EthicsConsider this Discussion as practice for the assignmen.docx
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Ethics Consider this Discussion as practice for the assignment; Select one of the Big 8 theorists under your Unit 1 readings. Discuss their contributions to the field of healthcare. How could you apply their ethical philosophy towards current issues facing healthcare? .
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Evaluate the role of leadership on organizational behavior
Provide the name of the corporation you will be using as the basis for this project.
Provide the organization’s purpose or mission statement.
Describe the organization's industry.
Provide the name and position of the person interviewed during this portion of the assignment (indicate as much pertinent information (e.g., length of service with company, previous roles in the company, educational background, etc.).
Provide the list of interview questions you asked the manager/executive.
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Patricia was called at work by a woman at the local daycare center. She told Patricia to come and pick up her son because he was not feeling well. Her son, three-and-a-half-year-old Marshall, had been feeling tired and achy when he woke up. While at daycare, his cheeks had become red and he was warm to touch. He did not want to play with his friends, and by the time Patricia arrived, he was crying. Later that afternoon, Marshall’s condition worsened. He had fever, chills, a sore throat, runny nose, and a dry hacking cough. Suspecting Marshall had influenza, Patricia wrapped him up and took him to the community health care clinic.
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1. Which of the following is not a part of the HAZWOPER process:
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First Responder Operations level training allows persons to:
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Witness or discover a release
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Perform defensive actions
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All of the above
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Recognition of hazards includes:
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Identifying the materials involved in the release
b.
Identifying the degree of hazards present
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Provide the level of protection needed for site workers
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A and B are correct
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All of the above
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The most important response activity at a hazardous waste work site is:
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Evaluation of hazards
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Control of hazards
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Recognition of hazards
d.
Safety precautions
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Frequent hazard types found at response sites include:
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Physical hazards
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Biological hazards
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Chemical hazards
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Mechanical hazards
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All of the above
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The purpose of initial control activities is to:
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Immediately assess clean up alternatives
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Provide time to responders to address long-term hazards
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Slowly size up response activities
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Both A and B are correct
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Spill reporting is covered by which of these federal regulations:
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A, B, and D are correct
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What is the primary route of exposure to hazardous waste site workers or incident
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b.
Dermal absorption
c.
Inhalation
d.
Both a and b are correct
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Dermal absorption may occur with which form(s) of a chemical:
a.
Solid
b.
Liquid
c.
Aerosol
d.
Mist
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All of the above
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The dose-response curve illustrates:
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The indirect relationship between dose and response
b.
The direct relationship between dose and response
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The average number of affected individuals
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None of the above
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For most chemicals, a low dose does that does not show an appreciable hazard to exposed individuals is called the:
a.
LOAEL
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Cite at least three sources; journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to support the content.
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Homework 1 – 40 points
1. Which of the following is not a part of the HAZWOPER process:
a.
Recognition of hazards
b.
Evaluation of hazards
c.
Control of hazards
d.
Information gathering
e.
Safety from hazards
f.
All are part of the process
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Hazardous waste site workers must:
a.
Receive 40-hour OSHA 1910.120 training plus 24 hours of field supervision if exposed over the PEL
b.
Receive 40-hour training plus 8 hours field supervision if exposed below the PEL and when respirators are not required
c.
8-hour annual refresher training
d.
All of the above
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First Responder Operations level training allows persons to:
a.
Witness or discover a release
b.
Perform defensive actions
c.
Stop the release
d.
A and B are true
e.
All of the above
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Recognition of hazards includes:
a.
Identifying the materials involved in the release
b.
Identifying the degree of hazards present
c.
Provide the level of protection needed for site workers
d.
A and B are correct
e.
All of the above
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The most important response activity at a hazardous waste work site is:
a.
Evaluation of hazards
b.
Control of hazards
c.
Recognition of hazards
d.
Safety precautions
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Frequent hazard types found at response sites include:
a.
Physical hazards
b.
Biological hazards
c.
Chemical hazards
d.
Mechanical hazards
e.
All of the above
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The purpose of initial control activities is to:
a.
Immediately assess clean up alternatives
b.
Provide time to responders to address long-term hazards
c.
Slowly size up response activities
d.
Both A and B are correct
e.
None of the above
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Superfund
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DOT
c.
