The existence of the 'primal horde' is central to Sigmund Freud's theories on the beginnings of totemism and incest taboo in humankind. In this paper we begin by considering Freud's theory and examining his sources namely J. J. Atkinson and in particular Charles Darwin. By Freud's own admission, the 'primal horde' had never been observed. We investigate the possibility that such a structure ever existed. We consider the evidence as sourced from Charles Darwin and examine the possibility that Darwin's words were misinterpreted. Freud's idea of the 'primal horde' was generally accepted in anthropological circles in the early twentieth century as evidenced by Geza Roheim's enthusiastic support. We review how this theory lost favour in later times by considering the opinion of William Schmidt.

1. €igi€; i I ; * :i ;i=it aer;=*EaEltf : aE
- ggi*EEi :s: ': Eig:igeg;;=:=r:5:xy;,E
i if ggEEf. iiE €g5i: :Ei€igi:iaiE EE:i+
: 3.q€5.e=
; *ig€te:iE !Ef! $EgEgE€iE!;iE;E:;!;i;i
=>g.r'R:-=8"
U.OE
; e 5e r E E € E # : gi *
IH
!.d
6_)
6
d
()$
ca
6)o
d-)-
r
, ; : ssr : : E : i EE
'Bt
E E i iiEiglE gFiiI
ii
gii€
E ilissiFEi€igigii;iggigF; i? Er:;r;:e is
g HEBi$iiEE5iEg:i€iriEigiEtEHii!g;!IEg!
gigtii
E€E!gEigEEEIEEiEilgiii
figE Eia EEl€*$S*AEE=ii'E
E€P;te
i:i it # F
€ EEEEE 3EEiiaigEiEli3EEEEgig! A
, EEiEsrE :Ee
=€g
*;9sC : T: t *UZi# F
e
:;;+iiEr*t*a:ra;EaEl :tlg€3nH!e
; i : =
5;t * ?i ifi
=
E at e
= =
* a *: i; gI: g!
iEg:t'E TZl:a;EAgig ;c?g €E;ii : € E Bg
',8,E :qE: 1=st iiEEE;1,1*a Ei3Eii;:EA
;; P li:F; *i l*g
i; 3;;; * n." = s I e F
= e E - e I
! E€ € e * ; E E a ; * t E ; a; s i g
=
E sE I u i! E E ;
0)
z '.'
.i i
v*
-i
cr)
cr)
N
cr)
Q
o
U
o
$
.U
o Lr.
F.1: s-
nr
-:' .*kO'h
iN-
AJ .i:
=
r.li(AJ
(o
z
o
F
U
Fr{
c
F
U
FI.{
IIJ
&
Fi
F!
J
z
e{
U)
D
FI]
tri
lr]
a
o
tst
b'i
t.'] r!
t4e

2. E!E i fEit ilF€*Ei,iiiE sicr:E:;E f;!sle s* E ;
j€f ;, !;F:EE E
g.!
$$sH ;€; f,g$E:EiEgEEE,i=s$
iti:zE giii
Ei ii i nr E ;i Ee i; nEi €; EEgiE € ii iE
zi=,i
: iE Eii{iiE E { FiEiii iiiFSi €
gEigE
E
gg
;::et';iEz EEi€iE*;Hl s ;;ggEEE:fEEi;sE
=.i:;1E!
!;: E;ie€ ;€€fg i,;fEEii;:i€ Fgi€5
=E;::::::: €i€gE s€ l- F tSEgig: p;Eg*:E;:s
.;'=: i=;;:i €*ii;s;5 Fl F ; =g?
EtiE;EE
HffE5
'Eeai='*''
giiT+iEE
ia= EiiIiiiii i*siu!it
2 '.'.
.Ai
Fit
v-
z
ro
ca
.+i
i*iEiF;ttiiiiEiEgEiiiEgg*EgEEgFEFiE
i*i' i;:c aserf ;€!E!
$!!ggigi Egg, EiE:giE€;aeE;;i$;g;;g;
iii; ;i;*€Ei€Eu'gEa3Eiillg€ tigt '';u€'E
liEE;t€;€; i'=s;;E$E:;iaf:g=;=:#E}i:E*;sg€!;s;Hs:: Ef;EisE
=fei;;;;EF'tf
[t{g{;Eg
atna; i Er?E;, E€e;;l:Eii::::;i:gei:! ;eiEEs-
=!r;i;* *es
;'aa'ri::g;;E;giEEi:g;iE!
9Eiz€i"-Eiiliz.
Egiii *E ;; eE E : € i E ; as € ;E? ics i E
la
a
o
{
!i
+i'
Yr!
!{
!J _!
