6. FINGERING POSTURE
Fore Finger
( to move down the
lower beads )
Middle Finger
( to move up / down
upper beads )
Thumb
( to move up lower
beads )
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9. When using abacus, pupils must
sit with both shoulders relaxed
and slightly leaning forward.
Picture in the next slide shows
the proper sitting posture while
using the abacus.
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12. While doing Mental Arithmetic, pupils
must close their eyes and lay on table
while visualizing the abacus. Picture in
the next slide shows the posture while
doing Mental Arithmetic.
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18. DIRECT ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
32 + 12 =
1 The question is 32 + 12,
2 First up 32,
3 Then plus 12,
4 Up 12,
5 Equals 44
32 + 12 = 44
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19. DIRECT ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
156 + 23 =
1 The question is 156 + 23,
2 First up 156,
3 Then plus 23,
4 Up 23,
5 Equals 179
156 + 23 = 179
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20. DIRECT ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
625 + 273 =
1 The question is 625 + 273,
2 First up 625,
3 Then plus 273,
4 Up 273,
5 Equals 898
625 + 273 = 898
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21. DIRECT ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
363 + 516 =
1 The question is 363 + 516,
2 First up 363,
3 Then plus 516,
4 Up 516,
5 Equals 879
363 + 516 = 879
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32. POOL 5 ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
32 + 3 =
1 The question is 32
+3
2 First up 32,
3 Then plus 3,
4 Not enough beads at
lower beads to plus 3,
5
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the little
friend of 3 is 2 , 3 2
7 so…. Up 5, down 2
8 Equals 35
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33. POOL 5 ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
143 + 252 =
1 Up 143,
2 Then plus 252,
3 Up 250 and up 2
4 Then,Up 5 down 3,
6 Equals 395
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34. POOL 5 ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
232 + 43 =
1 Up 232,
2 Then plus 43,
3 Up 50, down 10
4 And Up 5 down 2,
6 Equals 475
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35. POOL 5 ADDITION
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
132 + 465 =
1 Up 132,
2 Then plus 465,
3 Up 500, down 100
4 And Up 65,
6 Equals 597
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37. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
32 + 3 =
1 The question is
32 + 3
2 First up 32,
3 Then plus 3,
4 Not enough beads at
lower beads to plus 3,
5
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the little
friend of 3 is 2 , 3 2
7 so…. Up 5, down 2
8 Equals 35
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38. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
4 + 12 =
1 The question is
4 + 12
2 First up 4,
3 Then plus 12,
4 Up 10,up 5 and down 3,
5 Equals 16
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39. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
623 + 135 =
1 The question is
623 + 135
2 First up 623,
3 Then plus 135,
4 Up 100,up 50,down 20
and up 5,
5 Equals 758
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44. Addition (Carrying ) Within 1000
second- Edition
may 2005
+ - x ÷
Design & Prepared By
•RAGU RAMASAMY * ZURAIMI MAHAMUD
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45. ADDITION WITH
CARRYING
WITHIN 1000
(USING ABACUS)
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46. ADDITION WITH CARRYING
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
162 + 28 =
1 The question is
162 + 28
2 First up 162,
3 Then plus 28,up 20 and up 8
4 Not enough beads at rod
ones to plus 8,
10
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the big
friend of 8 is 2 , 8 2
7 so…. Down 2 and
carry 1 at tens
8 Equals 190
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47. ADDITION WITH CARRYING
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
371 + 119 =
1 The question is
371 + 119
2 First up 371,
3 Then plus 119,up 110 and up 9
4 Not enough beads at rod
ones to plus 9 ,
10
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the big
friend of 9 is 1 , 9 1
7 so…. Down 1 and
carry 1 at tens
8 Equals 490
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48. ADDITION WITH CARRYING
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
78 + 780 =
1 The question is
78 + 780
2 First up 78,
3 Then plus 780,up 700 and up 80
4 Not enough beads at rod
tens to plus 80 ,
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the big
friend of 8 is 2 ,
7 so…. Down 2 at tens and
carry 1 at hundreds
8 Equals 858
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49. ADDITION WITH CARRYING
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
275 + 132 =
1 The question is
275 + 132
2 First up 275,
3 Then plus 132,up 100 and up 32
4 Not enough beads at rod
tens to plus 32 ,
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the big
friend of 3 is 7 ,
7 so…. Down 7 at tens and carry 1
at hundreds and up 2,
8 Equals 407
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50. ADDITION WITH
CARRYING
WITHIN 1000
(USING MENTAL)
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51. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
82 + 32 =
1 The question is
82 + 32
2 First up 82,
3 Then plus 32,
4 Down 7 at tens, carry 1
at hundreds and up 2 ,
5 Equals 114
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52. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
178 + 541 =
1 The question is
178 + 541
2 First up 178,
3 Then plus 541,
4 Up 500, down 6 at tens,
carry 1 at hundreds and up 1,
5 Equals 719
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53. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
236 + 574 =
1 The question is
236 + 574
2 First up 236,
3 Then plus 574,
4 Up 500, down 3 at tens,
and carry 1 at hundreds.