RCRA
d.
Clean Water Act
e.
A, B, and D are correct
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The effects of toxic materials on the human body are determined by:
a.
Routes of exposure
b.
Dose
c.
Duration and frequency of exposure
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All of the above
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What are the four major pathways that chemical substances can enter the body?
a.
___________________________________________________
b.
___________________________________________________
c.
___________________________________________________
d.
___________________________________________________
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What is the primary route of exposure to hazardous waste site workers or incident
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a.
Ingestion
b.
Dermal absorption
c.
Inhalation
d.
Both a and b are correct
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Dermal absorption may occur with which form(s) of a chemical:
a.
Solid
b.
Liquid
c.
Aerosol
d.
Mist
e.
All of the above
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The dose-response curve illustrates:
a.
The indirect relationship between dose and response
b.
The direct relationship between dose and response
c.
The average number of affected individuals
d.
None of the above
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For most chemicals, a low dose does that does not show an appreciable hazard to exposed individuals is called the:
a.
LOAEL
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Health History
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Denies pain but says she feels like she cannot get enough air.
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Enalapril (Vasotec)
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
IV morphine sulphate (Morphine)
Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA)
Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA)
Oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC
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Euthanasiafrom Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied HealthD.docx
Euthanasia
from Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Definition
Euthanasia is the act of putting a person (or animal) to death painlessly, or allowing a person (or animal) to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable disease. The word “euthanasia” comes from two Greek words that mean “good death.” Euthanasia is sometimes called “mercy killing.”
Description
Terms and categories
It is important to distinguish euthanasia from “assisted suicide,” which is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for euthanasia. Assisted suicide, which is often called “self-deliverance” in Britain, refers to a person's bringing about his or her own death with the help of another person. When the other person is a physician, the act is called “doctor-assisted suicide.” As of 2017, assisted suicide was permitted by law in California, Colorado, Washington, D.C., Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Oregon legalized assisted suicide in 1994. The other states that permitted assisted suicide had passed laws between 2008 and 2016. Laws prohibited the practice in 37 states, three states prohibited it by common law, and four states did not specify.
Euthanasia strictly speaking means that a physician or other person is the one who performs the last act that causes death; in other words, the physician or other person kills the patient. For example, if a physician injects a patient with a lethal overdose of a pain-killing medication, he or she is performing euthanasia. If the physician leaves the patient with a loaded syringe and the patient injects himself or herself with it, the act is an assisted suicide. Euthanasia of animals is a common practice in veterinary medicine. Euthanasia of humans is illegal throughout the United States, prohibited as a type of homicide.
Euthanasia is usually categorized as either active or passive, and as either voluntary or involuntary. The first set of categories refers to the means of ending life, and the second set of categories refers to the agent of the decision. Active euthanasia involves putting a patient to death for merciful reasons. Passive euthanasia involves withholding medical care, or not doing something to prevent death. In voluntary euthanasia, the patient is the one who wishes to die and has usually requested either active or passive euthanasia. In involuntary euthanasia, someone else makes the decision to terminate the patient's life, usually because the patient is in a coma or otherwise unable to make an informed request to die.
Another important term to understand is the socalled doctrine of double effect. This is a legal term that has been underscored by the United States Supreme Court in one of its decisions. The doctrine of double effect states that a medical treatment intended to relieve pain that incidentally hastens the patient's death is still appropriate and legally acceptable. In other words, a doctor who gives a dying patient high doses of morphine to prevent pain, knowing that such high.
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be des.docx
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be described as the act of putting a person to death painlessly. The practice mostly happens when an individual is suffering from a disease that is incurable and so painful, a physical disorder which is damaging, by withholding the treatments and also by removing the artificial measures put in place to support life.
The practice has been supported by various groups, while others have firmly stood against the practice. For instance, some religious groups believe that practicing euthanasia would kill the value as well as the respect that society has for human life (Bekos, 2019). There have been controversies on euthanasia between religion and morality. Some people are for the idea that euthanasia is the same as murder and is unacceptable.
