2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. Tema Nr. 2
Teoria Transmisiunii Informafie
Anul II B, semestrul I' 200912010'
Titular de disciplina: Prof. Dr. ing. Adriana VI-AD
Titulari cle aplicafii: As"ing.Adrian Luca, As. ing.MAdAlin Frunzete
Problema II. Fie sursa S fird memorie: S={s1,s2,s3,.r4,s5,s6} cu probabilitAliile simbolurilor
P(.S) = tl | 4;l t 4;l I 4;qt;q2;q3l .
l. Alege{i q, astfel incdt sd se poatA coda binar absolut optirnal. in aceastd situalie calcula{i entropia sursei
/1(S), redundanfa sursei, R5 gi redundanla relativ ps a sursei. Pentru codul binar construit calculali
lungimea medie I qi eficienfa ry. Aveti mai multe solulii pentru probabilit{iile qi?
2. Pentru cazul in care probabilitaliile il = Qz = q, calculali entropia sursei F11S;, redundanfa sursei R5 9i
redundanla relativa a sursei p5 .
a) Sd se construiasca un cod binar simbol cu simbol dupi algoritmul folosit in demonstralia teoremei I a lui
Shannon, conform relaliei :
"- p(si) -'P(si) *t
lon,I</,*<logr-l ,(*)
unde /;* este lungimea cuvantului de cod asociat sirnbolului si al sursei S . Sd se calculeze lungimea
medie, L gi eficienla codului, ?* pentru codul ob{inut conform relaliei (*).
b) 56 se construiasca un cod binar simbol cu simbol dupd metoda Huffrnan. 56 se calculeze lungimea
medie, /s gi eficienla codului, 7s . Comentali rezultatele in compara{ie cu cele oblinute la punctul a).
c) 56 se formuleze teorema I a lui Shannon pentru cazul codului binar 9i sursa S dat6.
3. Fie sursa binar6 ,S = {0, l}. Simbolurile sursei sunt emise cu probabilitdliile p0 qi h. Sirnulali sursa
de
gi evidenlia{i nofiunea dc air tipic. Se vor consiCera pe rind cazurile: i) pa = 0.2 ;
iiiesaje binare
ii) pg = 0.4 gi iii) p6 e (0.25;0.35). pentru cele trei situafii, construifi un cod binar optimal pentrn
extensia de ordinul 2 a sursei S gi evidenliali experimental rolul redundanlei in eficienla codului construit'
Obs. Toate mirimite care intervin vor fi definite pi toate afirmafiile vor fi justificate.
consulta{ii tema: sala B323rioi, orele 14-16.
Noiembrie, 2009.
2. poate ducc la oblincrca unui
cod absolut optimal Coduri Hamming grup SEC-DED
5.4. Codarea Huffman binar5'/ternard
(cu n = l)? $
*rczliznzc
(A B) probabilittrlite p = (0.7, o-3). surse s[ sc
5.5. Fie o surstr s cu simborurilc { 9i l. Obiectivul lucrirll
o1yai""i 2 9i 3 alc sccstei
o codarc Huftnan uinu'vtt'i"tie-frt'u:l . lt; ri^ili. c.tir-ri
* po'forman;clc folosind
i";; iJarii .i-uor rcspoctiv dccodgc' cu ajutoru| codului
compsrc cu cca oblinutt Aceasta lucrarc srudiazA procesul dc codarc, dctectic
modslitstca di corcclie a unci crori sau dc
*""0,is;i#T:;i,*r, rczutratul-verificarii Kraft-McMittan' atit pentru
incgalitntii r{arnming grup c(s3), p,rrrana m'cvia.nF
a doutr crori.
cca temara?
codarea binara, cet fi pcntru ^ ,.1- ^^.r,:r,ri r{,rffrnrn tcrndr?
tcrnar?
in construcfia codului Hu(tnan
5.7- Cc dificultati poi'e apartr de codare Huftnan' 2. Introducere teoreticl
5.8 lnrtica1i -"
p*"i* a
'lietdiei
""";;;T;"oiit"*
Unuldincodurilegrupcelcmaicunosculccstccodu|HammingC(z.l)corectordco
croarc,lacarecoloanatramatriceidccontrolllcsrcrcprczcntarcabinarf,anum{ruluii'dactr
cr()ilrea esle singularl.
