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Optometer &
Autorefractometer
๊น€์ฒœ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๊ด‘ํ•™๊ณผ
์ด์ตํ•œ
๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„(Optometer)
๏‚— ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ
๏‚— ๋น„์ •์‹œ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ต์ •๊ตด์ ˆ๋ ฅ์„ ํƒ€๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ
๏‚— ์กฐ์ ˆํœด์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์ด ์ƒ์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์•ˆ์ž์˜ ์›์ ์˜
์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ.
๏‚— ์ƒ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์ ์˜ ๊ณต์•ก์ ์€ ๊ด‘์„ ์—ญ์ง„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋จ.
๏‚— ์ƒ์ธก ๋ง๋ง‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์•ก์  ์›์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค.-๋ง๋ง‰๊ณต์•ก์ 
๏‚— ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž๋ผ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ 
๏‚— ์ผ€๋ผํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋‚ด์žฅ
๏‚— ์—ญ์‚ฌ
๏‚— 1.1619๋…„ scheiner disk ์›๋ฆฌ
๏‚— 1877๋…„ Schmidt Rimpler ์˜ํ•ด ์›๋ฆฌ๊ตฌํ˜„
๏‚— 2.1920๋…„๋Œ€ Thorner, Kuhl, Henker์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋จ
๏‚— 3. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์•„ํด๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋จ
๏‚— 4. 1980๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋จ
๏‚— 5. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” 1985๋…„๋„ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋จ.
The Scheiner Principle
๋ถ„๋ฅ˜
๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์‹(subjective optometer
๏‚— ์‹œํ‘œ์˜ ํ๋ฆฐ ์ •๋„(blurred- ness)
๏‚— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ •๋„(sharpness)๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€
๏‚— ํƒ€๊ฐ์‹(objective optometer)
: ๋ง๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๋น›์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์Šค ์ธก์ •
๏‚— ๊ฒฐ์ƒ์‹ : ํƒ€๊นƒ ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„
๏‚— ์ƒํ•ฉ์น˜์‹ : ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ์ถœ์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์†์˜ ๊ด‘๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ
๋ง๋ง‰์— ๊ฒฐ์ƒ
Simple Optometer
๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์‹
๏‚— ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
๏‚— ๋ฌธ์ œ์ 
๏‚— ์กฐ์ ˆ : ๊ทผ์น˜๊ฐ. ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ณธ๋Šฅ
๏‚— ์ดˆ์ ์‹ฌ๋„ :
๏‚— ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ
๏‚— ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ ํฌ๊ธฐ(retinal image size) ๋ณ€ํ™”
๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ ์ธก์ • ๊ณค๋ž€
๏‚— Badal optometer
๏‚— ๋น„์„ ํ˜•๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ, ํƒ€๊นƒ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰
๏‚— optometer lens์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ ˆ์ ,์ „์ดˆ์  ๋˜๋Š”
์ž…์‚ฌ๋™์— ์œ„์น˜
Young's Optometer
๏‚— Scheiner disc principle
๏‚— ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ด‘์  ํƒ€๊นƒ
๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€ํšจ๊ณผ
๏‚— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ƒ ํš๋“
๏‚— ๊ฐ๋„: ํ•€ํ™€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€
๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ์•ˆ
๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€์ถ•๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด ์ผ์น˜
ํƒ€๊ฐ์‹ ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„
๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ํ›„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์˜
๋ฒ„์ „์Šค ์ธก์ •
๏‚— ๊ฒ€์˜๋ฒ•
๏‚— ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ƒ๋ 
๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ˆˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •
Astron Refractometer
๏‚— ์ง์ƒ ๊ฒ€์•ˆ๊ฒฝ
๏‚— ์กฐ๋ช…๊ณ„+ ๊ฐ€๋™ ํƒ€๊นƒ
๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„ ํŒ๋‹จ
๏‚— Optometer lens๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€
๏‚— ์„ ๋ช…์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์˜ ๋ฒ„์ ผ์Šค ๋ณ€ํ™”
๏‚— ์‹œ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ ํ•„์š”
๏‚— ๋ฌธ์ œ์ 
๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ ์ธก์ • ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
๏‚— ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค.