Other people believe that euthanasia should only be practiced when someone has the capability of making sound decisions. Religious groups and other groups that are against euthanasia believe that embracing the practice would vest a lot of power to the doctors, therefore, affecting the trust of the patients (Mintz, 2019). The team believes that there is appropriate palliative care, thus reducing the need to perform euthanasia. In some cases, the patients may be pressured by the friends, the doctors, or even the family members to request for the practice what might be against the wish. Others argue that embracing the practice would demoralize the teams committed to research and develop new treatments and cures for the diseases. Additionally, euthanasia would reduce the commitment of the nurses and doctors in saving lives.
People supporting euthanasia believe that people should be given the right to make decisions on how to die and when to die. They believe that practicing euthanasia will help control the situations of people and allow them to have a dignified death. Additionally, the group argues that the state should not interfere with an individual decision concerning death since it is a separate issue. Euthanasia is also seen as a way of reducing the cost of treatment. The group believes that the cost of treating diseases that have no cure could be saved by the practice, thus diverting the resources to save more people who are suffering from curable diseases. In addition to this, the act would protect the friends and the families the pain of watching their dear ones suffer for a long time (Jones, Gastmans, & MacKellar, 2017). They, therefore, argue that the same ways the community allow animals to be put to death when they are sick as a way of showing kindness the same way human beings should be prevented from suffering. Until today, the ethicality of euthanasia has not come into a clear agreement, although some states have legalized the practice.
Ethical Egoist opinion.
The issue of euthanasia requires examination of the practice to determine the total benefit of the action. Ethical egoism, may result in an individual decision to die after cons.
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999.docx
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999
1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reservedPergamon
Printed in Great Britain
0263-2373/99 $20.00 1 0.00PII: S0263-2373(99)00015-8
Towards a New Model of
Strategy-making as
Serious Play
JOHAN ROOS, International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Switzerland
BART VICTOR, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
A new model of strategy-making as play is
presented in response to increasing calls for a
deeper theory of strategy-making. First an elabor-
ation of the construct of strategic imagination is
offered, describing three distinct, but interrelated
forms of imagination: descriptive, creative, and
challenging. Strategic Imagination is defined as an
emergent property of a complex interplay between
the three kinds of imagination. Then, extending the
work of the planning and design schools, the model
describes the complex social dynamic of strategy-
making itself. Applying the notion of play from
anthropology and cognitive development, the strat-
egy-making process is described as a three-phase
play process. The three
phases, constructing to
stimulate new
ideas,
story
European Management Journal Vol 17 No 4 August 1999348
telling to share meaning, and deep engagement to
assimilate new directions, are described. Finally
some directions for strategy-making practice
improvement are offered. 1999 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved
The Call for More Imaginative
Strategies
During the 90s many calls for more imaginative stra-
tegies have been heard from both academia and con-
sultants. For instance, Hamel and Prahalad urged us
to ‘… break out of old paradigms…challenge
received dogma…(and) have the courage to ask
new questions…’ (Hamel and Prahalad,
1996, p. 242). Along the same lines
many authors have recently
expressed their views of why it
is important to ‘rethink the
future’ and how to go about this
task (Gibson, 1998). The common
thread among these authors is
that the essential value of a
strategy is its originality, and
that such originality is des-
perately needed to navigate
the business landscape of
tomorrow. Only original
strategies will help compa-
nies achieve a strategic pos-
ition different from competi-
tors. Without originality a
strategy is a commodity
and any value would come
from implementation.1 Labeling
it strategy innovation, Hamel
(1998, p. 7) calls for strategy-makers
TOWARDS A NEW MODEL OF STRATEGY-MAKING AS SERIOUS PLAY
to enhance their capacity to ‘re-conceive the existing
industry model in ways that create new value for cus-
tomers, wrong-foot competitors, and produce new
wealth for all stakeholders.’
At the heart of this issue is the observation that strat-
egy-making, while increasingly sophisticated,
efficient and rigorous, is apparently less and less
imaginative. Analysis and experience only prepare
the strategic mind for its work. Original strategies are
neither the mechanically-calculated outcome of an
algorithm, nor the .
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990.docx
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990s), Europe was united by the European Union in 1993 which had important social, economic, and political implications. The standards for being in the EU were outlined in a 97,000 page document called that acquis communitaire. These are highlighted in the chart below. Overall, the EU has been a great success.