Codul Harnming arc urmAlortl paramctrll:
' tungime: n=2 'l;
. numtrr simboluri dc informalic: k = 2^'m-l:'
. trum,ilr simboluri dc control: n = n'k''
. distanla miniml: 4,-= 3;
. r: l '
ltumtrr crori corcctabilc:
.ti: 'tingu'ul cotl grup pcrfccl corcctor dc o croare Accst cod cstc
Cotltrl Ilarlrrtirrg
ncsistcrnutic. tcspccliv po'iiirtit tont"'i
tuui :'' 2:' ""2''" corcsJrunz'ird 1.''rr vQClo(i
curlrol l/ cu o sinsurl pozilic difcriti rlc 0' ccca cc
usurcaT-tr
coloani tlin tllalricca dc
dctcrntitrurca sinrbolurilor dc control dirr rclalir:
lfir:0.
Daci'pclanglcorr-c|iauncicrori.trcbui.-.sli-scasigurcaidctcclia.-'o11"'dul.llc.sc
inlr-un
croarc ("singlc-Enor Corrccting":
transfornri co4ul Hamuung ltrrcctor dc o ^SEC)
corlllanlnringcorcclor..]c-o.rou,"5itlctcctor<JccrorirJublc(..Sirrglc.ErrorCorrcctingartd
Doublc-Enor Dctccting": SEC-DED)
Distanlaminimiaunuicodcarccorcclc.rdrcrori5isimultanrlctcctcazAlcrori(l>l).
trciruie sd fic ccl pulin ! + t + l'- d^ >t+l+l' Dcci' l: l' | =2 =d^'' )l+2+l=4'
ASadar,dislan|aminimtracoduluitrebuiccrcsculicuounitatc-Accastasepoatercalizain
prcscurtat'
sau un cod Hamming
,f,lur r,toO*lt utiliz6nd un cod Hamming cxtins
Hammiig cxtins sc bo(lcaz5 matricea de control H a
codului
pcntru a oUlln* un
Ilarnming inilial cuo coloand
"J dc "0" la siinga gi cu o linic de -1" in partea inferioard:
'-L' tJ-Lt '?': I I ll
n=[onl=[h I I I I ?l=hl bbubbbl
Matricea de control I ua avea m = /n+l linii si a =
tt+l coloane, de unde rezulttr
introduccrii
c(rr+I,ft).Deci lungimca cuvflntului de cod va cre$te cu o unitate' Qre corspundc
din stinga'
unui bit dc control iuplinientar, pe prima pozitie
de cotl va fi acum:
Exemplu: codul C1l ,+'1. Strucfuta unui cuvant
I=ko ct cr i, ct it i6 trl,
iar rela[ia matric€altr de codare pentru codul extins
c(8'4):
H'vr =0
va conducc la unn[toarele ccuafii de codarc:
G',
3. b
! modulo 2
anrnci corcctonrl g va consta din suma
Dac[ a aptrnrt un numfu par dc erori,
din matri cta H, dc acelagi tip:
co a unui numf,r pui O" coloane
I
/^-' cl h, =lil
[oio o o I I t
t
tl'' c7 [rr=ir+i.+i,
lo' o I I o o t tt. il =ft+r'o+r' sc va afla birul so -0.
:o=lt'
- tlcci pe ultima pozilie a corcctorului
urmarc' un indicc dc recunoagtcrc a Prczcnlei
erorilor duble'
o * r o----l -g l-- o-^ t I c. lt, =tir+i, Simbolul so va fi' prio
=ir*ir+io
[4 = ct+c2+fr+ ct*l'+io+it
I
i, cere va impiedica o falsl corec[te'
va efectua conform urmitoarcror
reguli-
lrlllltlU in aceasttr situa[ ie, decadareasc aparut crori (l= y);
t6
. dactr s: so:0, decizia va fi : nu au
0.$i
a aptrrut o croarc corcctabill;
i.
-t
' dacf, s * 0 $i so: l' decizia va fi:
.dacf,s*0$iso:0,dcciziavafi:auaptr'rutdoulcrorinecorcctabilc;
paritatc.
co este suma modulo 2 a tururor
bitul dc control suplimentar
celorlalli . dacf,s: 0 $i so: l, decizia va fi: a fost cronat birul dc
Se observl cf, al paritdlii' Sau' pe scurt'
el se nurnegte sirnb ol de contral I-rt:ntPlu. C(7,4) = C(8'4)'
bili din cuvintul dc cod' De aceca
ctr accstbitdeparitatecreltedistan[aminimlacoduluicu Iric
.te paritatc- Se poate artrta uSor
r-[o I o I o I o tJ'
Uii
o unitatc.