5 Then plus 4 (down 6 at
ones and carry 1 at tens.)
6 Equals 810
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60. DIRECT SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
82 - 32 =
1 The question is 82 - 32
2 First up 82,
3 Then minus 32,
4 Down 32,
5 Equals 50
82 - 32 = 50
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61. DIRECT SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
179 - 23 =
1 The question is
179 - 23
2 First up 179,
3 Then minus 23,
4 Down 23,
5 Equals 156
179 - 23 = 156
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62. DIRECT SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
789 - 275 =
1 The question is
789 - 275
2 First up 789,
3 Then minus 275,
4 Down 275,
5 Equals 514
789 - 275 = 514
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76. BREAK 5 SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
98 - 44 =
1 The question is
98 - 44
2 First up 98,
3 Then minus 44, Down
40 and 4.
4 Not enough beads at
lower beads to down 4,
5
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the little
friend of 4 is 1 , 4 1
7 so…. Up 1, down 5
8 Equals 54
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78. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
98 - 44 =
1 The question is
98 - 44
2 First up 98,
3 Then minus 44, Down
40 and 4.
4 Not enough beads at
lower beads to down 4,
5
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the little
friend of 4 is 1 , 4 1
7 so…. Up 1, down 5
8 Equals 54
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79. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
783 - 143 =
1 The question is
783 - 143
2 First up 783,
3 Then minus 143, (Down
100 and down 43.)
4 Not enough beads at
lower beads to down 43,
5
5 How to do it ?
6 Think, the little
friend of 4 is 1 , 4 1
7 so…. Up 10, down 50 and down 3.
8 Equals 640
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84. Subtraction (Removing) Within 1000
second- Edition
may 2005
+ - x ÷
Design & Prepared By
•RAGU RAMASAMY * ZURAIMI MAHAMUD
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85. SUBTRACTION
WITH
REMOVING
WITHIN 1000
(USING ABACUS)
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86. SUBTRACTION WITH REMOVING
SUBTRACTION WITHIN 1000
367 - 289 =
1 The question is
367 - 289
2 First up 367,
3 Then minus 289, Down
200,then down 80
4 Not enough beads to down 80,
5 So remove 1 at hundreds,
up 2 at tens,
6 Then down 9,also not enough
beads,so remove 1 at tens,up 1at
ones.
7 Equals 78
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87. SUBTRACTION
WITH
REMOVING
WITHIN 1000
(USING MENTAL)
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88. CALCULATE USING MENTAL
ADDITION WITHIN 1000
367 - 289 =
1 The question is
367 - 289
2 First up 367,
3 Then minus 289, Down
200,then down 80
4 Not enough beads to down 80,
5 So remove 1 at hundreds,
up 2 at tens,
6 Then down 9,also not enough
beads,so remove 1 at tens,up 1at
ones.
7 Equals 78
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107. Multiplication is a repeated addition.
Let us put 3 lemons in each baskets. There are 2 baskets.
Group 1 Group 2
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108. Group 1 Group 2
Multiplicand Multiplier
The number of lemons is :-
3+3=6
So, 3+3 is adding 2 groups of 3. We can write it as :-
2x3=6
multiplication is a repeated addition :-
3+3=2x3
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109. Group 1 Group 2
Multiplicand Multiplier
Number Sentences
Repeated Addition 3 + 3 = 6
Multiplication 2 x 3 = 6
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110. 3 3
Number
lines
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
When using number lines, skip count by threes :-
3,6.
Number Sentences
Repeated Addition 3 + 3 = 6
Multiplication 2 x 3 = 6
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111. 2 x 3 = 6
Multiplicand Multiplier Product
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112. Using Abacus
1 digit x 1 digit = 2 digit
2 x 3 = 0 6
Display 06 on the abacus
0 6
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115. Multiplication is a repeated addition.
