Mutagenicity 3

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This document discusses drug abuse, dependence, and addiction. It defines drug abuse as using drugs outside of social norms, while dependence occurs when abstaining from a drug causes withdrawal symptoms. Addiction means a drug dominates one's motivation. The document also discusses tolerance, psychological dependence, and physical dependence as the three basic processes of drug addiction. It provides statistics on drug use in Malaysia and lists common drug types like stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates. Risk and protective factors for drug addiction are mentioned. References are included at the end.

Mutagen

Harshraj Shinde

Mutagens are agents that cause mutations in genetic material. The first mutagens identified were carcinogens like x-rays and UV radiation in the 1920s. Mutagens can cause DNA damage through direct interaction, formation of reactive molecules, or incorporation into DNA. This damage may lead to mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and potentially cancer. Common types of mutagens include physical agents, chemicals that react with DNA, base analogs, intercalating agents, metals, and some viruses and bacteria. Tests like the Ames test are used to identify potential mutagenic compounds.

Drug dependence and drug abuse

Fred Ecaldre

This document discusses various drugs and their dependence liability. It describes how dependence develops from repeated drug administration and involves tolerance, physical withdrawal, and psychological craving. Different classes of drugs are listed with their typical dependence liability, from very strong for narcotics to weak or absent for LSD and cannabis. The mechanisms, effects, metabolism, and treatment approaches are summarized for several specific drugs, including nicotine, ethanol, cannabis, LSD, and cocaine.

carcinogenesis-

Oseni Saheed Oluwasina Temitayo

Cancer is characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth caused by mutations in DNA. Carcinogenesis, the process by which normal cells become cancerous, occurs in multiple stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. Initiation involves genetic mutations from exposure to carcinogens. Promotion causes slow, gradual growth through prolonged exposure. Progression allows the growth to become clinically detectable tumors through continuous proliferation and escape from host defenses. Multiple mutations are required before a normal cell becomes cancerous.

Carcinogenesis

Mitsuko Vera

El cáncer se produce por la transformación de una célula normal en maligna como consecuencia del mal funcionamiento de genes como oncogenes, genes supresores de tumores y genes de reparación del ADN. Varios factores pueden causar cáncer, incluyendo factores ambientales, virales, hereditarios e inmunológicos. Agentes carcinogénicos como químicos, radiación, metales, fibras y algunos componentes de la dieta pueden actuar como carcinógenos o anticarcinógenos. Virus como el virus de Epstein-Barr, el virus

Drug Dependence & Abuse - Presentation by Akshay Anand

Akshay Anand

Carcinogenesis

Chander K Negi

UNDERSTANDING OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS:CURRENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Carcinogenesis refers to the process by which a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell and repeatedly divides to become a cancer Chemicals which initiate this process is called chemical carcinogens Chemicals which increase the effectiveness of carcinogens is called co-carcinogens CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS MECHANISM OF ACTION STAGES OF CARCINOGENESIS ROLE OF PROTO-ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES ACTIVATION OF PROTO ONCOGENES INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CARCINOGENESIS ROS can be produced from both endogenous and exogenous sources Attack both purine and pyrimidine bases, as well as the deoxyribose backbone Induces DNA damage which includes single or double-strand breakage, deoxyribose modification, and DNA cross-link If DNA damage is not properly repaired it may result in mutation which leads to cancer BIOMARKERS REGULATORY BACKGROUND OECD guidelines 451- Carcinogenecity studies 453- Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenecity ICH guidelines S1A- Guideline on the need for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals S1B- Testing for carcinogenicity of pharmaceuticals S1C- Dose selection for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals

Mutagencity and its types ppt

Sravanthi Shetty

This document discusses various methods for testing the mutagenicity of chemicals, including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell systems. It describes the Ames test which uses Salmonella bacteria to identify mutagens, as well as other prokaryotic methods like the host-mediated assay and coliform assay. Eukaryotic methods discussed include the Saccharomyces forward mutation assay, mammalian cell tests, and in vivo assays like the micronucleus test and dominant lethal assay. The document provides details on the procedures and principles of many of these important mutagenicity testing methods.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that involves genetic damage and alterations. Environmental and hereditary factors can cause initiation through DNA damage from chemicals, viruses, or radiation. This is followed by a latent stage and promotion as more DNA changes accumulate, eventually resulting in malignant transformation and tumor formation. Cancer develops through the sequential acquisition of multiple genetic defects over time.

Carcinogenesis

Frank Bonilla

Carcinogenesis

Ibnu Alias

This document defines carcinogenesis and describes the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It discusses how mutations in proto-oncogenes can turn them into oncogenes, causing uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor suppressor genes also play a role when defective, failing to regulate cell growth. Mutation and epimutation can disrupt the normal balance between cell proliferation and death, leading to tumor formation. The pathogenesis of cancer involves acquiring properties like self-sufficiency in growth signals and loss of apoptosis that allow malignant growth.

Carcinogenesis

drmcbansal

This document discusses the genetic and epigenetic changes that cause cancer. It explains that cancer arises due to alterations that disrupt normal cell proliferation, senescence, and death. Key changes include mutations in oncogenes that increase cell growth and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit growth. Cancer development involves multiple genetic hits over time that transform cells and allow unchecked growth. Epigenetic alterations like DNA methylation and histone modifications also contribute to carcinogenesis. The complex interplay between a person's genetic factors and environmental exposures ultimately leads to the development of cancer.

Drug addiction and drug abuse

Subramani Parasuraman

- Drug addiction and abuse refers to the chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for non-medical purposes. This includes both licit and illicit drugs. - Addiction is compulsive drug use despite harm, while substance abuse refers to frequently using drugs like alcohol and inhalants that can be addictive. - Dependence involves psychological need for a drug and physical tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Addiction affects the reward pathway in the brain. - Drug abuse has negative effects on individuals, families, and society through health issues, crime, and lost productivity.

Drug addiction

Punjab University Lahore

This presentation discusses the history and effects of drug use and addiction. It begins by defining drugs and their medical uses. It then discusses how drug use has occurred among humans and animals for thousands of years. The presentation covers the causes and negative effects of drug abuse and addiction, including health issues, social problems, and criminal behavior. It also provides details on the production of major drugs like opium and organizations working to address addiction worldwide and in Pakistan.