Eremplu.
{r. =o
oI oo t ,l{:[] =ii 0 t- IIr'-hr+hr+h, =,
r=[o I o I o
o
,=[i, i, io i,]={o I rJ-i.; rJ-
=; =y=[t
o q
lto=l
=o
|l.|l.ll []?s
[r. datl de
apirut o croare corectabill pc pozilia
:
I rl- = I =y=[o I o I o I o ,l{:[]=.i = a
i=[r, i, io ir]=[t 0
frl
1.:
l.co = 0 ,=lol= hr=i= 5=q=[o o o o o I o oJ
tl
L'J
!ncazulcuvintclortlccotlcercinilialavcaupontlercarr'(r')=d""'=3'bituldcparttate
.".t.,i:.::i)ilL,l,iu,.,o, rv(v) = r/*-+I = 4, bitul de =y =L+g=[0
r o I o o o rJ+[o o o o o I o oJ=
dc cotl carc inilre! a,r,cau ponrlerea
=[o I o I o I o lJ=r
paritrrtc cslt"O' ut:t-':(:l =-lui.rr tlxtiils este d^""= 4' in gencral' prin
A5atllr, <lis!un1u ntt u codului ilununing
.'.,'"*",., r,i,"i',l::rt':::i;i:ilTiia*,';.;':J;;:::,:n:Ui"jJ;"JHlfix':i"l#i: r=[o I o a o A o rJ= !=Hrr =h'+h'
" l" crc,ste cu o u[ltatc' lar I
rtrniirrc trcschtlnbliu i "
va avca acutn'i poztltr: Ll]L.JLil
La decodarc. corcctorul calculat
Jo:0=
f"l
$= Hrt = He' =1 " l=i'-l
t' L"'-j pentru a obline un cod Harnming sistematic s-au permutat
=auaptrrutdou[erorinecorectabile,dardetectabile" coloanele nlatricei dc
i 1 fl:
control H, oblinindu-se matricea
L'o J
for 0010
{. va consta din suma rnodulo
DaciiaapIrurul]nul}lirimpardeerori,atuncicorectoiul lo o l0l I
2 ii unui nurllir irnpar dc coloane
cin matrice a a' de tipul: tr=lo o 0l0l
t-l'
h .=lL'JI
'l , [t r I lll 1t
se va afla bitul su: l'
,ieci pe ultima pozilie a corectorului I)in relalia:
4. pozilia 2 ei bitii dc
La ap[sarca celei de a cincca taste, comutalorul K va rccc Pc prin
conrrol c. i, c, c, vor fi calculali gi afigati- Accftia vor fi trccu;i la iegirca codorului
[t,=io+ir+it apdsarea succesiv[ a
-tnce parru uste.
ltr=ro+i,+it -'!--- alll
H,,, -o={ . :, Dup[ cc s_a tcrminat codarea, la icgirca schcmci sc cuvantul de cod
ltt=it+lt+tt v=CuC,CrC1 Islshll
l.., =io+f,+i,
rransmis. Acest cuvent va fi inscris, duptr aptrsarca unci noi Ustc' in cadrul (l)'
etapa transmisie sc apastr tasta T' Pc ccran va aptrrca un
nou csdru:
Pentm a trece ta
..erori<letransmisie"(3),undevaiiintrodusdetsts.statrrrtrcuvintulcroare.
sistematictr'
se oblin ecuaf iile de codare pentru forma Duptrintroduccrcaccluidc.a|S.lcabilslcuventu|uicroare'r'cecranvafiafiiattr
schcrna hloc a lanlului de transmisiunc' carc la inFarc va avca
cuvintul dc circl
t''!';i
3. Flcscrierea f'r'{t!''1i'ti ;'}i-o t':'':1t v=C,,C,CrCrLIrlrI!,
poatc' fi arylat sub numcle
cuvinr dc cod carc va fi adunal modulo 2 cu cuvintul croatc e, iar la
icairca accstcia va fi
Programul dc simularc
a codului Hammine-.,SfC-DED (l) a fost
in cxcculic' pc ecran
va apare urmltorul m€nru: inscris cuvantul recepllonat r. Prin aptrsarcu unei noi tastc sc obscrvi ctr in cadrul
"hamming.exc"' oupl t"n'"iti inscris cuvint ul rccePlionar r.
r lntroduccrctcoretlce
e Cotlarc
r Transmisic Schema bloc a lanfuiui de translnlsle
. l)ccodarc
r cXit.