(3!!"t

3. r, ; i r;3;i*e€^* il u=::tE [stE gg:Eg;;;;
,; i€ *IEE :sil€E iV:::! i:E:iii;:;siE
2 -E5?;5;:!
[E E$* tr t:g ;E;: : iiEE ;{iiE
jigjj
==il;
i:i5s; : € 9 iEiE : E E igsg€ ii; ;: €: E E: i : ;
EZI?ilEigi F iE E i
gigggi
E E E
gi: gggi
i i E i E E ii
:!=;:==;EE =ErFE; ir ;EE;EgE1; $;ggFFi sE
;iz: isiEE ;;;;;li i€ E;F errs +sE;;
'tiEi
=iEiFE
E;j u iEgggiE;i i;gi;i: 3;EE!F
Ei iE
g$$$!€
;ft e !€EFuE;;:!g 3iigEIssFiF:F!€
€:i EE;€r;E ris,;i€ i! iE;l9FE!E-?gEiii9E
v-
.-i i
v-
z
N
co
o
cO
;{tgiE;EEtE lEgiit, Egle;;lgEEff igiEgiii
€g iE€;?;6 SiiEg;5e
c A; I
g=
:€ [E E €I I*i FE:gi
giligggff
i:
gii:[iii
iiEEiEi;i€EiEiiiiig€
gittigi:iaiEggi3iaEgi!glgiigi
;;gEige€
EiisiEie:ai;iiE€ilEEiEEifI-;E
E a*iE=E*
Ei?iii:EiiiiliiEiiii?iiiEi
gigg
:iiE*ii
la
o
e{!-.1
{
*!oI
rJ r
l! -!
FS

4. egal:;i€E€i=lE+af :;f€E ra s y E= ;;s
e€iE++t:==E*;ic**;:1r! E Eg="€,€ +a EEi
::t r!:;= eel_tigiE !gg=:€I € : ;EEs; i :!fi* ElZ
E1:i;€: i;: =e-*
$g;ec;:,i% E *€ Et;';ce"
7:=lEiiEe,+; rEE iie -.*t* iEiE;3FEiiEE ;i1ii
=ii=s=_-,:g=!EFyAc*i lE i€ i
!t:;+ij;:EEE:t-=i,*'ei'tiEE - c'i d + r; cj
i = 7
= =
i i
=
i i?,
=
+: #5 -: sE i P
Eit;'"i::FErt€ gS EiEE gE 3E
==
tuE=i=t;sg=if;:;:t:F:iEi:;*e ;;f€q
lZ i=li l: ,a;gg i;i:;i;Eei€;;ag€ i r IiEii
!i E*i! iEEI,r: 39ii
a;;a?:E€ gl iEEl r ?; EE;
:i *e H,s;E€ HEt€; ;;;F;e'a:F;€EgE$ ; Ei; li
9E E;;* iiEE;Eii;s:!tEsiSi; a[Ei{ i is';;s
EE EgE :EEEqe:;; E1E=EeisEEEi!g:gi EiE'j;;I
iiitEgiiiE;i?iEE FEi:!iEEEiiffisEfltgig
g:liai?iglE
IIIS1 E ia:iiEi igiiiagElgiii
n Ii r Fsi;!-![EEEE ;;egl; 1Ei;;FE l$sa€ sHE,i
iiiigi:
giE:altigtialiigEiE!iEEgailtt
:€E!€Er EE;:;EEIi;fiA*!EEi;E;:f +iiri€E€
?;EEi;, * 3iiiEcE iii?iB:iiEB:Ei?gi;;iii:
^Q
z.''^i i
tdv-
z
cO
cO
cO
La
o
rl
S
-
IDE
Qq
tr.t 3
(e

5. !.j
-
'=
3'r F e b
r..'l a= i" gr
: il ep ?^ Z a =
i= &"I t Ei i-l
Iri€ ?fE tsr:; Aa + Es srF
SI i.' ;
=t
i=;s€ Es s ;E FAa
EE S: s sq i-:*
EreI tli :sRz.! rT I g! EbS
;?E$ $-E: Sgi'.i :t 6fiEi ; Gji<= .! - s do.: __-$
Ptb ns S--{>: d =3i.!; t: =3;i
h i;oa
A€3t B:!i ='eE+":-i ,4 rF;s F E,E$
s;
=E i=E) .q c<€*:^'E:.=-='--o!
as ;? ==!;9, $4 E-S
(: Ei E4E4 j
=::dF P.S 56bE .S..=--
iF -3;4 FEd€ A iS.E5:i.! .d-: ::..<
=
3-:=
it :E :3s: : i;:gS^-:t a !, ->.=N
dS Eo'e Elis -; -ettg5
€i El.i a$!$ E isr=fas F6* >!EE : -sE:oo
e Et Et5-Fi€R=E-l5E;$;
E *3' Ez=;E 5.5^r:i-: +iFt-E
F iF* iE r-.==c E: lg:S-E: giiI -! !.' .?=-: :.:0,-51? ! i _' -.:.!
