A New Proposal on Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

1. Osman, J Gen Pract 2018, 6:4
Review Article Open Access
Journal of General Practice
Journal of General
Practice
ISSN: 2329-9126
Volume 6 • Issue 4 • 1000371
J Gen Pract, an open access journal
ISSN: 2329-9126
Abstract
Misdiagnosis, which most common due to recommend of appropriate test/diagnostic procedure, fails to interpret test results
accurately or propels examine of the patient or referring to the rights specialist Misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapeutic decision
all result in worse of the patients conditions rather than improve it. In addition, the factors that result in medications errors include
inadequate therapeutic training or knowledge/experience, physical and psychological issues of the healthcare professional, complex
clinical cases.
A Prospective Medical System of the Future/a Complete Health Care
System
Mahdy Ali Ahmad Osman*
Faculty of Pharmacy, PGDPV, Belfast, United Kingdom
Keywords: Health care system; Prospective medical system
Introduction
Computerization becomes playing essential roles in our life for
example: in industries, in hospitals where medical billings, patient
admittance and other medical equipment are work and control by
computers [1]. Whoever the computerizing still does not meet the
required level in the healthcare field. Although recent techniques used
nowadays in healthcare for instance Databases (Computers are used
in health care is to keep patient medical records.), monitors (Many
medical machines have monitors and function off of a computer.),
invasive Surgical Procedures (Computer-Assisted Surgical (CAS)
Systems), computerized physician order entry (COPE), clinical decision
support system (CDSS), electronic triages, doses calculators besides
many healthcare application [2]. Therefore, the computerization in the
healthcare field need to be develop to match the efficient healthcare
outcome and safe care in terms of diagnosis accuracy, management
plan decision. Also guidelines and recommendations changeable for
most of diseases (In guideline programs, the updating of guidelines is
often scheduled irregularly, for a guidelines an update every three to
five years is generally recommended which are difficult to be covered by
healthcare professionals to applying in the practices, beside expansion
of medicine sciences, The number of new molecular approved by the
United States Food and Drug Administration estimated 20 to 30 drugs
per year [3,4]. Besides developing of new medical procedures and
diagnostic methods, in addition to variety in drugs selection and doses
based on different age, gender, population, renal/hepatic impairment
as well different in disease types; factors affecting in selection of
therapeutic agents include potential side effects; the complexity or
simplicity of dosing schedules, use of other agents, patient life style
and cost [5], in some studies where patients hospitalize due to drug
sides effects rather than medical conditions [6]. Misdiagnosis, which
most common due to recommend of appropriate test/diagnostic
procedure, fails to interpret test results accurately or propels examine
of the patient or referring to the rights specialist misdiagnosis and
inappropriate therapeutic decision all result in worse of the patients
conditions rather than improve it [7,8]. In addition, the factors that
result in medications errors include inadequate therapeutic training
or knowledge/experience, physical and psychological issues of the
healthcare professional, complex clinical cases, lack of time, workload,
workload, absence of standardized protocol and procedures [9-11].
What is more the utilize of the data for studies and researches or Adverse
Drugs Reaction ADRS still poor due to disorganize of the data storing
, delinking, this result in wasting of time, effort, money, inaccurate
data collections which effect in results accuracy [12,13]. In addition
unfortunately, the current clinical medicine still consider disease
*Corresponding author: Mahdy Ali Ahmad Osman, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belfast,
United Kingdom, Tel: 0009703456098; E-mail: mahady_333@yahoo.com
Received November 26, 2018; Accepted November 27, 2018; Published
December 07, 2018
Citation: Osman MAA (2018) A Prospective Medical System of the Future/a
Complete Health Care System. J Gen Pract 6: 371.
Copyright: © 2018 Osman MAA. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
pathophysiologically and biologically, whereas in fact biopsychosocial
model is important to understand development of disease, which it
mostly due to biological factors, psychological factors and social [14-
16]. Biopsychosocial must be considered in order to personalizing
of therapy. Finally, health care issues are in general qualitative rather
than quantitative since the desired health outcomes still substandard.
According to Institute of Medicine, there is six criteria to measure and
describe quality of care in health: safe, effective, patient-centred, timely,
efficient, and equitable [17,18]. Therefore it is imperative to introduce/
invent a new efficient medical system weekly/monthly updating basis,
covered all medical conditions which will fulfils the needs to better
and efficient healthcare from diagnosis passing through the treatment
decision, monitoring and evaluation of the therapy, automatically ADRS
reporting and studies generating; which it will be possible or suitable to
use all over the world GPs (general practitioners) and hospitals.