SOCIAL
***
· The EU resulted in a fear of an influx of immigrants
· Quotas placed on immigration
· EU brought human rights standards
· Turkey brought discussions of what it meant to be “European” and religion
· End of border controls
· Maastricht Treaty brought standards for worker health and safety, crime prevention, immigration, and asylum
· Some countries opt out of aspects of Maastricht because they think it infringes on their culture (ex. Britain and the Euro)
· Movement of goods impacted (people and culture)
· Initial public rejection of constitution due to lack of involvement in process
· Feeling among member populations that they should be involved in process of governing the EU
· EU has most comprehensive and generous social welfare system
· Stable peace enjoyed; armed conflict unlikely
ECONOMIC
***
· Commitment to market economy
· Incentives for reform for former communist states
· “structural adjustment” meant funds transfer from wealthy nations to weaker nations
· Made EU the world’s largest trading bloc
· EU richest consumer market
· Trade supported by lifted barriers and border obstacles
· Maastricht introduced common monetary currency – EURO
· A Central bank
· Britain and Denmark opt out of EURO because they see it as imposing on their important cultural symbols for money
· Movement of goods impacted – like people, fish, and culture
· Common guidelines for budget deficits, debt, and inflation
· Central European Bank (98) prevent governments in trouble from manipulating their own interest rates or currency value
· World’s highest per capita income
· GDP is 5% higher than it would be otherwise (w/o unity)
· Debt crisis in Ireland, Greece, and Portugal in 010 and 011 called EU economics into question; they each required loans to prevent bankruptcy – threatened stability of the currency EURO
· Supported globalization and much foreign investment
POLITICAL
***
· Required commitment to political democracy
· Joining would legitimize a regime
· Sovereignty remained intact, especially for law enforcement, foreign policy, and defense
· 97,000 page acquis communitaire had to be adopted
· Movement of goods impacted
· EU constitution which sees a EU foreign policy chief elected and an EU president
· Complex EU bureaucracy
· Lots of debate about how much of Europe’s success is because of unification
· Armed conflict between them is virtually inconceivable
· Enjoyed a stable peace
· EU people sometimes feel alienated from “Eruocrats” … Eurocrats will respond to the people for policy making
.
Europeans Encountering the AmericasRead the letters of Christoph.docx
Europeans first encountered the Americas in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés wrote letters describing their initial interactions with indigenous peoples. Students should critically analyze these letters considering themes and concepts from course readings and lectures, citing evidence from the documents and providing proper citations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
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Evaluate
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Decide
how to structure the audit report for the provided evidence.
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Include
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Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. J., presented below.
Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below.
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Health History
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Subjective Data
Is very anxious and asks whether she is going to die.
Denies pain but says she feels like she cannot get enough air.
Says her heart feels like it is "running away."
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Vital signs: T 37.6C, HR 118 and irregular, RR 34, BP 90/58.
Cardiovascular: Distant S1, S2, S3 present; PMI at sixth ICS and faint: all peripheral pulses are 1+; bilateral jugular vein distention; initial cardiac monitoring indicates a ventricular rate of 132 and atrial fibrillation.
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IV furosemide (Lasix)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
IV morphine sulphate (Morphine)
Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA)
Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA)
Oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC
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In 750-1,000 words, critically evaluate Mrs. J.'s situation. Include the following:
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Discuss whether the nursing interventions at the time of her admissions were appropriate for Mrs. J. and explain the rationale for each of the medications listed.
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Euthanasiafrom Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied HealthD.docx
Euthanasia
from Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Definition
Euthanasia is the act of putting a person (or animal) to death painlessly, or allowing a person (or animal) to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable disease. The word “euthanasia” comes from two Greek words that mean “good death.” Euthanasia is sometimes called “mercy killing.”
Description
Terms and categories
It is important to distinguish euthanasia from “assisted suicide,” which is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for euthanasia. Assisted suicide, which is often called “self-deliverance” in Britain, refers to a person's bringing about his or her own death with the help of another person. When the other person is a physician, the act is called “doctor-assisted suicide.” As of 2017, assisted suicide was permitted by law in California, Colorado, Washington, D.C., Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Oregon legalized assisted suicide in 1994. The other states that permitted assisted suicide had passed laws between 2008 and 2016. Laws prohibited the practice in 37 states, three states prohibited it by common law, and four states did not specify.