=.'r4 = -. r:-j--=_*-j <- _: ::-:2'-': : a
- - 1- -
=- - = -
-3 F F: *: * E E*: p E E E b ;E.=d.;-€=-d/!cc=t'=
:Erii"r-:e;s=Fg:E= c 4+.= - a'; - = i a = = -'t''d 4 > - .. = >z- O O oI).= :'1'tf C'72U?ii7.>=
nE - t;A o,= obE.-E==E 5 E;
=-
:,'= > ; I r'- - --
-- '=': -= -'i
= =
l'= t :, k i =
3 Z !.2 E=E
i r
=.'- =:
i =
> E'i : }F vr.i.=
=Z=i,'-i !,=9,.2'"1:y =E !: -
=;=:i;
?'==,= i:€=.!. e
= i -:. i.l= =3= u 6 _= >.=
=
+
="2
i =ni
=
: E ; i 7,3s ! -.:a'-^:/. = 7 p=l'a,,9-l,-=
- = -
-=
-
-J .w
^ ! i J r
{,._ 7 z =-
=
l.a_:.tr: - ) >'-='}.-=J===-:-
==a-=..;;'i>:-J-==G
- - 1: - ?
=
2 ^ - L Cr
== = i :i =.2
-
=
. = -e_>-.=30
= - ., z =
| =': 7 t-l;V ? =f. =b= a / = == = ='/
- 2=.4 2=_ i=_E
.! a la =;
i 4.j.= 2-= .j. g ?
.: S =-; .a= 2.7.o'-Z'.6 = -i=== z_;+!==i=-^=*=-'-=5 -*i.!E*5pp=-
't--n,'J:oa:x:-"9o^.
- = - _ = J _ _ 9 = o *:
=
:
i-1.==i=-2"-E:-
^^,=-i;s2^.-t'cs.
'=
'. l'= ? !:,- t, >,J.='J j:.i
v.- - / -= n=;, i - _ 9 =.; S
.. l90=. _*-o:8l;=^ -a'J- L f,) R 6.- n,, O i-tr.='= u
- >
= - bn- !/ 6.- -
sFE: Es!;€fHE=:t-o"c*^:q=>Y
si;H -iE;!=ll:;!E;-9:l ir=tr=y Lu=6ao.cs
ii i :j q,
si€f = i*E; F;eE;i 5€
3L-q+ i z:E g s!E rE EE=u*ot)-LQ@
lr.:- i ? ; '-
=
t a === ?
=
,_=
=
>i'^i
v*
'.a
<'r
€::Etsi5€3riEg€€ EC ;E *gE# *E *E: e-3:8,=t,5!i:€t;1.=; il; 5E y
4-EBE6!rorsH#a;=o .=€ .Eo €;€E 1g ::; EfE
i€:pt€iri,=3E=i'r =ld ^3 -g:; E: Eg* E€€
€E,ii:E€*gHFg; ;; EH ;;€iE€E=e!'; €:E
frils::;;ali;;a;: ;fi E€6elis=erF€; nE;
iEEEiEiH:;:iuIce
=gH
;:EgF€: iiE*:s- F;r
Fg +iiE?4?:sE r-gi a €E g E+?!HE'vcEE:!i F e Fji;;EE:€:;gg#EiE€! ;gH =ii-:.-=':3cF: .=;!;iri=;Ei4=iess5 :3,2 Lq€€5f :.;*E€E;€9s3,,6 ":ilp =rE
aiieEEi:siii;giiEi€€i;I;!$EEitiiiii
Ezp ;i+:i;iEsig i*;gt:Eb:E!i!!:r;t€:E€
'Eu rEgi!!t;i;; iiE€ t!t13ii g;EiiiE;€ [E
Ei€3!It NEiB= !€E[iE i!FE;EE;E;€I;;fi I
La
a
Q
qt
t't _!
<eq{

6. co
;iz; s;{i'Eai;
=E
; 3 sEe rs
=E;; a
?2;: a+EgE ;E!!:iE:E ;Z*!Ec:€ z;eiE I =7P?EE:9 t.=€€ E. L E=:E;-zE - ?1.
E1:?2iE i 1u E'Ez nr 4e2E|g6= r 5.!: E 'f eC.2i-F"3ocl
dE e -,4? c;?=: +ts i;:;iE'q tg ::f 1:A
ii::= :; EE;i B$;:E;E!igg;:E E i!iE, EE. : :Z =.!