Let us put 4 pieces of pizza in each plates. There are 3 plates.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
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116. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
The number of pieces of pizza are :-
4 + 4 + 4 = 12
So, 4+4+4 is adding 3 groups of 4. We can write it as :-
3 x 4 = 12
multiplication is repeated addition :-
4 + 4+ 4 = 3 x 4
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117. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Number Sentences
Repeated Addition 4+4+4 = 12
Multiplication 3 x 4 = 12
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118. 4 4 4
Number
lines
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
When using number lines, skip count by fours :-
4 , 8, 12 .
Number Sentences
Repeated Addition 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
Multiplication 3 x 4 = 12
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119. Using Abacus
1 digit x 1 digit = 2 digit
3 x 4 = 1 2
Display 12 on the abacus
1 2
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156. Using abacus
P
INSTRUCTION :
Display the product on your abacus.
R
A 1. 2 x 3 = 2. 3 x 4 = 3. 4 x 2 =
C 4. 3 x 5 = 5. 1 x 3 = 6. 2 x 2 =
T 7. 7 x 4 = 8. 9 x 2 = 9. 6 x 3 =
I 10. 3 x 2 = 11. 9 x 4 = 12. 8 x 2 =
C
E
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158. Using mental
P INSTRUCTION :
Teacher read out the question and pupils calculate
R using mental and say the answer .
A 1. 2 x 4 = 2. 3 x 2 = 3. 7 x 2 =
C 4. 3 x 3 = 5. 7 x 3 = 6. 2 x 5 =
T 7. 2 x 2 = 8. 9 x 3 = 9. 6 x 3 =
I 10. 3 x 5 = 11. 9 x 5 = 12. 8 x 2 =
C
E
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167. Division Using Abacus
Step 1
Understanding the division equation
Example
4 ÷ 2 = 2
Dividend Divisor Quotient
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168. Division Using Abacus
Step 2
The Dividend must be placed starting from the third rod on
the left side of the abacus.
Third rod
4÷2=
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169. Division Using Abacus
Step 3
To find the place to up the quotient, divide the first digit of the dividend with
divisor, if the digit is not less than the divisor, skip 1 rod to the left from the
dividend to place the quotient. If the digit is less, place the quotient beside the
dividend on the left side.
Example
4÷2=
4 can be divided with 2, so skip 1 rod to the left from the dividend
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170. Division Using Abacus
Example
4 ÷ 2 =
4 can be divided with 2,so skip 1 rod to the left from the dividend.
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171. Division Using Abacus
Step 4
Minus the Dividend with the product of
Quotient × Divisor.
Example
4÷ 2 =2
Quotient x Divisor
2 x 2 =4
So, down 4 at dividend
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173. Division Using Abacus
Step 5
To find out number of digit for quotient,
(number of digit for dividend – number of digit for divisor)
then plus 1 if the first digit of dividend is bigger then the first
digit of divisor
Example
4÷ 2 =2
(number of digit for dividend – number of digit of divisor)
1 digit - 1 digit
(number 4 is more then 2 so, add 1 digit) = 1–1+1
The answer or quotient must be = 1 digit
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179. Division Using Abacus
Step 1
Understanding the division equation
Example
15 ÷ 5 = 3
Dividend Divisor Quotient
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180. Division Using Abacus
Step 2
The Dividend must be placed starting from the third rod on
the left side of the abacus.
Third rod
15 ÷ 5 =
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181. Division Using Abacus
Step 3
To find the place to up the quotient, divide the first digit of the dividend with
divisor, if the digit is not less than the divisor, skip 1 rod to the left from the
dividend to place the quotient. If the digit is less, place the quotient beside the
dividend on the left side.
Example
15 ÷ 5 =
1 cannot be divided with 5, so place the quotient beside the dividend on the
left
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182. Division Using Abacus
Example
15 ÷ 5 =
1 cannot be divided with 5,so place the quotient next to the left of the dividend
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183. Division Using Abacus
Step 4
Minus the Dividend with the product of
Quotient × Divisor.
Example
15 ÷ 5 =3
Quotient x Divisor
3 x 5 = 15
So, down 15 at dividend
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185. Division Using Abacus
Step 5
To find out number of digit for quotient,
(number of digit for dividend – number of digit for divisor)
then plus 1 if the first digit of dividend is bigger then the first
digit of divisor
Example
15 ÷ 5 =3
(number of digit for dividend – number of digit of divisor)
2 digit - 1 digit
(number 1 is less then 5 so, don’t add 1 digit) = 2-1
The answer or quotient must be = 1 digit
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186. Practice 1
Answer for 15 ÷ 5 = 3
Answer is 1 digit
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