Accslc crapc vrt n scrcctarc
'" 'li"'*]'l'^'ll]::;:;',;*'ft;?;;;;.il
sc al
in lotaritate a
CANAL
P.nr* ui"nii''"rca introduccrii tcorcttcc
n
,n*ouul'liT"ffi ie
*[*:^,ruT:,1il:i[:fi i*i:xfi'**r j:.:ff i:'il,;ll:l ,9)
ITr:il1[;llip:,;r;ril1i'$lildiitTilt**lrull:;;ni::','."J;:'i]i:
f"'"'"' pc ccran va aparc mcsajur:
Fll li*::llJ;1Jfi,il1;iill;t:I'lTll"";*
'..-tin,in.l:i c rorldta"' schema va fi afr5atl
Dupi introtluccrca ccir'i p:rtrrr
'niii Uc i,nfoyllic ce luli' pc ccran
inttri5i cci^patrutili introdu$i S SUTSA i: b{i de informaJie
I-,rl,,rr,ir.,, accsr(.r.s.hcrnc..'t,r'',,rio r v cuvant de cod
--:-
dc codarc pcnrru ctt{.4). c odor
'ii'ilo'
dclatastrttlrlAcc5tto'ii-;o'i'u'"inschcrlip'i''-"pitu'""d"i':ti'":ttt-ti"itastc-Sc K estc pc pozilia l' bilii r=- cuven t recepfionat
Jc inf..,rrnalic"iomutatorul dec odor
obsen'i cj pc rinrptrl t"t''l."t"t D
lrinrJ afi$alr 5i la ic5ilca
scltctttct R: rec eptor eroare
SCHEML DE CODARE
CtS'a)
P: sursi de perturb
Flg. 2. Schema bloc a lmlului dc tmsmisimc pcnru codul Hamming SEC'SIiD
Pcntruaurmirietapa<|edccodarcseapastrtastaD'iarpeecranva|i.afigalischcmade
carc se introduc
dccodare pentru C(8,4). L" intr"."u schemci vor fi inscrigi bilii receplionali,
in scheml prin apEsarea succesivd a 8 tastc'
in c"rul in care cuvintul a fost transmis cu o eroare, la iegirca schemei va fi afi$at
putca fi aligat
cuvintul de cod corectat, iar daci transmisia s-a fdcut cu doutr crori nu va
cuvi4tul corect (codul detectee"r doutr erorj gi coreclea2i doar una), dar se va aprinde becul
din stiAnga schemei indicdnd grezenta 8 doud crori'
irin aplsarea unei noi taste, pe ecran va apdrea incl un cadru (4) unde va fi afigat
r-J'--r
lc, I
il sindromul s
irrrnrrniri"
ii pozilia bitului eronar (la transmisia cu un bit cronat) sau aparc mesajul:
aoi Uiti eronali", iar in cadrul (l) va ti inscris cuvAntul de cod corectat
(atunci
L.----t "u
cdnd cste posibil).
a conunua Pentru iegirea din program se spasd tssta X'
Apasatt on'ce t?'sla Peutru
SEC-DIID'
ctvJare a c<xjultri llarnming
Fig. t- Scherna 'Je
s=
5. scHEMA DE DECODARE C(E,4) .Coduri Harnming ciclice
, I. Obiectirul lucririi
Lucrarea Ee ocupe cu su.diul oodurjtor Hsnrung cidicc qlrcctoarc dc o
c.ronrc/detcctoare de doui crori, oqCate $i dcoodsc prin circuirc de divi z&re pi regrgre de
dcplasare crl rcaqic.
" - Intnoducrre trorctici
C<xiurilc ciclice surt coJptl bloc in carc cc.lc n rirnboluri carc formcazl un cr.n.Anr nmr
uutsidcratc ca fiind cocficicnpi brnui ai unui polinom r{.r)dc gra^l n-1.
Codunle cicllcc au propricutea ci dscl rlrl estc rm qn,g.nt cu scns, an:ncr oricc
Dcrrnuurc crclicA a srmb.rlunlor sajc eSr,-; '. -:^'enl cu scns.
I)e. aserncnes, cuun::jc dc qrJ sunt Fn-rtc c.r clcrncntc atc unei algcbrc l:ncarc (-t.r
)
rnodulo pt.r) : r' + ]. Cuuntclc cu sCn: {in numlr dc l'} suat clerrentc alc rdealulur gcncrat
.Je pulinomui :raJuctrbrl $t pnmtnv A'{ r} (numit p.,hnonl gcncrator. dilrzor al prlrnornutur
0tuv 7rt r) t ..J* rra,j nl-
Apasati orice tasta Petrtru a coootrua r't ri=r{r}.({{).