๏‚— ๊ฐ๋ง‰๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ
๏‚— ์ดˆ์ ์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ๋‹ค.
๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ
Rodenstock Refractometer(PR-50)
๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ง‘์†๋œ ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ
๏‚— ๋„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉ : ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ
์šด์šฉ
๏‚— ์‹œ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ :์ ‘์•ˆ๋ Œ์ฆˆ
๏‚— ๊ฒฐ์ƒ :
๏‚— ๊ด€์ฐฐ์šฉ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ (observing telescope)๊ณผ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜
์กฐ์ •๊ธฐ(prism adjuster)์—ฐ๋™
๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ
๏‚— ๋ฌธ์ œ์ 
๏‚— ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค.
๏‚— ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •์‹œ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
๏‚— ์ดˆ์ ์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ๋‹ค
Hartinger coincidence
optometer(Zeiss<Jena>
๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ์˜ ์ง‘์†์ƒํƒœ ํ™•์ธ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ฐจ
ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ
์ • ์‹œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉด๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ ๋‚œ ์‹œ
์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„(infra-red optometer)
๏‚— ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ด ๋ถ€์กฑ
๏‚— ๋ฌด์กฐ์ ˆ ํƒ€๊นƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
๏‚— ์žฅ์ 
๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ๋ฒ„์ ผ์Šค์˜ํ–ฅ ์—†๋‹ค.
๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ์กฐ๋„๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—†๋‹ค.
๏‚— ๋‹จ์  :
๏‚— ์ƒ‰์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ : ์›์‹œํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ
๏‚— ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ํ•„์š”
๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
๏‚— Grating focus principle
๏‚— Retinoscopy
๏‚— Scheiner disc principle
์™ธ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ถ€ ๋ช…์นญ
ํ™œ์šฉ
๏‚— ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ
๏‚— ์ผ€๋ผํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ
๏‚— ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ญ๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋Šฅ
๏‚— ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™์ฑ„์ง๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ณตํฌ๊ธฐ์ธก์ •
๏‚— ํ† ํฌ๊ทธ๋ผํ”ผ
๏‚— Rgp ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์ธก์ •
๏‚— PD
๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ
์ธก์ • ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ
๊ฐ๋ง‰ ์ธก์ • ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ
์šด๋ฌด
๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ์ด ํ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ ๋ช…
๏‚— ์šด๋ฌด๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์ด๋™
๏‚— ๊ด€์ฐฐ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฑ ํŠธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™
๋งˆ์ด์–ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”
์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ๋™๊ณต
๏‚— ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๋งค์งˆ์ด์ƒ
๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰์ด์ƒ
๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•ด์„
์ž”์—ฌ๋‚œ์‹œ
AR์˜ ์žฅ์ 
๏‚— ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์†๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณต
๏‚— ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ
๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ „์†ก
๏‚— ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณต
๏‚— ๊ฐ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ๊ณต
๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์  ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์  ์ œ์‹œ
๏‚— ๊ฐ๋ง‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํฌํ•จ
1. EARLY SUBJECTIVE
OPTOMETERS:
o ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ž‘
o ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์„ ํƒ
o ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค.
