1. Blast Furnace
Charge : Iron ore, coke and limestone are put into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.
.3O2ften contains sand with iron oxide, Feo-Iron ore, haematite
Limestone (calcium carbonate).
Coke - mainly carbon
Products : liquid iron called "hot metal" pig iron
Fe with 4% C, 0.4% Si, 0.3% Mn, 0.025% S, and up to 1.5% P
Too impure to be of commercial use
: ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬fireproof bricks

2. Method :
The carbon monoxide reduces the iron in the ore to give molten iron:
2(g)+ 3CO(l)2Fe3(s)O2+ Fe(g)3CO
The limestone from 2, reacts with the sand to form slag (calcium silicate):
3(l)CaSiO(s)+ SiO(s)CaO
Hot air drives the reaction
Bessemer Convertor
Charge : Melted high carbon iron (pig iron)
+ bottom injected air
Products : Liquid steel product
Method : Fast reaction:
}} → [Fe] + {CO2C] + {O-[Fe
Minor reaction
} → (FeO)2[Fe] + {O
: ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬lining (acidic)2SiO
Basic-Oxygen Furnace
Charge : Melted pig iron and scrap are poured (charged) into a vessel.
Fluxing agents are added, like limestone.

3. Product : Higher steel quality than open hearth. Used to make plate, sheet, I-beam, tubing and channel.
Method : The molten metal is blasted with pure oxygen. This produces iron oxide which then reacts with carbon
to produce CO and CO2. The slag floats to the top of the metal.
: ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬refractory bricks
Open-Hearth Furnace
Charge : Pig Iron and scrap supplied by oil or gas
Products: molten metal and slag

4. Method: uses fuel to generate heat, and melt metal.
Electric Furnace
Charge : Graded steel scrap
Products : Can produce 60-90 tons of steel per day
Highly alloyed steel , stainless steel , heat resisting , high speed steels .
Steel is higher quality than open-hearth and BOF
Method : Uses electric arc from electrode to metal to heat and melt it .
Vacuum Furnace ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻥ‬
Method : Uses induction furnaces.
Air is removed from the furnace, this removes the gaseous impurities from the molten metal.
Products : very high-quality steel