Hamming SEC-DED tar cu'tntclc f),ri scns (in r;i.:rll Jc '" - l') alc!ru:esr-: crlc l^ clgsc Cc rcrrurr mcdulo
Flg' 3' Schcmr dc dccuiarc a codului r,r{ x I
Relallile raarjccelc,jc,Jus.- i:: c:,zgl c;i;r;lo;6rup rtmln .i,j.'.Jc. c^/Jdrllc crcl:cc
flcel.i p3rtc- dc asernencJ. *l cateEorrr cojur-r joi- l:ncarc.
4. Deslbgurar€a lucririi r lf,'l:nomului srn:bolunlor tJc corlrol <{.r) i'
Codarsr cslc opcrilt,' .jc dctcn::iirarc
funcl:c dc polrnomul st:rLu:'.i:rilurr dc iilirrl-:Tr3lre ;fr). Simb,.rlurrlc,jc r.arntrol :nrrixJuc o
rc^1und:,rii cerc facilitca:n dclcclra 1i cLrrcclr:r cronl,er. Accsie.r fxrt fi ca1cuJ:rc
4. I . Sc studiaztr introduccrca tcorctica' flc bfiA
4.2. sc introduc d.
j;;;il;t-(5i se notcazi) trilii dc informalic.Io t'III'_jl.T pi, i lnrrr:: uiu i gcncraror,.$ .r r. an rci eiir -
urmere$tc calcutul bililor dc;;t;;i','
c''c' c' pc.tctt"ma dc codare' facSndu-se comparapa -
t't.t(.r
:-
)
ttrt J"rcult" i]' iirrt"rul t"htiilor din i":tdT:]i:i:Y r(-Tl -resl-
valorilor dc Pe ccran
"' pc 3( r)
noreazr; cuvdntul etoare e gi sc urmlrcatc
4.1. Sc inrrodu"" a" iu taslaturtr 1ii se sau pc b'aza pr:irnonrulul dc co::rrol lt-r) dc greJ i...j.ur rci;r1ia
."r""rrr cuvintului receplionat afigat, calculat cu rclalia:
schema canalului de transmiii*. l1.r)ltr) - U ::-,o.1rl( r),
' ='* i;.Se urmiregte pc schema dc .ecodarc modul
dc coreclie a unci crori sau de dctccfie in ambclc caa:ri rea:ltand ua cuviar dc ccxJ dc forra.l:
a dou[ crori ;i sc compartr Ot"i'i"
a""oaorului cu valoarea simCromului-
pcntru un cuvint croarc cu rur bit eronat
(dc x''i(r)
4.5. Se repettr punctctc 4'2'4'3 9i 4'4 r(r) = -T"'i(r) + res, .
informa|iesaudecontrol)'p."'."un.uuant.,oa,."udoibilieronaligipcnmruncuvAntdc s(r)
Polinomul de cnnrrol poare fi dscrminat drn pcluromul modulo gi plinonrul generaror
cod f[r6 eroarc-
cu relatria.
5. lntrebiri P(tl
fr(-r) - S(;)
5. | . Ce sc intelege prin cod perfect?
Cu ajutorul coeficicaf lor polinomului dc control, marricca H poatc fi sc.rise aflfel:
5.2.Ceesteuncodsistcmatic?Darnesist€rnatic?
ele h,ale matricei de control f/J
[0 0 0 trr t,
5.3. Ce sernnificafie au coloan contol inilial[ ffl /,,,-l
5.4. cum se obrine marricea de co;tror extinstr F/din matricea de
introdus de codul Hamming cxtins? ,r, |0 0 lrn Jrr-, /ro
-rl ;S
5.5. Cum se nume$te bitur de contror
suprimen;
a codului cxtins c(8'4X
'H-l " (-r I
5.6. cnt este distanla minim[ a codului Hamming c(?,4)? Dar
5..r . care cstc rerafia de carcur
a corcctorurui pentn, c(7 ,42 Dar
pcntru c(8'4)? tl
l_/r, lr*-t ,l, 0 ,0 ,0
I
5.S.Careestesernnificafiatermenilordinmmpunereacorectorilorslif?dou[ erori? 1
SEC-DED daca apar mai mult de
5.9. cum acfioneazf, codur Hamrning
50
t*
i