o 1.Badal Optometer
2.Youngโ€™s Optometer
EARLY REFRACTOMETERS
1. EARLY OBJECTIVE
OPTOMETERS:
o ์„ ๋ช…๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ • : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€
o ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ•„์š”
o optometer ์›๋ฆฌ, Scheinerโ€™s
์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜ตํ† ๋ฉ”ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ 
1. Alignment Problems
1. ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž์˜ ํ˜‘์กฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜
2. ๋™๊ณต๊ฒฝ ์ œํ•œ Scheinerโ€™s ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
2. Irregular Astigmatism
1. ํ•€ํ™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜
2. ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณ„ ํƒ€์ผ“์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„์ฐจ
3. Instrument Accommodation
1. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ทผ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
2. ์กฐ์ ˆ์œ ๋ฐœ : ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ์‹œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ์กฐ๋„,
์‹œํ‘œ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„, ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์š”์†Œ
Modern refractometers
Features Objective refractometers Subjective
refractometers
๊ด‘์› ์ €์กฐ๋„ ์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ 
์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„ 2-4 mins 4-8 mins
์ž๋ฃŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์‹œ๋ ฅ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต
๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ (Humphrey ์ œ์™ธ)
์‹œ๋ ฅ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด
์ œ๊ณต
ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์˜์กด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.(>5 years) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ž‘
๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ง„ํ–‰.(>8 years)
Ocular factors ์•ˆ๋งค ๋งค์งˆ๊ณผ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€
์งˆ๋ณ‘์ •๋ณด ์ง์ ‘์ œ๊ณต
๊ฐ„์ ‘์ œ๊ณต
ํ๋ฆฐ ๋งค์งˆ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ ํš๋“ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
Over-refraction ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์šฉ์ด
BASIC DESIGN
๏‚— ์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ด‘์›
๏‚— ํŒŒ์žฅ 800-900nm
๏‚— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ทผ์‹œ ์–ต์ œ
๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ
๏‚— ์ƒ‰์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œ
๏‚— 0.75D โ€“ 1.50D ์›์‹œํ™”
๏‚— ์ฃผ์‹œ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ
๏‚— ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€ ํ๋ฆฐ์ƒ: ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด์™„
๏‚— ์›์น˜๊ฐ ์ œ๊ณต
๏‚— Badal optometer
๏‚— ํ—ค๋“œ์— ๊ตฌ์„ฑ
๏‚— ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜•์  ๊ด€๊ณ„
Fogging
๏‚— ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด์™„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ๋ฆฐ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ œ๊ณต
1. The Scheiner principle
2. The optometric principle (retinoscopic principle)
3. The best-focus principle
4. The knife-edge principle
5. The ray-deflection principle
6. The image size principle
Modern refractometers ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ์‹
Image Quality Analysis
๏‚— Grating focus(best focus)
๏‚— 1970๋…„ ๋Œ€ Dioptron ๋ฐฉ์‹, R-l (Canon).
๏‚— ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋„์˜ optometer lens ์ตœ์  ์œ„์น˜
๏‚— ํšŒ์ „๋“œ๋Ÿผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์„  ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์ถœ์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์˜
๊ฐ•๋„ ์ผ์น˜
Scheiner principle
๏‚— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹
๏‚— ๋™๊ณต์— 2๊ฐœ์˜ LED๊ด‘์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€ : ๊ด‘์›๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฌผ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์œ„์น˜
๏‚— ์ธก์ •
๏‚— Led๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ
๏‚— ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ : ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ๋„
๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ : 4๊ฐœ์˜ Led์‚ฌ์šฉ
1. Acuity Systems 6600 (NA)
2. Grand Seiko (RH Burtonโ€™s BAR 7, BAR 8 with AutoK)
3. Nidek (Marcoโ€™s AR-800 & 820, ARK -900 with AutoK)
4. Takagi
Scheiner principle
Retinoscopic principle
๏‚— ๊ฒฉ์ž(grating ), ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ(slit)์›ํ†ต ์ด์šฉ.
๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋™ ์†๋„์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ
๏‚— ์ด๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€์ง€์‹ : Baush & Lomb
๏‚— ์†๋„ ๊ฐ์ง€์‹ :Nikon NR-5500, Nikon Retinomax, Tomey
TR-1000,Nidek OPD-Scan
๏‚— Knife Edge principle
๏‚— ์—ญ์ง„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
๏‚— Welch Allen Suresight and Power Refractor II
๏‚— Zeiss(humphrey) Hark 599
Retinoscopic principle - drum
๏‚— ์ˆ˜์ง , ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ์กด์žฌ
๏‚— ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
๏‚— ์ˆ˜์ง ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ : ์ˆ˜์ง๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ ฅ ์ธก์ •
๏‚— ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ : ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
์‚ฌ์ถ•์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •
WAVEFRONT TECHNOLOGY
- ray deflection
๏‚— Aberrometer
๏‚— ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ์ž๋™ ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ
๏‚— ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์˜ ๋น›์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ ์ƒํƒœ ์ธก์ •
๏‚— ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ƒ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฉด ์ธก์ • (๊ฐ๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด ๋งค์งˆ ๋ง๋ง‰ )
WAVEFRONT TECHNOLOGY
๏‚— ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ƒ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฉด ์ธก์ • (๊ฐ๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด ๋งค์งˆ ๋ง๋ง‰ )
๏‚— ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ์™€ ์ €์œ„๋„ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹œ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ
๏‚— ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ทน๋ณต
๏‚— ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ •ํ™•
๏‚— ํ• ๋กœ ํ˜„์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ, ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก
๏‚— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ์ฝ˜ํƒํŠธ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
PORTABLE AUTOREFRACTORS
๏‚— ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์ž์„ธ๊ณ ์ •์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ
ํ™˜์ž์— ์ ํ•ฉ
๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ทน๋ณต
๏‚— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ทผ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ œ๊ฑฐ
Automated Refraction
์ตœ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ
Subjective Autorefractor
๏‚— Vision analyser:
๏‚— ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๊ด‘ํ•™๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰
๏‚— SR-IV programmed subjective refractor
๏‚— Optometer ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
๏‚— Subjective autorefractor-7
๏‚— ๊ตฌ๋ฉด ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ ์ธก์ •
๏‚— Screening instrument

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Optometer

  • 2. ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„(Optometer) ๏‚— ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๏‚— ๋น„์ •์‹œ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ต์ •๊ตด์ ˆ๋ ฅ์„ ํƒ€๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๏‚— ์กฐ์ ˆํœด์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์ด ์ƒ์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์•ˆ์ž์˜ ์›์ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ. ๏‚— ์ƒ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์ ์˜ ๊ณต์•ก์ ์€ ๊ด‘์„ ์—ญ์ง„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋จ. ๏‚— ์ƒ์ธก ๋ง๋ง‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์•ก์  ์›์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค.-๋ง๋ง‰๊ณต์•ก์  ๏‚— ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž๋ผ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์  ๏‚— ์ผ€๋ผํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋‚ด์žฅ ๏‚— ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๏‚— 1.1619๋…„ scheiner disk ์›๋ฆฌ ๏‚— 1877๋…„ Schmidt Rimpler ์˜ํ•ด ์›๋ฆฌ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๏‚— 2.1920๋…„๋Œ€ Thorner, Kuhl, Henker์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋จ ๏‚— 3. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์•„ํด๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋จ ๏‚— 4. 1980๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋จ ๏‚— 5. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” 1985๋…„๋„ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋จ.
  • 4. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์‹(subjective optometer ๏‚— ์‹œํ‘œ์˜ ํ๋ฆฐ ์ •๋„(blurred- ness) ๏‚— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ •๋„(sharpness)๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๏‚— ํƒ€๊ฐ์‹(objective optometer) : ๋ง๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๋น›์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์Šค ์ธก์ • ๏‚— ๊ฒฐ์ƒ์‹ : ํƒ€๊นƒ ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„ ๏‚— ์ƒํ•ฉ์น˜์‹ : ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ์ถœ์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์†์˜ ๊ด‘๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ง๋ง‰์— ๊ฒฐ์ƒ
  • 5. Simple Optometer ๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์‹ ๏‚— ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๏‚— ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๏‚— ์กฐ์ ˆ : ๊ทผ์น˜๊ฐ. ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ณธ๋Šฅ ๏‚— ์ดˆ์ ์‹ฌ๋„ : ๏‚— ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ ๏‚— ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ ํฌ๊ธฐ(retinal image size) ๋ณ€ํ™” ๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ ์ธก์ • ๊ณค๋ž€ ๏‚— Badal optometer ๏‚— ๋น„์„ ํ˜•๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ, ํƒ€๊นƒ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ๏‚— optometer lens์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ ˆ์ ,์ „์ดˆ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ž…์‚ฌ๋™์— ์œ„์น˜
  • 6. Young's Optometer ๏‚— Scheiner disc principle ๏‚— ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ด‘์  ํƒ€๊นƒ ๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€ํšจ๊ณผ ๏‚— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ƒ ํš๋“ ๏‚— ๊ฐ๋„: ํ•€ํ™€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€ ๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ์•ˆ ๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€์ถ•๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด ์ผ์น˜
  • 7. ํƒ€๊ฐ์‹ ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„ ๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ํ›„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์Šค ์ธก์ • ๏‚— ๊ฒ€์˜๋ฒ• ๏‚— ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ƒ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ˆˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •
  • 8. Astron Refractometer ๏‚— ์ง์ƒ ๊ฒ€์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ๏‚— ์กฐ๋ช…๊ณ„+ ๊ฐ€๋™ ํƒ€๊นƒ ๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„ ํŒ๋‹จ ๏‚— Optometer lens๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๏‚— ์„ ๋ช…์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์˜ ๋ฒ„์ ผ์Šค ๋ณ€ํ™” ๏‚— ์‹œ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ ํ•„์š” ๏‚— ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ ์ธก์ • ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๏‚— ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ๏‚— ๊ฐ๋ง‰๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๏‚— ์ดˆ์ ์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ๋‹ค. ๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ
  • 9. Rodenstock Refractometer(PR-50) ๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ง‘์†๋œ ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๏‚— ๋„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉ : ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ
  • 10. ์šด์šฉ ๏‚— ์‹œ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ :์ ‘์•ˆ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๏‚— ๊ฒฐ์ƒ : ๏‚— ๊ด€์ฐฐ์šฉ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ (observing telescope)๊ณผ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์กฐ์ •๊ธฐ(prism adjuster)์—ฐ๋™ ๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ ๏‚— ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๏‚— ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ๏‚— ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •์‹œ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๏‚— ์ดˆ์ ์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ๋‹ค
  • 11. Hartinger coincidence optometer(Zeiss<Jena> ๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ์˜ ์ง‘์†์ƒํƒœ ํ™•์ธ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ฐจ
  • 13. ์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„(infra-red optometer) ๏‚— ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ด ๋ถ€์กฑ ๏‚— ๋ฌด์กฐ์ ˆ ํƒ€๊นƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๏‚— ์žฅ์  ๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ๋ฒ„์ ผ์Šค์˜ํ–ฅ ์—†๋‹ค. ๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์˜ ์กฐ๋„๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—†๋‹ค. ๏‚— ๋‹จ์  : ๏‚— ์ƒ‰์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ : ์›์‹œํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ ๏‚— ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ํ•„์š”
  • 14. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๏‚— Grating focus principle ๏‚— Retinoscopy ๏‚— Scheiner disc principle
  • 16. ํ™œ์šฉ ๏‚— ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๏‚— ์ผ€๋ผํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๏‚— ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ญ๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๏‚— ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™์ฑ„์ง๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ณตํฌ๊ธฐ์ธก์ • ๏‚— ํ† ํฌ๊ทธ๋ผํ”ผ ๏‚— Rgp ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์ธก์ • ๏‚— PD