Euthanasia strictly speaking means that a physician or other person is the one who performs the last act that causes death; in other words, the physician or other person kills the patient. For example, if a physician injects a patient with a lethal overdose of a pain-killing medication, he or she is performing euthanasia. If the physician leaves the patient with a loaded syringe and the patient injects himself or herself with it, the act is an assisted suicide. Euthanasia of animals is a common practice in veterinary medicine. Euthanasia of humans is illegal throughout the United States, prohibited as a type of homicide.
Euthanasia is usually categorized as either active or passive, and as either voluntary or involuntary. The first set of categories refers to the means of ending life, and the second set of categories refers to the agent of the decision. Active euthanasia involves putting a patient to death for merciful reasons. Passive euthanasia involves withholding medical care, or not doing something to prevent death. In voluntary euthanasia, the patient is the one who wishes to die and has usually requested either active or passive euthanasia. In involuntary euthanasia, someone else makes the decision to terminate the patient's life, usually because the patient is in a coma or otherwise unable to make an informed request to die.
Another important term to understand is the socalled doctrine of double effect. This is a legal term that has been underscored by the United States Supreme Court in one of its decisions. The doctrine of double effect states that a medical treatment intended to relieve pain that incidentally hastens the patient's death is still appropriate and legally acceptable. In other words, a doctor who gives a dying patient high doses of morphine to prevent pain, knowing that such high.
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be des.docx
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be described as the act of putting a person to death painlessly. The practice mostly happens when an individual is suffering from a disease that is incurable and so painful, a physical disorder which is damaging, by withholding the treatments and also by removing the artificial measures put in place to support life.
The practice has been supported by various groups, while others have firmly stood against the practice. For instance, some religious groups believe that practicing euthanasia would kill the value as well as the respect that society has for human life (Bekos, 2019). There have been controversies on euthanasia between religion and morality. Some people are for the idea that euthanasia is the same as murder and is unacceptable.
Other people believe that euthanasia should only be practiced when someone has the capability of making sound decisions. Religious groups and other groups that are against euthanasia believe that embracing the practice would vest a lot of power to the doctors, therefore, affecting the trust of the patients (Mintz, 2019). The team believes that there is appropriate palliative care, thus reducing the need to perform euthanasia. In some cases, the patients may be pressured by the friends, the doctors, or even the family members to request for the practice what might be against the wish. Others argue that embracing the practice would demoralize the teams committed to research and develop new treatments and cures for the diseases. Additionally, euthanasia would reduce the commitment of the nurses and doctors in saving lives.
People supporting euthanasia believe that people should be given the right to make decisions on how to die and when to die. They believe that practicing euthanasia will help control the situations of people and allow them to have a dignified death. Additionally, the group argues that the state should not interfere with an individual decision concerning death since it is a separate issue. Euthanasia is also seen as a way of reducing the cost of treatment. The group believes that the cost of treating diseases that have no cure could be saved by the practice, thus diverting the resources to save more people who are suffering from curable diseases. In addition to this, the act would protect the friends and the families the pain of watching their dear ones suffer for a long time (Jones, Gastmans, & MacKellar, 2017). They, therefore, argue that the same ways the community allow animals to be put to death when they are sick as a way of showing kindness the same way human beings should be prevented from suffering. Until today, the ethicality of euthanasia has not come into a clear agreement, although some states have legalized the practice.
Ethical Egoist opinion.
The issue of euthanasia requires examination of the practice to determine the total benefit of the action. Ethical egoism, may result in an individual decision to die after cons.