The Proposal (The Plan)
Aprospectivemedicalsystemofthefuturewillbeamedicalcomputer
software which it is will help the physicians, clinical pharmacists, nurses
in the diagnosis, management options and selection of the appropriate
treatment (treatment decision making, optimized therapy) for each
patient (optimize therapy/personalization pharmacology: right route
of administration and doses, the best administration times, prevent
all form of drugs-interactions, personalizing patient counselling),
monitoring and evaluation of therapy, pharmacoeconomics options,
Computer drug dosing control for certain drugs and in range of diseases
need to be introduce. Based on the guidelines and recommendations
all in personalization or population based approach and in a unique
worldwide system, besides linking with drugs safety monitoring
centres like Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) and available for
data extraction by researchers with decoding personal information. A
prospective medical system of the future will replace the current semi-
traditional medical procedures in GPs centres and hospitals.

2. Citation: Osman MAA (2018) A Prospective Medical System of the Future/a Complete Health Care System. J Gen Pract 6: 371.
Page 2 of 4
Volume 6 • Issue 4 • 1000371
J Gen Pract, an open access journal
ISSN: 2329-9126
The Design
Aprospectivemedicalsystemofthefutureitisbasedonmodernizing
and integrating of some health information technology systems for
example: computerized physician order entry (COPE), Triage, clinical
decision support system (CDSS) types (diagnosis decision support
systems DDSS, case-based reasoning CBR, Knowledge-based and Non-
knowledge-based) and other new health information technologies
[computer therapy monitoring and computer drug dosing control based
on correlation between the drug pharmacokinetic (drug concentration)
and pharmacodynamics (patient improvement markers example fever,
heart rate, poising concentration) besides prevent drug toxicity and
potential doses related side effects], automatic therapy monitoring,
evaluating and remodifying. All linked together.
The Flow Chart
The diagnosis instructions and personalization of therapy will be
analysed from the patient data, which includes Age, Gender, maternal
state, chief compliant, symptoms, vital sings, past medical and
medications history (PMH) and ethnicity (biopsychosocial model).
After entering of the patient data the system/software will determining
the priority of patients (triage) and giving instructions for next step
either diagnosis for simple medicals conditions or diagnostics tests
that should done. The laboratories centres/departments will being
connected with the system/software in order to receive the diagnostics
values/results/findings, afterward the system/software will compare the
findings with the normal (analyse) to give the report of the result and
the final diagnosis what is more complications if it founded (Figures 1
and 2).
Then this followed by the recommendations by the system/
software for the best management option for the patient (whether
it is non-pharmacological or pharmacological/ options). Non-
pharmacological options for example: lifestyle modification, surgery,
cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). For the pharmacological option the
personalize pharmacotherapy will be by the analysis/compare by the
system/software logic of patient data, diagnosis, laboratories findings
with the guidelines and recommendations that stored in the system.
The optimize therapy it is based on guidelines and recommendations,
age ,ethnicity, comorbidity, contraindications, cost), rights doses
[based on body weight ,age ethnicity (population-pharmacokinetic
like: pharmacogenetic, conditions alter pharmacokinetic, time
depending killing, concentration depending killing], the best route
of administration (based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics
approach, the ideal administration time (based on chronotherapy),
prevent drugs interactions (drug-drug, drugs-diseases, drugs-food,
drugs-recreational substances interactions), patient personalize
advice and counselling. Then evaluation and monitoring of therapy
(for examples evaluation of response and improvement, monitoring
parameters, computer therapy monitoring and computer drug dosing
control in certain cases for example: some chemotherapy agents, time/
concentrationdependkillingdrugsinhighresistanceorsuperinfections,
renal/hepatic impair patient) and follow-up, by the system whether
during hospitalizing (the system connected with the medical devices)
or in the follow up with simultaneously automatic regenerating of
protocols, guidelines, reconditions, adverse drug reactions reporting
and studies and researches supplying. The system will ensure covering
of the six criteria that measure and describe quality of care in health.
Demonstrate Example (Figure 3 and Table 1)
Advantages
Prevention of medical errors; reduce the work load and time
pressure. Minimize/manipulate the side effects and enhance treatment
outcome (Minimum treatment risks safe care). Efficacy and accuracy
of the decisions. Data retrieving and regeneration (self-develop
system/auto-updating, the data will be easily extracted for adverse
drugs reactions monitoring authorities and for studies and research).