  • 20. ์šด๋ฌด ๏‚— ํƒ€๊นƒ์ƒ์ด ํ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ ๋ช… ๏‚— ์šด๋ฌด๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์ด๋™ ๏‚— ๊ด€์ฐฐ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฑ ํŠธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™
  • 22. ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ๋™๊ณต ๏‚— ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๋งค์งˆ์ด์ƒ ๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰์ด์ƒ
  • 25. AR์˜ ์žฅ์  ๏‚— ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์†๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณต ๏‚— ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ „์†ก ๏‚— ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณต ๏‚— ๊ฐ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ๊ณต ๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์  ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์  ์ œ์‹œ ๏‚— ๊ฐ๋ง‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํฌํ•จ
  • 26. 1. EARLY SUBJECTIVE OPTOMETERS: o ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ž‘ o ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์„ ํƒ o ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. o 1.Badal Optometer 2.Youngโ€™s Optometer EARLY REFRACTOMETERS 1. EARLY OBJECTIVE OPTOMETERS: o ์„ ๋ช…๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ • : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€ o ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ•„์š” o optometer ์›๋ฆฌ, Scheinerโ€™s ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
  • 27. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜ตํ† ๋ฉ”ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  1. Alignment Problems 1. ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž์˜ ํ˜‘์กฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜ 2. ๋™๊ณต๊ฒฝ ์ œํ•œ Scheinerโ€™s ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 2. Irregular Astigmatism 1. ํ•€ํ™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ 2. ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณ„ ํƒ€์ผ“์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„์ฐจ 3. Instrument Accommodation 1. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ทผ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 2. ์กฐ์ ˆ์œ ๋ฐœ : ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ์‹œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ์กฐ๋„, ์‹œํ‘œ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„, ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์š”์†Œ
  • 28. Modern refractometers Features Objective refractometers Subjective refractometers ๊ด‘์› ์ €์กฐ๋„ ์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„ 2-4 mins 4-8 mins ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์‹œ๋ ฅ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ (Humphrey ์ œ์™ธ) ์‹œ๋ ฅ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์˜์กด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.(>5 years) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ง„ํ–‰.(>8 years) Ocular factors ์•ˆ๋งค ๋งค์งˆ๊ณผ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ •๋ณด ์ง์ ‘์ œ๊ณต ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ œ๊ณต ํ๋ฆฐ ๋งค์งˆ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ ํš๋“ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ Over-refraction ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์šฉ์ด
  • 29. BASIC DESIGN ๏‚— ์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ด‘์› ๏‚— ํŒŒ์žฅ 800-900nm ๏‚— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ทผ์‹œ ์–ต์ œ ๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๏‚— ์ƒ‰์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๏‚— 0.75D โ€“ 1.50D ์›์‹œํ™” ๏‚— ์ฃผ์‹œ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ๏‚— ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€ ํ๋ฆฐ์ƒ: ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด์™„ ๏‚— ์›์น˜๊ฐ ์ œ๊ณต ๏‚— Badal optometer ๏‚— ํ—ค๋“œ์— ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๏‚— ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜•์  ๊ด€๊ณ„
  • 30.
  • 31. Fogging ๏‚— ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด์™„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ๋ฆฐ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ œ๊ณต
  • 32. 1. The Scheiner principle 2. The optometric principle (retinoscopic principle) 3. The best-focus principle 4. The knife-edge principle 5. The ray-deflection principle 6. The image size principle Modern refractometers ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ์‹
  • 33. Image Quality Analysis ๏‚— Grating focus(best focus) ๏‚— 1970๋…„ ๋Œ€ Dioptron ๋ฐฉ์‹, R-l (Canon). ๏‚— ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋„์˜ optometer lens ์ตœ์  ์œ„์น˜ ๏‚— ํšŒ์ „๋“œ๋Ÿผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์„  ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์ถœ์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ผ์น˜
  • 34. Scheiner principle ๏‚— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๏‚— ๋™๊ณต์— 2๊ฐœ์˜ LED๊ด‘์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๏‚— ํ•€ํ™€ : ๊ด‘์›๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฌผ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์œ„์น˜ ๏‚— ์ธก์ • ๏‚— Led๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๏‚— ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ : ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ๋„ ๏‚— ๋‚œ์‹œ : 4๊ฐœ์˜ Led์‚ฌ์šฉ
  • 35. 1. Acuity Systems 6600 (NA) 2. Grand Seiko (RH Burtonโ€™s BAR 7, BAR 8 with AutoK) 3. Nidek (Marcoโ€™s AR-800 & 820, ARK -900 with AutoK) 4. Takagi Scheiner principle