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999.docx
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999
1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reservedPergamon
Printed in Great Britain
0263-2373/99 $20.00 1 0.00PII: S0263-2373(99)00015-8
Towards a New Model of
Strategy-making as
Serious Play
JOHAN ROOS, International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Switzerland
BART VICTOR, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
A new model of strategy-making as play is
presented in response to increasing calls for a
deeper theory of strategy-making. First an elabor-
ation of the construct of strategic imagination is
offered, describing three distinct, but interrelated
forms of imagination: descriptive, creative, and
challenging. Strategic Imagination is defined as an
emergent property of a complex interplay between
the three kinds of imagination. Then, extending the
work of the planning and design schools, the model
describes the complex social dynamic of strategy-
making itself. Applying the notion of play from
anthropology and cognitive development, the strat-
egy-making process is described as a three-phase
play process. The three
phases, constructing to
stimulate new
ideas,
story
European Management Journal Vol 17 No 4 August 1999348
telling to share meaning, and deep engagement to
assimilate new directions, are described. Finally
some directions for strategy-making practice
improvement are offered. 1999 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved
The Call for More Imaginative
Strategies
During the 90s many calls for more imaginative stra-
tegies have been heard from both academia and con-
sultants. For instance, Hamel and Prahalad urged us
to ‘… break out of old paradigms…challenge
received dogma…(and) have the courage to ask
new questions…’ (Hamel and Prahalad,
1996, p. 242). Along the same lines
many authors have recently
expressed their views of why it
is important to ‘rethink the
future’ and how to go about this
task (Gibson, 1998). The common
thread among these authors is
that the essential value of a
strategy is its originality, and
that such originality is des-
perately needed to navigate
the business landscape of
tomorrow. Only original
strategies will help compa-
nies achieve a strategic pos-
ition different from competi-
tors. Without originality a
strategy is a commodity
and any value would come
from implementation.1 Labeling
it strategy innovation, Hamel
(1998, p. 7) calls for strategy-makers
TOWARDS A NEW MODEL OF STRATEGY-MAKING AS SERIOUS PLAY
to enhance their capacity to ‘re-conceive the existing
industry model in ways that create new value for cus-
tomers, wrong-foot competitors, and produce new
wealth for all stakeholders.’
At the heart of this issue is the observation that strat-
egy-making, while increasingly sophisticated,
efficient and rigorous, is apparently less and less
imaginative. Analysis and experience only prepare
the strategic mind for its work. Original strategies are
neither the mechanically-calculated outcome of an
algorithm, nor the .
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990.docx
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990s), Europe was united by the European Union in 1993 which had important social, economic, and political implications. The standards for being in the EU were outlined in a 97,000 page document called that acquis communitaire. These are highlighted in the chart below. Overall, the EU has been a great success.
SOCIAL
***
· The EU resulted in a fear of an influx of immigrants
· Quotas placed on immigration
· EU brought human rights standards
· Turkey brought discussions of what it meant to be “European” and religion
· End of border controls
· Maastricht Treaty brought standards for worker health and safety, crime prevention, immigration, and asylum
· Some countries opt out of aspects of Maastricht because they think it infringes on their culture (ex. Britain and the Euro)
· Movement of goods impacted (people and culture)
· Initial public rejection of constitution due to lack of involvement in process
· Feeling among member populations that they should be involved in process of governing the EU
· EU has most comprehensive and generous social welfare system
· Stable peace enjoyed; armed conflict unlikely
ECONOMIC
***
· Commitment to market economy
· Incentives for reform for former communist states
· “structural adjustment” meant funds transfer from wealthy nations to weaker nations
· Made EU the world’s largest trading bloc
· EU richest consumer market
· Trade supported by lifted barriers and border obstacles
· Maastricht introduced common monetary currency – EURO
· A Central bank
· Britain and Denmark opt out of EURO because they see it as imposing on their important cultural symbols for money
· Movement of goods impacted – like people, fish, and culture
· Common guidelines for budget deficits, debt, and inflation
· Central European Bank (98) prevent governments in trouble from manipulating their own interest rates or currency value
· World’s highest per capita income
· GDP is 5% higher than it would be otherwise (w/o unity)
· Debt crisis in Ireland, Greece, and Portugal in 010 and 011 called EU economics into question; they each required loans to prevent bankruptcy – threatened stability of the currency EURO
· Supported globalization and much foreign investment
POLITICAL
***
· Required commitment to political democracy
· Joining would legitimize a regime
· Sovereignty remained intact, especially for law enforcement, foreign policy, and defense
· 97,000 page acquis communitaire had to be adopted
· Movement of goods impacted
· EU constitution which sees a EU foreign policy chief elected and an EU president
· Complex EU bureaucracy
· Lots of debate about how much of Europe’s success is because of unification
· Armed conflict between them is virtually inconceivable
· Enjoyed a stable peace
· EU people sometimes feel alienated from “Eruocrats” … Eurocrats will respond to the people for policy making
.
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