. ;.* .,,4 E
=
i f,=- 2 - e; u€ = 3;E E
=!sE
iE;* !i 3 !!E
===i!-r=4E
F E l=:; j-,2'^iE* 9 E go; --E
Z.-'- . ==.== iz=EE s..;7-^6 Epi q*_"e.-€
===EEEV=t,ei = =
r t * a p g
=
E E E gE : ;
?=:tozZe=-= f ! ! 5 * 383'€ e eEEaf e ;;
;zz
=i=1t
?€ ,1=E iE *E,a ii g 3:* E H
E*t =
*i:; E?'";
=+
i=iE sugeEa; g
2z=v= sr g r;;; FE;;;i ;i 5'u
=
E 1n sg
teggEsEi:EiE€EEi5gi, :i€5gEiE
g::i:
Ei : ls!ea5FEEE! 3 5EE9:5 itF
tl
l-l
)-i
z
Y
=:'-.:-L .t;
I
v7i
r', =Vv
-:.. r- = -a
{=; ,- .--
.>
,=:a-:a-.]ll-:
S t= S>ron:!
ME
ilca rS^^.s.x{ J 5 s.F |' A)
'[J & .v€Y
- F.s:-
;J Z. .c"{ >,
e
Z Fi F=F!v-p
L.'i tr H'i'Eiri O <-1 f,
2.'
v-
z
o.l
G
5
Lqq:rq/.I
^S
i
-
--_N €'
s:€a
:
'lo :-u6
3 43 _..1
=v9-O
: /i: .!
lsto
I ;ti? o
s ix K) t
! o{ E1
La <*
E bi s
i tll i- N-iiq g
"- -: t'8:5 !,^et E
.-i F: $ ! -vi-{a
r'-"iXS; oAi S F: X
$+"+S,i $ 5
=;
r-.v: -.=
! - - r.S =a{n s; Qa =-s;; gs} E
*o. da*9 S ,i- J - {r<
- .X tr PF E
i 6:-i p
= 9J =::i5 u;{ =
r7'bEI o- 9
a di: +s= .=
>._ca o a E
- ;:-i6 s li L=
E U-: i:i 3X > tJA < s
+E !;-E: -3
;XJi,9S.E F
-^__:^.:_x&: t: ^: o
+ o ! = -Mo -r - - 2
oOt=.=j:
ec(
=
h co.E 5 o. a a
.*.=9,-.'6e,, ".9F li,; g(r;.EIz
s.tt'.?r^jxGdd3,;.* v o.
60-^J
c.l
I
;
t
!r
$
U
L
o'
.Bq
c
qoi
-h O
=t.: : :
^S€
?::
A r q ixi
: . .E n €Rhl->
6 : : ,, ti p
e-f :"F:,& $
s s s ; -- (i
r $ f z s? t
tst;s:s $: E o C: 6
; *,. iEt !E i ;i <: iti :€ b E
= P91 aas FF 3 .:
t -ia ii$ Es S r tb S: bo d'
s Slq=i#s f! + : C
3 rEss!+ E"{ S ; E
r <=Ls{i dE } I F,
.9 :Jiu:*:: :"i€. :'9r S R P
I jiS*;r s; I S 7E .:':=Zb
='E i ; 3
E r:2!:Y-$ +s S .S co
E" E;t:€$ Si s t E
io Fit-FS"ih't b F 5
E -=;x,fr>S;."1 * hd :. -I : *;
-': -j @ :< R h o
g al-Ei9E-:3 -;: F E
= ===5t:*Ei
Sci : =
s F-i:F?E;S: dg : o
-: ,99vE3"n3e? S9 E €
E, E;€iE;;is )i : Z
5 E:Sa=aFE.r^!6^S A
; * Z i e- a Y!. i ti=-= 9;-,lc<:x; #;q*d=?E8i>d.F:3
o=I =:=
5E=i.?A.l .l! ; .iE .ii
rr: E!EFtS,Estro€leiEsSd;>: o g E &4 a l-Sfi 0*o€ m
: r = i: E:; E: dl 6::r =* l' l:,
&
c.l
o
o
b0
;o
€
o
J
B
U
L
o'
q-
c
!
F-
o
;E*d
Nd
o!
qi
p
s::rVt
Giq
;E
=,s
-'-, &
o,,:rE
-J6 c
E E it,,
Etd<Jiox
>! ep6
c 3 >,s
6:Oi
9?:9;
;eDg-;OO
t! !'.. !l
E !.i !rE
r'- .=:
-l- U*
ta
o
{i
+
q:
!{
l!_e
[{