  • 36. Retinoscopic principle ๏‚— ๊ฒฉ์ž(grating ), ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ(slit)์›ํ†ต ์ด์šฉ. ๏‚— ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋™ ์†๋„์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ๏‚— ์ด๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€์ง€์‹ : Baush & Lomb ๏‚— ์†๋„ ๊ฐ์ง€์‹ :Nikon NR-5500, Nikon Retinomax, Tomey TR-1000,Nidek OPD-Scan ๏‚— Knife Edge principle ๏‚— ์—ญ์ง„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๏‚— Welch Allen Suresight and Power Refractor II ๏‚— Zeiss(humphrey) Hark 599
  • 37. Retinoscopic principle - drum ๏‚— ์ˆ˜์ง , ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ์กด์žฌ ๏‚— ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๏‚— ์ˆ˜์ง ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ : ์ˆ˜์ง๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ๏‚— ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ : ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ถ•์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •
  • 38. WAVEFRONT TECHNOLOGY - ray deflection ๏‚— Aberrometer ๏‚— ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ์ž๋™ ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๏‚— ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์˜ ๋น›์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ ์ƒํƒœ ์ธก์ • ๏‚— ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ƒ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฉด ์ธก์ • (๊ฐ๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด ๋งค์งˆ ๋ง๋ง‰ )
  • 39. WAVEFRONT TECHNOLOGY ๏‚— ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ƒ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฉด ์ธก์ • (๊ฐ๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด ๋งค์งˆ ๋ง๋ง‰ ) ๏‚— ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ์™€ ์ €์œ„๋„ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹œ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ ๏‚— ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตด์ ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ทน๋ณต ๏‚— ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ •ํ™• ๏‚— ํ• ๋กœ ํ˜„์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ, ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๏‚— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ์ฝ˜ํƒํŠธ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
  • 40. PORTABLE AUTOREFRACTORS ๏‚— ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์ž์„ธ๊ณ ์ •์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์— ์ ํ•ฉ ๏‚— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ทน๋ณต ๏‚— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ทผ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ œ๊ฑฐ
  • 42. Subjective Autorefractor ๏‚— Vision analyser: ๏‚— ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๊ด‘ํ•™๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๏‚— ์ž๊ฐ์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ๏‚— SR-IV programmed subjective refractor ๏‚— Optometer ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๏‚— Subjective autorefractor-7 ๏‚— ๊ตฌ๋ฉด ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ ์ธก์ • ๏‚— Screening instrument

Editor's Notes

  1. AUTOREFRACTOMETER
  2. 1759๋…„ ์˜ตํ† ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์šฉ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ
  3. The parallel rays of light entering the eye from a distant object are normally focused on a point on the retina in an emmetropic patient. They are limited to 2 small bundles when double pinhole apertures or a scheinerโ€™s disc is placed in front of the pupil In a myopic eye, the 2 ray bundles cross each other before reaching the retina, and 2 small spots of light are seen. In a hypermetropic eye, the ray bundles are intercepted by the retina before they meet & thus again 2 small spots of light are seen.
  4. ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ(proximal accommodation)๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์กฐ ์ ˆ(reflex accommodation)์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ง‘์†๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์›์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‹ฌ์ฝ” ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๅฉtometer lens์™€ ๋„ˆ ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์™€ ์ง€๋„๋ก ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง๋ง‰ ์œ„์— ์ง‘์†๋œ ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ simple optome- teiโ– ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ฆ‰๏ผŒํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ๋ ค ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ optometer lens ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๊ฒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ค ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค
  5. 1st line to speak๏ƒ  Efforts have been made to eliminate limitations of old refractors:
  6. Infrared light is collimated & passes through rectangular masks present in a rotating drum. The light passes through a beam splitter to the optometer system & is projected on the retina & a slit image is formed. The polarising beam splitter effectively removes reflected light from the cornea whereas the slit image from the retina passes through the polarised beam splitter and falls on the light sensor. The optometer lens system moves laterally to find the optimal focus of the slit on the retina. Optimal focus is achieved when a peak signal is received from the light sensor.
  7. hawk