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给猫测视力

Editor's Notes

  1. 介绍如何给猫测视力。 这个项目的意义在于: 够无聊,够好玩 有给老鼠测视力的,猫不能落后了。 给猫测量视力的原理同样可以扩展到人类的婴儿
  2. 视力的定义: 视力的定义,是根据视角,外界物体的两端在观察眼“内节点”处所形成的夹角。人眼要能够分辨出这两个端点,那么入射光必须刺激两个两个细胞,而且这两个视锥细胞之间至少还有一个不受刺激感光细胞。 在人眼黄斑中心凹之内,人眼能够分辨出来的视角是 1 分,也就是 1/60 度。这就是 1.0 视力的定义。
  3. 视力的计数方法也有很多种,最直观的定义是这样的。比如你的视力比我的好,你在 5M 外就能看清的东西,我要走到 2.5M 处才能看清,那么你的视力就是我的 2 倍,如果你的视力是 1.0 ,那么我的视力就是 0.5 。在视力表中, 1.0 的视标对应的是正常视力,前面说过是 1' 的视角,通常测量视力是在 5M(20 英尺 ) 处进行,于是 1.0 视标的 E 之中,横线就是 tan(1')*5M 。那么 0.5 的视标横线的粗细是多少呢?这个计算稍微有点绕,注意下面的推理, 0.5 视力的人在 5M 处能够看到的视标,你作为视力比他好一倍的人,应该在多远处能够看到呢?答案是 5M*(1.0/0.5)=10M ,你作为 1.0 视力的人具有能够分辨 1' 视角的能力,那么你在 10M 处做 1' 的视角,大小应该是 0.5 视标的线宽度,于是 0.5 视标的线宽度是 tan(1')*10M ,推广一下,对于数值= x 的视标, E 字上横线的宽度是 tan(1')*(1/x) 。当然,这么复杂的计算,英美人是做不来的,他们干脆写更简单的,比如 1.0 的视力就写成 20/20 ,念作 twenty by twenty, 0.5 的视力就写成 10/20 ,就是说你在 20 英尺处就能看清的东西,我需要走到 10 英尺处才能看明白,还有固定住分子不变,变分母的,比如 0.5 的视力写成 20/40
  4. 用来测量眼睛的最小分辨角的,就是视力表了。所以其实哪怕只是一道粗粗的黑线或者两个光点也是可以作为视力表的。不过,人使用的视力表需要几个基本的要求,要能够被眼睛看到,能够让被试者清晰的表达出来,不那么容易被猜到。这三个基本要求也不是那么容易达到的,比如视标排列的太密,可能被试者根本分不清要求看的是哪个,或者对于一个中国乡村长大的不会外语的人,看全是字母的视力表就恨困难,再或者很多人都可以背出视力表 1.0 的那一行 E 的方向。于是有各种各样的视力表。 比如: ETDRS 视力表 Snellen 视力表 国际标准对数视力表 儿童用的视力表 给猫设计的这个视力表,是我借鉴对比敏感度的视标制作的。圆圈内的是条纹,背景是灰色的,灰度恰好等于黑白的平均值 。于是当条纹足够细密的时候,眼睛会把它与背景混淆在一起。
  5. 猫是一种好奇心很强的动物,对移动的物体很感兴趣,会一直盯着看,而且猫宁肯转头也不习惯转动眼珠。 在给猫测视力的时候,让视标先在黑白背景上运动,猫会盯着看,然后再将视标移动到灰色背景上,如果猫咪仍然盯着看,说明它可以看到视标的移动,如果它突然失去了目标,茫然的看其他位置。则说明它没看到。
  6. 谢谢大家