Will possibility for covering all guidelines and recommendations,
combined together or based on selection separately. The system
covers and supports all aspects of clinical tasks triage, diagnosis,
treatment plan/decision, personal therapy, therapy evaluation and
monitoring. Considerations of chronotherapy, pharmacoeconomics,
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics approaches and computer
therapy monitoring and computer drug dosing control.
Limitations
System development will have required time, so it will be better at
firsttodesignthreedifferentsystems:triage,diagnosissystem,Treatment
decision system, monitoring and evaluation system, then combine all as
one system. Cases that are more complex will require more time to be
recognized by the system. Healthcare professionals’ adherence to the
system will be required time. There are many guidelines (American,
British, European etc...), but it can be combined and integrated or
separated in the system as an option and preselection by healthcare
professionals to use combined or used particular guidelines.
Figure 1: The diagnosis instructions and personalization of therapy will be
analysed from the patient data, which includes Age, Gender, maternal state,
chief compliant, symptoms, vital sings, past medical and medications history
(PMH) and ethnicity (biopsychosocial model).
Figure 2: Recommendations by the system/software for the best management
option for the patient (whether it is non-pharmacological or pharmacological/
options).

3. Citation: Osman MAA (2018) A Prospective Medical System of the Future/a Complete Health Care System. J Gen Pract 6: 371.
Page 3 of 4
Volume 6 • Issue 4 • 1000371
J Gen Pract, an open access journal
ISSN: 2329-9126
Figure 3: The system will ensure covering of the six criteria that measure and describe quality of care in health.
The Current Medical Procedure A Prospective Medical System of the Future (PMSF)
Workload and Time Pressure
High workload and time pressure is common
[3,4,19,20].
Saving time it is known one of advantages of CDSS (clinical
decision support system) [7,21] although it cover one or two
clinical tasks. That is mean a PMSF will lead to significant
decrease in workload and time pressure.
Medical Errors
One of the most healthcare challenges
(Causatives vary from misdiagnosis, inaccurate
treatment or from physician, pharmacist, nurse)
[5,6,22,23].
This has proven by reduction in medical errors due to use of
CDSS (clinical decision support system) or computerized provider
order entry (CPOE) systems [8,9,24,25].
Efficacy and Safety
Likely to be poor since it is influence by
medical errors.
PMSF will improve efficacy and safety by selection of appropriate
diagnosis and treatment, prevention of medical errors, evaluation
and monitoring of therapy.
Data Retrieving Regeneration of guidelines and
recommendations.
Data retrieving for non-electronic health record
it is time consuming, uneconomical, lack of
accuracy.
Regeneration in majority it is manually.
Will save time and money, high accuracy this in term of data
retrieving.
Regeneration will be automatically.
Considerations of biopsychosocial model,
chronotherapy, pharmacoeconomics,
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics approaches
and computer therapy monitoring and computer drug
dosing control.
It is rare apply of this approaches in current
medical procedure; due to training healthcare
professionals in this approaches. Besides of
complexity of the approaches.
PMSF will programmed with this approaches without need of
healthcare professionals knowledge about them and computer is
easily can solve complexity.
Adverse drug reaction reporting Procedure
The current ADRs reporting procedure depend
on paper and electronic entering of the data
and this result in discouraging of reporting.
According to a new study lack of time is one of
the barriers of ADRs reporting.
Whereas ADRs reporting procedure is proposed to be
spontaneously/automatically.
Data Collection
In most cases, data collect and then (may
decoded) enter into the computer in order to
analysis.
The Data/specific require data will extract from the system (and
decode automatically if it required) and analysis, without needing
of collection and entering.
Table 1: Differences between current medical procedure and a prospective medical system of the future.
Conclusion
A prospective medical system of the future will be inevitable for
introduction of the modernization of the health care processes; the best
treatment outcome (benefits). Moreover, minimum risks apart from
its practically user friendly (healthcare professionals); saving effort
and money; accelerate the health care process; ADRS reporting, make

4. Citation: Osman MAA (2018) A Prospective Medical System of the Future/a Complete Health Care System. J Gen Pract 6: 371.
Page 4 of 4
Volume 6 • Issue 4 • 1000371
J Gen Pract, an open access journal
ISSN: 2329-9126
studies and research easier and faster what is more in a modern method.
Acknowledgment
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my GOD, my mother
Seham Mahdy Elasha; my father Ali Ahmad Osman; Mrs. Athensia Sevastaki
Belfast Met; JKKN College of Pharmacy Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India; JSS
College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India and finally The Government of the
United Kingdom.
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