 0 518 2 516 2 0.77
22 499 498 1 497 1 495 2 0.80
23 500 499 1 498 1 497 1 0.60
24 500 500 0 500 0 500 0 0.00
25 490 487 3 486 1 486 0 0.82

26 510 507 3 507 0 505 2 0.98
27 490 486 4 484 2 481 3 1.84
Average 513.48 511.44 2.04 509.70 1.74 507.89 1.81 1.09
Max 547 547 5 544 4 540 4 2.06
Min 485 480 0 478 0 475 0 0.00
From table (6) TDS removal ratio ranged between 0 % and 2.06 %. 0% TDS removal ratio
means that the TDS concentration remains the same and media strips didn’t remove any
particles. And the average TDS removal ratio is increased from 0.62 % for one line of media to
1.09% for three lines of media which means that TDS removal ratio increases with the increase
of number of lines.
5. CONCLUSION
The key objective of this study is to decrease loads entering primary sedimentation tank using
polyethylene strips as a low cost pretreatment system. In achieving this objective, Polyethylene
strips have been placed into stream as a bio media. This study took place in Abu Rawash
wastewater treatment plant and polyethylene media hanged as a curtain lines in the feeding
channel before primary sedimentation tank.
BOD, COD and TDS have been measured in Abu Rawash wastewater treatment plant
laboratory to determine polyethylene removal efficiency and it was concluded the following:
• The applied system proved its suitability as a pretreatment to decrease BOD, COD and
TDS entering primary sedimentation tank.
• For run I BOD removal ratio ranged from 1.32% to 6.15% while BOD average removal
ratio is 4.17% and BOD removal value in mg/l is ranged between 2 mg/l to 8 mg/l with
average value 5.33 mg/l.
• Removal ratio of this system isn’t the ideal way to express the efficiency of this system
while the removal value is the best way to express the ability of this system to remove
BOD.
• Each line of this system could remove 5.33 mg/l BOD no matter how much load entering
so that the capability of this system in removing BOD is constant.
• The BOD removal value was increasing during the first two weeks until reached its
maximum value then started to decrease over the last three weeks of run I and it reached
almost a constant value 5 mg/l.
• COD removal ratio ranged from 0.34% to 3.76 % and the average COD removal ratio
1.92 % and the average removal value 5.44 mg/l.
• TDS removal ratio ranged from 0.19% to 1.26 % and the average TDS removal ratio is
0.62 % and the average removal value is 2.93 mg/l.
• For run II BOD average removal ratio increased from 4.17% for one line of media to
7.20% and average removal value is 10 mg/l.
• The average removal value of the first line in this run is almost equal to the average
removal value of line in first run while the average removal value for second line is very
low compared to the first line as BOD average removal ratio of the first line is 4.93 mg/l
while it is 1.04 mg/l for the second line due to high velocity and turbulence flow around
line two and removal ratio for the third line is 4.04 mg/l.
• COD average removal value is increased from 5.44 mg/l for one line of media to 9 mg/l
for three lines of media with distance 50 cm.

Feeding Channel
• COD removal value is also affected by increasing in velocity as the COD removal value
of the second line of media decreased from 5.44 mg/l to 1 mg/l.
• TDS average removal value is increased from 2.93 mg/l for one line of media to 5.59
mg/l for three lines of media with distance 50 cm.
• TDS removal value is also affected by the velocity and turbulence flow mentioned
before as the removal value of the second line decreased from 2.93 mg/l to 1.74 mg/l.
• Removal value of polyethylene media is adversely affected by high velocity inside
stream.
REFERENCES
[1] EleftheriaLoupasaki and Evan Diamadopoulos, “Attached growth systems for wastewater
treatment in small and rural communities: a review”, (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI
10.1002/jctb.3967,30 November 2012.
[2] LydiePloux et al, “Quantitative and morphological analysis of biofilm formation on self-
assembled monolayers”, Elsevier, 2007.
[3] Crouzet et al, “Exploring early steps in biofilm formation: set-upof an experimental system for
molecular studies”, BMC Microbiology,2014.
[4] Abdelmomen, M. M., El Nadi, M. H. and Hussien, H.M., “ enhancement of wastewater
treatment plant effluent charectaristics using polyethylene strips ”, 2020.
[5] Abdelmomen, M. M., “using polyethylene stripes in wastewater treatment ”, faculty of
engineering, ain shams university, 2020.
[6] Abdelmomen, M. M., El Nadi, M. H. and Hussien, H.M., “comparison between smooth and
rough polyethylene strips for enhancement of wastewater treatment plant”, 2020.

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