2. I have no conflict of interest or disclosure in
relation to this presentation.
3. Stroke is defined by the World Health
Organization as 'a clinical syndrome consisting of
rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global in
case of coma) disturbance of cerebral function
lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with
no apparent cause other than a vascular origin.‘
Types:
1. Ischemic stroke : 80 %
2. Hemorrhagic Stroke : 20%
4.
5. Hemorrhagic stroke
Types:
Intracerebral Hemorrhage(15%)
- Caused by bleeding within the brain
- tissue itself
Sub Arachnoid Hemorrhage(5%)
- Caused by extravasation of blood
into the subarachnoid space
7. Intracerebral Hemorrhage
An acute and spontaneous extravasation of blood in
to the brain parenchyma that may extend into
ventricles and subarachnoid space.
- 10-15% of all cases of stroke.
- 6 month mortality is 30-50%
- Classification:
- 1. Primary ICH: Hemorrhage originate from
spontaneous rupture of small arteries or arterioles
damaged by chronic HTN or amyloid angiopathy.
- 2. Secondary ICH: Haemorrhage results from trauma,
rupture of Aneurysm, vascular malformation,
coagulopathy, haemorrhagic transformation of
cerebral infarct, intracranial neoplasm, venous
angioma, dural sinus thrombosis
8. Pathophysiology:
Early Haematoma growth:
- About 38% had an increase in haematoma
volume
of more than 33% shown by CT within 3
hours of onset.
Perihaematomal Brain Injury:
- Brain tissue injury and swelling can result in
raised ICP
or herniation.
Plasma released by clotted haematoma seeps
into
the surrounding brain tissue, is the primary
trigger
of inflammatory process.
9. Clinical Presentation
Onset of a sudden focal neurological deficit while the
patient is active, which progresses over minutes to hours
Focal neurological deficit:
- Weakness or paresis that may affect a single extremity, one
half of body or all 4 extremities.
- Facial droop
- Monocular or binocular blindness
- Dysarthria
- Ataxia
- Aphasia
- Seizure
- Headache is more common in ICH
- Vomiting
- Increased systolic BP and impaired level of consciousness
10. Brain sites and associated deficits involved in hemorrhagic
stroke include the following:
Putamen - Contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral
sensory loss, contralateral conjugate gaze paresis,
homonymous hemianopia, aphasia, neglect, or apraxia
Thalamus - Contralateral sensory loss, contralateral
hemiparesis, gaze paresis, homonymous hemianopia,
miosis, aphasia, or confusion
Lobar - Contralateral hemiparesis or sensory loss,
contralateral conjugate gaze paresis, homonymous
hemianopia, abulia, aphasia, neglect, or apraxia
Caudate nucleus - Contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral
conjugate gaze paresis, or confusion
Brainstem - Quadriparesis, facial weakness, decreased
level of consciousness, gaze paresis, ocular bobbing,
miosis, or autonomic instability
Cerebellum – Ipsilateral ataxia, facial weakness, sensory
loss; gaze paresis, skew deviation, miosis, or decreased
14. Intracranial Pressure:
-Place ICP monitor or EVD drain in patients with GCS
< 8.
-GOAL: Maintain ICP < 20mmHg ,
Minimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure >
60mmHg
Haemostatic therapy: Eptacog alpha
Anticonvulsant therapy: Lorazepam,Phenytoin,
Fosphenytoin, valproic acid, phenobarbital
Fever control
Management of Hypergylcemia:
-Insulin if Blood sugar > 185mg/dl
Nutrition
DVT prophylaxis
15. Surgical Management
Aims:
- Decompression to reduce or prevent elevated ICP
- Removal of acute haematoma to reduce mass effect
- Minimise toxicity from blood breakdown products to
surrounding brain.
- Options:
- Ventriculostomy
- Stereotactic aspiration of haematoma
- Endoscopic haematoma evacuation
- Craniotomy
- Hemicraniectomy for decompression with or without
evacuation of haematoma
16. SUB ARACHNOID
HAEMORRHAGE
-Neurological emergency characterised by
haemorrhage into the subarachnoid space.
-One of the most important cause of sudden, acute
severe headache.
-c/c: ‘the worst headache of my life”
- 85 % of non traumatic cases are due to ruptured
cerebral aneurysm
-30 day mortality of aneurysmal SAH ~
50%
-Incidence: F > M (3:2)
-Risk higher in blacks than in whites
-Incidence increases with age and peaks at 50
19. Clinical Presentation
Prodormal events:
- Symptoms:Headache, dizziness, orbital pain, diplopia,
visual loss
- Signs: Sensory or motor disturbance, seizure, ptosis,
dysphasia
- Focal neurological findings
- Results due to: Sentinel leaks, Mass effect of
aneurysm
- expansion, Emboli
CLASSIC presentation:
- Sudden onset severe headache(Thunderclap
headache)
- Nausea/vomiting
20. Clinical Grading scales
The Hunt and Hess grading system
Grade 0 - Unruptured aneurysm
Grade I - Asymptomatic or mild headache and slight nuchal
rigidity
Grade Ia - Fixed neurological deficit without acute
meningeal/brain reaction
Grade II - Cranial nerve palsy, moderate to severe
headache, nuchal rigidity
Grade III - Mild focal deficit, lethargy, or confusion
Grade IV - Stupor, moderate to severe hemiparesis, early
decerebrate rigidity
Grade V - Deep coma, decerebrate rigidity, moribund
appearance
In the Hunt and Hess system, the lower the grade, the better the
prognosis. Grades 1-3 generally are associated with favorable
outcome; these patients are candidates for early surgery. Grades IV
and V carry a poor prognosis; these patients need stabilization and
21. WFNS Scale
Grade 1 - Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 15,
motor deficit absent
Grade 2 - GCS of 13-14, motor deficit absent
Grade 3 - GCS of 13-14, motor deficit present
Grade 4 - GCS of 7-12, motor deficit absent or
present
Grade 5 - GCS of 3-6, motor deficit absent or
present
23. Investigations
Serum Chemistry panel, Complete Blood count
PT, aPTT
Blood typing/screening
Cardiac enzymes, ABG, Chest Xray, ECG
CT without contrast is most sensitive imaging study in
SAH
CT angiography(Sensitivity= 77-100% ; Specificity=
79-100%)
MRI
24. Management
Medical management of SAH focuses on
- Protecting the airway
- Managing the BP
- Preventing rebleeding prior to treatment
- Managing vasospasm(Calcium channel
antagonist Nimodipine)
- Treating Hydrocephalus(EVD or permanent
ventricular shunting)
- Treating Hyponatremia
- Preventing Pulmonary embolus
25. Bed rest in quiet room and stool softner,if needed,
to prevent straining.
If headache or neck pain is severe, Mild sedation
and analgesia.
Adequate Hydration
26. Managing raised ICP
For stupurous patient, Emergency Ventriculostomy to
measure ICP.
Medical therapies: Mild hyperventilation, Mannitol
and sedation
Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure(60-
70mmHg) while avoiding excessive elevation/fall of
arterial pressure